两种酶制剂与三种益生菌协同对种鸭生产性能的影响

本研究旨在探究酶和益生菌对不同周龄种鸭生产性能的影响。选取33周龄和70周龄樱桃谷肉种鸭各4棚,设置酶加益生菌制剂组(菌酶复合组)、酶制剂组、菌制剂组、对照组共4组。前三组按照500 g/t的剂量分别加入酶加益生菌制剂、酶制剂、菌制剂,对照组饲喂基础饲粮。饲喂周期46 d。统计各组种蛋的平均蛋重、可孵率、正品率、破蛋率、无精蛋率、孵化率。试验结果表明,1)蛋重:不同周龄菌酶复合组与酶剂组差异不显著(P<0.05),与菌剂组和对照组均有明显差异(P<0.05)。2)可孵率、无精蛋率:不同周龄菌酶复合组与酶剂组和菌剂组无显著差异(P>0.05),与对照组均有明显差异(P<0.05)。3)正品率:70周龄菌酶复合组与酶剂组无明显差异(P>0.05),与菌剂组和对照组均有明显差异(P<0.05);33周龄菌酶复合组与酶剂组、菌剂组和对照组均无明显差异(P>0.05)。4)破蛋率:不同周龄菌酶复合组与菌剂组无明显差异(P>0.05),与酶剂组和对照组均有明显差异(P<0.05)。5)无精蛋率:不同周龄菌酶复合组与酶剂组、菌剂组均无显著差异(P>0.05),与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。6)孵化率:70周龄菌酶复合组与酶剂组、菌剂组均无显著差异(P>0.05),与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);33周龄菌酶复合组与酶剂组无显著差异(P>0.05),与菌剂组和对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。上述研究结果表明:酶与益生菌联合应用能够有效的延缓高周龄种鸭生产性能的衰退,同时还能够促进低周龄种鸭生产性能的升高。     

Histology and Ultrastructure of the Urothelium Lining the Ureter and the Renal Pelvis in Sows

The histology and ultrastructure of the urothelium lining the ureter and renal pelvis in sows was examined using light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The epithelium of both the ureter and the renal pelvis were similar and consisted of the basal, the intermediate and the superficial cells. The luminal surface of the superficial cells was characterized by microplicae. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the luminal membrane of these cells showed trilaminar asymmetric unit membrane. Tight junctions linked the lateral parts of the superficial cells, while the intermediate and the basal cells were connected to each other and the basal cells with the basal membrane through desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, respectively. Clusters of mitochondria were observed throughout the urothelium. Unlike that of the basal cells, the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum were well developed in the superficial and intermediate cells. Lysosomes and vesicles were observed only in the superficial and the intermediate cells. Fine cytoplasmic filaments, although very few in the basal cells, were observed throughout the epithelium. The results are compared and discussed with the findings reported on the urotherlium of other mammalian species and humans.     

三明市某规模化猪场几种疫病的检测情况与分析

通过对三明市某大型猪场进行猪瘟、普通蓝耳病、高致病性蓝耳病、伪狂犬病的病原学和血清学检测,以更好地了解这些疫病在猪场的流行情况,为猪场这几种疫病的防控和净化奠定基础。本次调查分别检测45份后备母猪血清、92份生产母猪血清、13份生产公猪血清,共计150份血清,150份扁桃体样品。通过ELISA方法分别检测了猪瘟、普通蓝耳病、伪狂犬病gE和伪狂犬病gB。荧光定量PCR方法检测了猪瘟、高致病性蓝耳病。结果猪瘟和高致病性蓝耳病病原学阳性率分别为8%和5.3%。一个月后对病原学检测阳性猪采样复查,结果猪瘟阳性率4.6%,高致病性蓝耳病阳性率2.6%。猪瘟免疫抗体合格率93.3%,普通蓝耳病免疫抗体合格率96%,伪狂犬病gB免疫抗体合格率100%,伪狂犬病gE感染抗体2%。生产母猪胎次越多,猪瘟和普通蓝耳病的免疫抗体水平越高。     

二狼山白山羊遗传性甲状腺肿发病机理及诊断研究——Ⅰ.测交试验及甲状腺组织中T_3、T_4的免疫组化定位定量研究

内蒙古二狼山白山羊遗传性甲状腺肿杂合子的测交试验,以及其纯合子甲状腺组织中T_3、T_4免疫组化定量、半定量和定位分析结果表明,本病属常染色体单基因隐性遗传病;其纯合子羔羊甲状腺明显肿大(P<0.01),甲状腺组织高度增生,T_3、T_4含量明显降低(P<0.01);T_3、T_4主要定位于滤泡腔胶质和滤泡上皮细胞滤泡腔缘的胞浆中,且着色强弱不一.T_3、T_4的半定量与定量分析之间呈密切的直线相关关系.讨论了二狼山白山羊甲状腺肿大的原因、结果,以及T_3、T_4的定位与甲状腺上皮细胞功能的关系.     

鲁东南地区不同年龄紫花苜蓿N、P生态化学计量特征研究

为了探索鲁东南地区不同年龄紫花苜蓿在不同茬次下化学计量特征存在怎样的差异,本试验通过测定与分析不同年龄(2、3、4、5龄)紫花苜蓿叶和茎的N、P含量及化学计量比,研究了年龄及茬次对紫花苜蓿化学计量特征的影响。结果表明,不同茬次内,苜蓿叶和茎的N、P含量随年龄的变化趋势不同,但总体上3龄苜蓿叶和茎的N、P含量高于其他年龄;每茬时,4龄苜蓿叶和茎N∶P均显著高于其他年龄(P<0.05),3龄苜蓿叶和茎N∶P均低于其他年龄。4个年龄苜蓿叶和茎N、P含量随茬次呈先增加后减少的趋势,并在第3茬达到最大值(除3龄苜蓿茎的N含量);2龄和4龄苜蓿叶N∶P随茬次呈先降低后增加的趋势;苜蓿茎N∶P随茬次呈先降低再增加的变化趋势(除5龄),并均在第4茬时达到最低值;苜蓿年龄和茬次的变化均能显著影响苜蓿叶和茎的N、P含量及N∶P;苜蓿叶和茎的N含量与N∶P基本呈正相关,苜蓿叶和茎的P含量与N∶P基本呈负相关。随着年龄的增加,苜蓿由主要受N限制向主要受P限制转变。     

Le développement de l' activité des estérases carboxyliques et de la phosphatase alcaline dans l' oesophage,le réseau,le rumen et le f euillet du boeuf1

The development of carboxylic esterases and alkaline phosphatase activity in the bovine forestomachs and esophagus The reticulum, the rumen, the omasum and the esophagus of 8 adult cattle, 6 veal calves, one four-day-old calf and 4 fetuses were examined for esterase and alkaline phosphatase activity. The localization and the intensity of these enzymes in the proventricular compartments are age-related. In the fetuses and the four-day-old calf the esterases are found only in the deeper epithelial cell layers, whereas in the veal calves and in the adults the horny and the transitional cell layer become strongly positive. Alkaline phosphatase is not present in the epithelium of the fetuses. A reaction band of this enzyme occurs at the level of the stratum transitionale in the four-day-old calf. In the adults the upper cells of the stratum spinosum and all the cells of the strata transitionale and corneum are positive. The enzyme activity in the esophagus is very slightly agerelated. The esterases are only found in the deeper epithelial layers, and alkaline phosphatase does not appear in the epithelium. The activity and the localization of these enzymes may be related to the keratinization and especially in the proventricular compartments of the adult, also to the absorption.     

