湟中县畜牧业发展现状与对策

<正>1畜牧业发展现状湟中县辖18个乡镇,418个行政村,农业总户数10.2万户,农业总人口43万,土地总面积2.7×105 hm2,其中耕地面积6.93×104 hm2,天然草场1.22×105 hm2(可利用面积9.67×104 hm2)。“十五”时期,湟中县畜牧业生产以牧业增效、农民增收为目标,依靠科技进步,不断调整优化畜牧业结构,积极推进产业化进程,强化畜牧业基础,大力发展“两高一优”畜牧业,使畜牧业生产保持了良好的发展势头。2005年底,全县畜牧业总产值达到1.48亿     

同仁县灭治中华鼢鼠取得成效

同仁县地处黄河上游的半农半牧县,全县东西宽75km,南北长85km,土地总面积32.75×104hm2,草地面积31.80×104hm2,可利用草地面积30.07×104hm2。近几年,由于干旱和牲畜超载过牧,使我县草地退化,“黑土滩”现象日趋严重。据2001年调查中华鼢鼠危害面积达5.316×104hm2。为此,依同仁县实际情况,因地制宜地分二期对四乡进行了灭治中华鼢鼠工作。为加强项目建设的管理、监督、检查,由主管农牧县长总负责,县农牧水务局、计委、审计、财政主要领导及各乡党政第一把手组建成县生态建设综合治理领导小组,各乡成立生态建设综合治理指挥部。由达华…     

都兰县鼠虫害及毒草调查

2003年都兰县鼠虫害及毒草调查表明,全县有害鼠危害面积50.12×104hm2,占可利用草地面积的32.25%,虫害发生面积9.26×104hm2,毒草发生面积1.8×104hm2,今后应强化鼠虫害及毒草的预测预报工作,及时有效地开展防治。     

门源县草地畜牧业生产现状和发展对策

<正>门源县位于青海省东北部,祁连山东段,隶属海北藏族自治州,是一个半农半牧、农牧结合的大县。全县土地总面积69.02×104hm2,其中可利用天然草原面积38.88×104hm2,耕地面积2.96×104hm2,存栏牲畜56.19万头(只)(草原、耕地、牲畜均不包括     

浅谈退耕还林还草的意义

<正> 雷波县共有坡耕地面积2.5×104hm2,其中坡度在25°以上的坡耕地有1.37×10hm2,5°～25°的坡耕地有8433 hm2,15°以下的有2820 hm2,全县坡耕地面积在农业用地中所占比重很大,水土流失现象严重,土壤中养分含量低,经济效益低,且生态、社会效益呈负面趋势,有55％的坡耕地应实施退耕还林还草,全县共需要退耕地1.7×104 hm2,涉及人口163629人。雷波县从2000年开始实施退耕还林还草,到2009     

甘肃定西红豆草苗期虫害情况初报

<正>红豆草是定西市仅次于紫花苜蓿的第二大当家牧草,累计留床面积约1.447×104hm2,每年种植面积2×103～3.33×103hm2。随着畜草产业的发展及其生态工程建设的加快,种植面积还会继续扩大。但红豆草苗期易受害虫危害,由于对虫害防治不当或不及时,     

互助县灭治高原鼠兔取得成效

互助县位于青海省东北部,介于北纬36°30′~37°09′,东经101°46′~107°45′之间,地处祁连山东段南麓,青藏高原与黄土高原镶嵌过度地带,境内地形北高南低,山川交错,沟壑纵横,植被稀疏,地形复杂,海拔2100~4374m,年平均降雨量300~500mm,年平均气温3~4℃,年蒸发量1235.60mm,无霜期125d。全县耕地面积7×104hm2,可利用草地面积7.60×104hm2。近几年,由于干旱和牲畜超载过牧,使互助县草地退化日益严重。据2003年调查高原鼠害面积达5.50×104hm2。为此,依据互助县实际情况,开展了草地鼠害防治工作。为加强项目建设的管理、监督、检查,切实完成鼠…     

鼢鼠对退耕还林还草区危害程度的调查

通过对民和县退耕还林还草区鼢鼠密度和危害程度的调查,结果表明:全县危害面积达8000hm2,平均密度为13.27只/hm2,年损失牧草807.55×104kg,相当于0.55×104个羊单位的年饲草量,应尽快抓好防治工作。     

都兰县天然草地资源调查报告

利用现场取样的方法,对都兰县天然草地进行了全面调查。结果表明,全县现有天然草地212.66×104hm2,有荒漠草原、山地草原、高寒草原、草原化荒漠、山地草甸、高寒沼泽、灌丛草甸、疏林类草场等共十二大类。各类草地在全县的分布、面积和生产力各不相同。其中,高寒草原类面积最大,为75.25×104hm2,山地草甸类面积最小,仅0.03×104hm2。高寒沼泽类年生物量最高,平均产可食鲜草5335kg/hm2。全县可利用草地155.42×104hm2,可载畜140.94万羊单位。草地生产力的限制因子主要是水分不足和鼠害,草地利用中存在的问题主要是夏、秋草场分配不合理,有的放牧过度,有的利用不足。提出解决了解决问题的建议和途径。     

海晏县草地退化原因及综合治理

海晏县是以牧为主的牧业县。全县土地总面积为3117km2,其中可利用草地面积24.17×104hm2,占总面积的77.55%。草地类型主要有高寒草甸类、温性草原类等。分别为14.57×104hm2,占草地总面积的60.4%和5.67×104hm2,占草地总面积23.5%。近几十年来,在自然和人为因素的影响下,全县天然草地退化严重,退化草地面积已达7.92×104hm2,占草地面积的32.75%,而且退化面积正在逐年扩大。1.草地退化现状1.1　草地植物群落发生了演变草地建群种和优势种逐渐减少或消失,而被一些毒杂草所取代。例如高寒草甸类中的苔草+针茅草地型逐年退化成以橐吾为主的…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein