江河源区草地资源现状及其可持续发展

在分析青海省江河源区草地资源现状的基础上,进一步剖析了造成该区域草地生态环境恶化的综合因素,提出了合理利用和保护天然草地,优化草地生产结构,加强基础设施建设,建立饲草料生产基地,遏制草地退化,使草地生态进入良性演替,实现江河源区草地资源可持续利用和草地畜牧业可持续发展的对策.     

藏东南地区草地资源营养评价分析

根据藏东南天然草地的生态环境、自然属性和经济特性,揭示本地区草地的分布、组成结构、类型等资源特点,以草地资源利用现状为基础,综合分析了牧草的营养价值、生物量和利用特性,为进一步探索和研究本地草地奠定基础,并为政府部门和畜牧生产经营者提供参考依据.同时,结合草地实际状况和指导草地畜牧业生产的需要.充分发挥草地的生产潜力,进而建设和管理好草地,因地制宜地发展草地畜牧业,科学合理地利用草地资源,促进草地畜牧业的可持续发展.     

藏东南地区草地资源与营养评价

根据藏东南天然草地的生态环境、自然属性和经济特性,揭示当地草地的分布、组成结构、类型等资源特点。以草地资源利用现状为基础,综合分析了牧草的营养价值、生物量和利用特性,为进一步探索和研究当地草地奠定基础,并为政府部门和畜牧生产经营者提供参考依据。同时,结合草地实际状况和指导草地畜牧业生产的需要,充分发挥草地的生产潜力,进而建设和管理好草地,因地制宜地发展草地畜牧业,科学合理地利用草地资源,促进草地畜牧业可持续发展。     

江河源区草地资源现状及其可持续发展

在分析青海省江河源区草地资源现状的基础上，进一步剖析了造成该区域草地生态环境恶化的综合因素，提出了合理利用和保护天然草地，优化草地生产结构，加强基础设施建设，建立饲草料生产基地，遏制草地退化，使草地生态进入良性演替，实现江河源区草地资源可持续利用和草地畜牧业可持续发展的对策。     

柴达木盆地草地资源及草业生产发展方向与对策

柴达木盆地草地面积722.22万公顷,占土地总面积的27.68%,草地可利用面积512.52万公顷,占草地总面积和土地总面积的70.96%和19.64%.草地资源利用及草业生产中存在的问题是草地资源破坏严重,生态环境恶化;草地生产结构不合理,生产水平低;草地水利建设力度趋缓,重建轻管;草地基本建设投资少,重用轻养.应采取的对策是建立和完善草地农业系统,大力发展草地水利建设,加强草业生产技术推广,提高草业生产机械化水平,加快草地资源保护的法制建设,鼓励个人和企业投资草业生产.     

柴达木盆地草地资源及草业生产发展方向与对策

柴达木盆地草地面积722.22万公顷,占土地总面积的27.68％,草地可利用面积512.527万公顷,占草地总面积和土地总面积的70.96％和19.64％。草地资源利用及草业生产中存在的问题是草地资源破坏严重,生态环境恶化;草地生产结构不合理,生产水平低;草地水利建设力度趋缓,重建轻管;草地基本建设投资少,重用轻养。应采取的对策是:建立和完善草地农业系统,大力发展草地水利建设,加强草业生产技术推广,提高草业生产机械化水平,加快草地资源保护的法制建设,鼓励个人和企业投资草业生产。     

草地畜牧理论与实践

为了完善草地畜牧研究与生产,系统论述了草地畜牧理论及实践体系。草地生态系统过程决定草地生态系统功能及其属性,其资源属性决定生产草食牲畜的利用途径,发展形成草地畜牧业。基于草地营养循环,草地畜牧过程由草地放牧亚系统及储料饲喂亚系统构成基本封闭的循环系统;基于能量流动和生产实践,草地畜牧过程由草地资源生产及草地资源利用、产品输出构成一个开放的线性系统,二者统一于放牧场内发生,放牧场是草地畜牧管理的基本单元。草地畜牧学是草地畜牧业的理论基础,研究草地资源生产、草地营养供给与牲畜营养需要之间的关系的学科。草地畜牧学的基本研究内容为草地土壤培肥、草地资源生产、草地资源利用。割草与放牧饲养为草地资源利用的基本方式,产量与有效营养浓度乘积的最大值或累积最大值是草地割草或放牧利用关键,放牧能是草地放牧所特有的能量消耗组分。草地放牧饲养需要有计划、有规定、有处方,形成计划放牧;草地储料饲养需要有目标、有预案、有设计,形成设计饲养;最终提高饲草转化率及饲养效益,实现放牧场管理的某一特定目标。草食牲畜饲养经历了零散饲养、连续放牧饲养、划区轮牧饲养及集约大规模饲养的发展阶段。草地畜牧为粮食节约型肉品生产途径,对于保障国家粮食安全及肉品供给安全具有重要意义,并具有积极的生态意义和富民意义。     

新疆兵团农六师天然草地资源调查评价

对兵团农六师天然草地资源分布、数量、质量及利用等进行了全面调查与评价,建立了农六师天然草地分类系统和资源数据库,揭示了天然草地资源利用中存在的问题,并提出草地资源合理利用建议和对策,为农六师草地畜牧业生产发展提供更为科学准确的依据。     

阿坝州草地畜牧业实现可持续发展的对策初探

从阿坝州草地资源及畜牧业生产现状和存在的问题出发,剖析出阻碍阿坝州畜牧业发展的主要矛盾,提出加强对草地资源的保护和合理利用,维护高寒草地生态平衡和资源的可持续利用;加快草地建设步伐,努力提高草地第一性生产是阿坝州草地畜牧业实现可持续发展战略的重要前提和有力保障.     

阿坝州草地畜牧业实现可持续发展的对策初探

从阿坝州草地资源及畜牧业生产现状和存在的问题出发,剖析出阻碍阿坝州畜牧业发展的主要矛盾,提出加强对草地资源的保护和合理利用,维护高寒草地生态平衡和资源的可持续利用;加快草地建设步伐,努力提高草地第一性生产是阿坝州草地畜牧业实现可持续发展战略的重要前提和有力保障。     

65%赖氨酸硫酸盐在肉鸡中消化率的测定

试验选用64羽平均体重为(3.73±0.10)kg健康爱拔益加成年肉公鸡,测定了赖氨酸硫酸盐和赖氨酸盐酸盐的赖氨酸消化率。将试验鸡随机分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复4羽。处理1为绝食组;处理2为酪蛋白组;处理3为酪蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸硫酸盐组;处理4为酪蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸盐酸盐组。分别采用酪蛋白法和绝食法测定氨基酸的内源损失。结果表明:①利用酪蛋白法和绝食法测定的内源损失差异不显著(P>0.05);②赖氨酸硫酸盐的赖氨酸表观消化率为87.75%,利用酪蛋白法和绝食法测得的真消化率分别为99.34%和98.64%;③赖氨酸盐酸盐的赖氨酸表观消化率为87.81%,利用酪蛋白法和绝食法测得的真消化率分别为99.37%和98.67%。综上可得,采用酪蛋白法和绝食法测定的氨基酸内源损失无显著性差异;赖氨酸硫酸盐与赖氨酸盐酸盐的赖氨酸消化率差异不显著。     

花生饼、粕鸡猪氨基酸真消化率的测定

本试验采用猪回直肠吻合法及“ＴＭＥ”改良法,分别测定了猪鸡对花生饼、粕的氨基酸真消化率（ＴＤＡＡ） 。结果表明：鸡的花生饼、粕ＴＤＡＡ 值相近。其中Ｌｙｓ 的ＴＤＡＡ 分别为８６ ．２ ％ 和８８ ．８ ％ ,为最低者：Ａｒｇ 的ＴＤＡＡ 分别为９６ ．２ ％ 和９７ ．１ ％ ,为最高者。花生饼、粕猪ＴＤＡＡ 中Ｌｙｓ 、Ｍｅｔ、Ｔｈｒ 较低,分别为８４ ．４ ％ 和８１ ．９ ％ ;８４ ．９ ％ 和８４ ．１ ％ ;８４ ．３ ％ 和８２ ．３ ％ 。精氨酸ＴＤＡＡ 最高,分别为９７ ．０ ％ 和９６ ．４ ％ 。     

Diagnostic accuracy of digital photography and image analysis for the measurement of foot conformation in the horse