一株解淀粉芽孢杆菌的特性及抑菌活性研究

试验旨在对一株牛瘤胃源解淀粉芽孢杆菌的生长曲线、耐酸性和耐胆酸盐性等特性进行分析，同时对该菌发酵产物的抑菌活性和抑菌活性稳定性进行测定。采用生长速率法测定该菌生长曲线，活菌计数法测定耐酸性和耐胆酸盐性等特性，牛津杯法测定抑菌活性和抑菌活性稳定性。结果显示，该菌生长4 h时进入对数生长期，20 h后生长趋于稳定，进入生长稳定期；同时该菌表现出较好的耐酸性，在pH 3.0~7.0时存活率为23.8%~90.6%；有较好的耐胆酸盐性，在0.1%~0.4%的胆酸盐中存活率为64.2%~83.6%。以大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahemolyticus）、藤黄八叠球菌（Sarcina lutea）和产气杆菌（Aerogenes）等细菌和黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）、黑根霉（Rhizopus nigricans）等霉菌作指示菌进行抑菌试验发现，该菌的发酵产物具有抑菌活性，同时其抑菌活性物质的耐热性和耐酸性较好。本试验通过对该解淀粉芽孢杆菌的特性进行研究发现，该菌具有耐酸、耐胆酸盐等特性；其抑菌活性及抑菌稳定性较好，具有耐酸碱及耐高温特性。     

甘肃省兽药行业发展现状评价与对策

动物药品作为动物疫病防控的有力武器和养殖业增产的重要手段,是养殖业、快速健康、持续发展的不可或缺的重要保障。我国动物药品业现已基本实现了产品从单一化向多元化的转化,并出现了从生产型、数量型向效率型、质量型的变化。随着企业规模不断扩大、效率不断提高,产品结构不断升级,动物药品已经由需求、质量层面向强调安全和科学发展过渡。针对当前我国兽药行业的现状以及甘肃省兽药行业发展中存在的问题,报道了目前甘肃省兽药生产企业的发展状况,并对存在的主要问题进行了探讨和分析,结合甘肃省实际情况和兽药行业的发展趋势,进一步对甘肃省今后兽药研制发展的目标和重点进行了探讨。     

肃南县草原确权承包登记工作经验交流

为深入贯彻落实中央和省市改革决策部署,进一步深化农牧村经营体制改革,稳步推进我县草原确权承包登记颁证工作有序开展,有效调动农牧民群众自我管理、相互监督、合理利用、保护草原的积极性,促进草原畜牧业持续稳定、健康发展。根据农业部《关于开展草原确权承包登记试点的通知》和甘肃省农牧厅《关于印发甘肃省草原确权承包登记试点工作实施方案的通知》要求,将肃南县确定为甘肃省草原确权承包登记试点县。开展草原确权承包登记工作以来,我县创新工作方式方法,稳步推进各项工作顺利开展,取得了显著成效。笔者参与了草原确权承包登记各项工作,归纳总结了工作经验和取得的成效,与各位同行分享。     

Companion animals symposium: development of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, the resident microbiota, and the role of diet in early life

Mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) development is guided by genetic determinants established during the evolution of mammals and matched to the natural diet and environment. Coevolution of the host GI tract (GIT) and the resident bacteria has resulted in commensal relationships that are species and even individual specific. The interactions between the host and the GI bacteria are 2-way and of particular importance during the neonatal period, when the GIT needs to adapt rapidly to the external environment, begin processing of oral foods, and acquire the ability to differentiate between and react appropriately to colonizing commensal and potentially pathogenic bacteria. During this crucial period of life, the patterns of gene expression that determine GI structural and functional development are modulated by the bacteria colonizing the previously sterile GIT of fetuses. The types and amounts of dietary inputs after birth influence GI development, species composition, and metabolic characteristics of the resident bacteria, and the interactions that occur between the bacteria and the host. This review provides overviews of the age-related changes in GIT functions, the resident bacteria, and diet, and describes how interactions among these 3 factors influence the health and nutrition of neonates and can have lifelong consequences. Necrotizing enterocolitis is a common GI inflammatory disorder in preterm infants and is provided as an example of interactions that go awry. Other enteric diseases are common in all newborn mammals, and an understanding of the above interactions will enhance efforts to support neonatal health for infants and for farm and companion animals.     

Neck and shoulder motion of the gallop stride

The motion patterns of the neck and shoulders during the gallop stride were documented using high-speed cinematography. The gallop stride characteristics of 4 Quarter Horse fillies, approximately 30 months of age, were used as a model. Horses were housed and fed together and received the same amount and type of limited training; and were all ridden with the same tack and by the same person. Both sides of each horse were filmed simultaneously (243 frames/sec) while galloping individually along a 1.5-m-wide track. Kinematic variables describing 29 strides (mean velocity 13.1 m/sec, stride frequency 2.6 strides/sec, stride length 5.1 m) included linear and temporal measurements of the maximum and minimum heights of the wing of the atlas, spine of the scapula, shoulder joint and elbow joint; maximum and minimum angles with respect to the horizon of the neck, shoulder and arm segments; and maximum and minimum relative angles between the neck and shoulder, and shoulder and arm segments. Differences (P<.05) between the leading and trailing sides of the body were identified for 12 of a total of 27 spatial measurements reported for the neck, shoulder and arm, including minimum height of the scapula spine, maximum height of the scapula spine and elbow joint, maximum absolute angle of the shoulder segment, and minimum angle between neck and shoulder segments. Of 18 temporal measurements reported involving the neck, shoulder and arm, 14 differed (P<.05) between leading and trailing sides. Kinematic events describing the motion of the leading and trailing shoulder and arm segments were ordered and tabulated in the temporal sequence of the normal gallop stride. Results indicated that the motion patterns of the shoulder and arm segments were highly specific to the leading and trailing sides of the body in the equine gallop stride. The work required for vertical displacement of the center of mass in galloping was estimated to be approximately 98,500 J/km or 23.5 kcal/km; equivalent to approximately 6 percent of the total energy expenditure for galloping 1 km.     

乡土灌草青贮与牛羊健康饲喂研究进展与展望

本文系统地回顾了近60年以来国内外乡土灌草青贮利用与牛羊健康饲喂的研究现状与进展。通过对已有研究文献的年度分布、研究内容与研究区域进行分析,结合饲草青贮技术领域、草食畜牧业领域以及社会发展的背景,将乡土灌草青贮与牛羊健康饲喂划分为3个阶段,20世纪50年代到80年代末期为萌芽阶段、20世纪80年代末期到21世纪初期为缓慢增长阶段、21世纪初期至今为快速增长阶段。其次,根据研究内容从理论研究、监测评价、技术示范、技术研发4个方面进行归纳总结,分析了各分支领域的主要成果与关键问题,提出下阶段应重点研究的内容,应加强对乡土灌草饲料生产与牛羊健康饲喂的研究,综合提高饲料能量与蛋白质的利用率,尽可能改善牛羊的能氮平衡,促进畜牧业和饲料加工业的发展。     

海晏县沼泽草场牛羊放牧情况及同盘吸虫感染调查

为了解海晏县沼泽草场放牧牛羊及同盘吸虫感染等情况而进行了本调查,结果为：沼泽草场放牧户占到全县总放牧户数的9.27%,放牧牛羊分别占到全县牛羊总数的10.93%和12.65%。77.78%的沼泽草场放牧户牛羊感染同盘吸虫,而牛群和羊群同盘吸虫感染率分别达到了59.26%和48.15%;牛羊群体混合感染率40.74%;牛羊个体同盘吸虫感染率分别为14.83%和17.04%。结果还表明专业技术人员等对同盘吸虫病了解不足,区域间感染率差别较大,牛羊感染率有上升的趋势,证明现在使用的驱除药物对同盘吸虫虫卵阳性率降低很不理想,今后对本病的预防知识普及宣传及技术培训、驱除药物研制和筛选、湿地椎实螺的防治十分迫切。     

Elektronenoptische Untersuchungen über Transsudationsvorgänge zwischen Blut- und Lymphkapillaren im Lymphobulbus des Kopulationsorganes beim Haushahn (Gallus domesticus)