Reasons for performing study: Rigorous evaluation of practicable methods for the objective assessment of foot conformation has not been performed. Objectives: To assess the practicability, precision and accuracy of the process of obtaining measurements of horses' feet using photography and image processing software. Methods: Precision study: Lateral photographs of horses' feet were obtained twice by 2 veterinary surgeons (image acquisition ‐ IAc). Photographs were analysed by 2 masked veterinary surgeons on 2 occasions (image analysis ‐ IAn). Measurements were compared within and between operators for self and non‐self acquired photographs. Agreement indices (AIs) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated for the IAn process alone and for the combined IAc + IAn processes. Accuracy study: Measurements obtained from lateral photographs were compared with those obtained from lateromedial radiographs. AIs and 95% LOA were calculated for each measurement. Results: Precision study: Mean intra‐ and interoperator AIs for the IAn process alone were ≥0.90 while those for the combined IAc + IAn processes were ≥0.89 for all measurements. Similar mean AIs and 95% LOA were calculated regardless of image origin. The 95% LOA for hoof angle, heel height/toe height% and coronary band angle for all comparisons were within target values. Accuracy study: Mean AIs were ≥0.89 for all measurements. The 95% LOA for heel height/toe height% and coronary band angle were within target values. Conclusions: Excellent precision was identified within and between operators regardless of image origin. High levels of accuracy were also identified, especially for heel height/toe height% and coronary band angle, indicating that photography and radiography may be used interchangeably. Potential relevance: Acquisition and analysis of photographic images is an appropriate method for the objective measurement of foot conformation, both in clinical and research settings.     

PCR检测临床病例中PCV-2、PRRSV和CSFV的混合感染

参照GenBank中已发表的有关基因序列,分别设计合成针对PCV-2、PRRSV和CSFV的3对引物,分别建立检测临床病例中PCV-2、PRRSV和CSFV感染的PCR或RT-PCR方法。结果显示,扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳,分别各呈现1条大小约1154,372,375bp的特异条带。采用建立的PCR方法对江西各地发病猪和死亡猪的133份临床病料进行PCV-2检测,结果总检出率53.38%(71/133)。在71份PCV-2阳性的病料中检测出PRRSV20份,阳性率28.17%(20/71);CSFV9份,阳性率12.68%(9/71);PRRSV和CSFV共同感染9份,阳性率12.68%(9/71)。     

RADIOGRAPHIC GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST STUDY IN THE OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS)

Ten gastrointestinal contrast studies were performed with barium on seven clinically healthy ostriches. Concentrations of 25-100% w/vol liquid barium sulfate at 7 and 10 ml/kg were administered by stomach tube after withholding food for 16 h. A 6-frame technique for left-to-right lateral views in standing and a 3-frame technique for the dorsoventral views in sternally recumbent adult ostriches were used for survey and contrast radiographs. Objectives were to describe the appearance of the normal gastrointestinal tract with contrast radiography and to provide a guideline for optimal dosage and concentration of barium sulfate as well as a reliable protocol for frequency of radiographs. Structures that were consistently identified included the esophagus, proventriculus, ventriculus, duodenum, jejunum, proximal, and distal rectum. Due to the superimposition of the remainder of the small intestine, individual components were difficult to differentiate. The caeca were inconsistently highlighted and only for a short time. The ventral pouch of the coprodeum never filled with contrast medium.     

湖羊羔羊早期断奶前后瘤胃发酵与微生物区系的变化

本试验旨在研究湖羊羔羊早期断奶前后的瘤胃发酵与微生物区系变化,为幼龄反刍动物瘤胃发育变化理论以及羔羊的早期培育等提供依据。选择初生重接近的湖羊公羔(3.81 kg±0.55 kg)16只,1~7日龄饲喂母乳,8日龄与母羊分离,开始饲喂代乳粉(按8日龄体重的2%,分3次等量饲喂)和开食料(自由采食),35日龄断奶。分别于断奶前(21日龄)、后(42日龄)各选择5只羔羊进行屠宰,采集瘤胃内容物,测定瘤胃发酵、酶活和微生物区系。结果表明,断奶后羔羊的瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶活性均极显著高于断奶前(P<0.01)。断奶后瘤胃菌群多样性和丰富度均低于断奶前(P<0.05)。断奶前后的优势菌门均为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其中,拟杆菌门为第一优势菌门,在断奶前后分别占61.96%和65.36%,厚壁菌门为第二优势菌门,在断奶前后分别占32.08%和24.03%;两菌门之和在断奶前后分别占瘤胃总菌门的94.04%和89.39%。断奶前后的优势菌属均为unidentified_Prevotellaceae,分别占21.85%和38.49%。断奶前后羔羊瘤胃微生物的功能没有显著变化,都主要集中在复制和修复、碳水化合物代谢和翻译等途径。以上结果说明,羔羊早期断奶后的瘤胃发酵和酶活增强,菌群多样性和丰富度有所降低,在早期断奶前后的优势菌群和功能相似。     

Multiple trait genetic evaluation of ewe traits in Icelandic sheep

The prolificacy of the ewes was measured as the number of lambs born per ewe mated (NLB) when the ewes were 1–4 years of age. The ewe productivity related to the same age interval was measured by special ewe production indices (EPI). The genetic parameters for these traits were estimated by a series of bivariate REML analyses using animal models. The material used for the genetic analysis contained records on 193 213 ewes. The heritability estimates for NLB were h² = 0.17, 0.13, 0.11, 0.10 for the four respective age classes. Corresponding estimates for EPI were h² = 0.16, 0.17, 0.17, 0.15. The genetic correlations among NLB at different ages ranged from 0.63 to 0.98 and among EPI from 0.82 to 0.99. The genetic correlations between NLB and EPI were generally low. The material used for estimating the breeding values by the MT‐BLUP Animal Model consisted of 1.5 million individuals in the pedigree file. In total 815 782 ewes had records for the NLB and 763 491 ewes had production index (at least 1 year). The records were registered in the years 1990–2006. All possible missing patterns were present in the data. In the iteration process expected values for missing traits were generated and solutions were obtained on canonical transformed scale. The genetic evaluations were run independently for NLB and EPI for computational convenience given the correlations between these traits were negligible.     

青海高原牦牛遗传多样性研究

以中心产区简单随机抽样在青海省西宁市共抽取青海高原牦牛76头,用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）和水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术检测21个编码血液蛋白（酶）结构基因座及12个微卫星位点的多态性,并进行中性检验及连锁不平衡分析。结果表明：在所检测的21个血液蛋白基因座中,有6个存在多型,多态位点百分比为28．57％,12个微卫星位点全部为多态,共检测出63个等位基因;两层次标记所反映的群体内遗传变异水平均较低,21个血液蛋白基因座平均有效等位基因数、观察杂合度、期望杂合度和多态信息含量分别为1．118、0．0665、0．0729和0．0603,12个微卫星位点相应指标分别为2．9005、0．4138、0．5325和0．4903;除Alp外,其余5个血液蛋白多态基因座和12个微卫星位点均为中性基因。除Alp-CA、LDH1-ADH两对血液蛋白基因座和8对微卫星显著（P〈0．05）或极显著（P〈0．01）处于连锁不平衡状态外,其余13对血液蛋白基因座和58对微卫星均处于连锁平衡状态（P〉0．05）;另外,6个血液蛋白多态基因座、12个微卫星位点或是两者的合并数据从群体水平上均处于连锁平衡状态（P〉0．05）。     

华南地区猪圆环病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒检测分析

为了解华南地区猪圆环病毒及猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的最新流行情况,采集了华南地区11个规模猪场各饲养阶段猪血清807份,用套式PCR(nPCR)检测猪圆环病毒1型(PCV-1)和猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2);采集了若干猪场2010年1月至2011年8月期间有咳嗽、喘气、消瘦及疑似PDNS等临床症状的猪血清312份,以及无临床症状猪血清104份,以nPCR检测PCV-2,以一步法反转录PCR(RT-PCR)检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒。结果发现,所调查的11个规模猪场中只有5个检出PCV-1,所有猪场均检出PCV-2。PCV-2阳性率为30.61%,而PCV-1阳性率仅为4.21%;经产母猪和7周龄以上保育猪PCV阳性率最高;有临床症状的猪血清PCV-2阳性率为58.65%,PRRSV阳性率为37.82%,PCV-2阳性猪群中有39.89%的猪同时感染PRRSV;有症状猪群7月～9月的PCV-2感染率最高,而1月～3月最低;无临床症状猪血清PCV-2阳性率为27.9%,PRRSV阳性率为0.96%,PCV-2与PRRSV无混合感染。证明PCV尤其是PCV-2在华南地区仍广泛传播并流行,而且PCV-2与PRRSV混合感染致病情况较多。PCV-2的感染率与季节有一定的相关性,种猪带毒情况严重。