Electronmicroscopical studies of transudation between blood capillaries and lymph capillaries in the lymphobulbus of the phallus of the cockerel (Gallus domesticus) The blood capillaries of the lymphobulbus cloacae may be divided into circulatory and transudation capillaries and may be distinguished from one another and from the lymph capillaries by ten criteria. The specific structure of the wall of these capillaries permits transudation of lymph from the blood-vascular to the lymphatic system. The lymph passes through the pores and fenestrae of the transudation capillaries into the interstitium and from here by two routes into the lymphobulbus. One route is intracellular-vesicular, and the other is intercellular (between the endothelial cells of the lymph capillaries). The contraction of the striated M. sphincter cloacae during erection of the phallus presses the lymph through the ductus lymphaticus bulbospongiosus cloacae into the corpus cavernosum of the phallus. There is a relationship between the structure and functional stages of the lymphobulbus and age, and between the former and the levels of the steroid sex hormones.     

四种蔷薇科果树扦插过程中插穗内含物变化分析

探究四种蔷薇科果树扦插后插穗的形态变化和内含物质变化,初步揭示四种果树扦插生根机制。以恐龙蛋、红富士苹果、云南红皮梨和大樱桃四种蔷薇科果树代表品种的一年生硬枝为插穗,扦插后定期观察插穗形态变化,记录插穗生根情况,取样测定插穗内源激素含量和氧化酶活性。对插穗形态观察发现,四种蔷薇科果树愈伤组织出现时间不一致,恐龙蛋插穗最早出现愈伤组织;扦插后60 d统计时,恐龙蛋插穗愈伤率为50.67 %,极显著（P<0.01）高于其他三种果树的愈伤率;恐龙蛋生根率为18.67 %,生根类型为愈伤组织生根,而其余三种果树插穗在观察期间未形成不定根。扦插后恐龙蛋插穗IAA含量、IAA/ABA和IAA/ZR比值呈升高-降低-升高变化趋势,而其余三种果树插穗呈升高-降低变化趋势;四种果树插穗ABA和ZR含量均呈升高-降低-升高变化趋势,GA3含量整体呈下降变化趋势（恐龙蛋插穗后期GA3含量有升高）;IAAO和PPO活性均呈升高-降低变化趋势,POD活性整体呈升高变化趋势。综合相关性分析结果表明：四种蔷薇科果树中恐龙蛋更适合扦插繁殖,插穗生根需要低含量的ABA和ZR,高含量的IAA和GA3,高活性的IAAO和PPO调控IAA含量,使得IAA/ABA和IAA/ZR比值增大,促进插穗生根。     

Proportion and cluster analyses of the skull in various species of the tree shrews

The skull adaptation was functional-morphologically examined in 14 species of the tree shrews. From the data of the proportion indices, the similarities were confirmed between T. minor and T. gracilis, T. tana and T. dorsalis, and T. longipes and T. glis. We demonstrated that the splanchnocranium was elongated in terrestrial T. tana and T. dorsalis and shortened in arboreal T. minor and T. gracilis from the proportion data. In both dendrogram from the matrix of the Q-mode correlation coefficients and scattergram from the canonical discriminant analysis, the morphological similarities in the skull shape suggested the terrestrial-insectivorous adaptation of T. tana and T. dorsalis, and the arboreal adaptation of T. minor and T. gracilis. Since the osteometrical skull similarities were indicated among the three species of Tupaia by cluster and canonical discriminant analyses, the arbo-terrestrial behavior and its functional-morphological adaptation may be commonly established in T. montana, T. longipes and T. glis.     

Craniofacial skeletal abnormalities in anomalous calves with clefts of the face

Thirteen anomalous calves with clefts of the face were morphologically examined, and craniofacial skeletons were studied in detail. According to the type and site of the cleft, four groups could be distinguished: median cleft lip and jaw (CLJ); median cleft lip, jaw, and palate (CLJP); lateral CLJ; and cleft palate (CP), including unilateral and bilateral type. Craniofacial skeletal abnormalities were observed in several bones at the roof, wall, and floor of the nasal cavity and at the boundary portion between the nasal and cranial cavities. Fissure formation at the cranial sutures, partial absence of the nasal process of the incisive bone, and opening of the bony palate were characteristic changes in median CLJ and CLJP, lateral CLJ, and CP, respectively. Furthermore, various associated changes were recognized in the median and paramedian skeletal elements of the face and other organs. The morphological changes of craniofacial skeletons with various types of clefts of the face depended on the site and degree of the cleft formation and reflected developmental errors of the facial embryonic segments. These changes would suggest disorders of the correlated development of facial processes and of other fetal organs of the face. For these conditions, etiologically hereditary cases were negative.     

实验性雏鸭隐孢子虫病病理学研究

30只10日龄无隐孢子虫感染的雏鸭口腔和气管内接种隐孢子虫卵囊,于接种后不同时期观察临床症状和扑杀,进行病理组织学和电镜观察。结果表明:隐孢子虫仅寄生于雏鸭呼吸系统、法氏囊皱褶粘膜上皮细胞的游离面和法氏囊固有层内淋巴滤泡的皮质和髓质交界处未分化上皮细胞表面,引起上皮细胞大量增殖、坏死、剥脱及真性细胞浸润,导致雏鸭细胞增生性气管炎、支气管肺炎和法氏囊炎。     

Joint research on the precise determination of the energy and protein requirements of fattening pigs. 2. Energy and nitrogen metabolism of fattening hybrids in the fattening range of 30 to 120 kg

In 3 experiments a total of 242 total metabolism experiments with ad libitum feeding (experiment 1), 75% (experiment 2) and 62% (experiment 3) of the energy level of the 1st experiment and approximately equal protein and amino acid doses in experiments 1-3 were carried out with 8 castrated male fattening hybrids each (large white X land race pig) X line 150) in the live weight range between 30 and 120 kg. On average, feed intake over the whole live weight range was 2.24; 1.79 and 1.50 kg/animal and day, the corresponding daily live weight gain was 729, 533 and 396 g. With regard to the digestibility of the energy and the nutrients and the metabolisable energy in % of the gross energy there was no relation to the development of the animals. The intake of metabolisable energy per kg live weight decreased with ad libitum feeding and with the advancing development at the end of the experiment in contrast to the beginning of the experiment to 53%, energy retention to 56%. The utilisation of metabolisable energy for body energy retention, taking account of a maintenance requirement of 450 kJ/kg live weight 0,62 on the average of the 3 experiments was 68.4 +/- 1.9, 70.3 +/- 2.0 and 64.3 +/- 2.6%. Energy retention in experiments 1 to 3 amounted to 8.6, 6.8 and 5.3 MJ at the beginning and to 18.1, 12.2 and 8.0 MJ per animal and day at the end of the experiment. Protein energy retention of the pigs (live weight 40 kg) was 26% of the total energy retention in experiments 1 and 2 and 49% in experiment 3. In experiments 1 and 3 protein retention decreased to 15% of the total energy retention, in experiment 2 protein retention remained constantly at 22% between 60 and 110 kg live weight and then decreased to 18%. Consequently, the N-balances were 23-16 g, 16-20 g and 16-9 g/animal and day. The chemical composition of the carcasses was strongly influenced by the level of nutrition. At the beginning of the experiment the protein content averaged between 49 and 57% and the total fat content between 31 and 38% of the dry matter. At the end of the experiment the carcasses of the animals from experiments 1-3 had crude protein contents of 28, 33 and 42% and total fat contents of 66, 61 and 50% of the dry matter.     

试论高校在校外勤工助学管理中的法律地位

通过分析目前高校对校外勤工助学的管理现状，探讨高校在校外勤工助学管理中的社会中间层主体的法律地位，明确高校在管理中享有规章制定权、推荐权、监管权、非法律惩罚权等职权与权利，承担审查、岗前培训、合理使用专项经费等职责与义务，从而规范和完善其管理．切实保障校外勤工助学的大学生的合法权益。