中国奶业要坚定不移地走生态之路

近几年，随着中国奶业的快速发展，加工与奶源、生产与生态等不和谐的现象也时有发生，这不但影响了巾国奶业持续、健康、快速发展，而且对乳品企业、消费者和奶农等各方的利益，都形成一种挑战。那么，如何在保持中国奶业健康、快速发展的同时，确保中国奶业与生态环境的和谐发展，建设中国的生态奶业呢？     

脚踏实地措施配套调整优化奶业结构--在中国奶业发展高峰论坛会上的发言

今天，我们在这里共话我国奶业发展的新形势、新问题、新方略，似感与过去不同。主要在于：泛论加入世贸组织的利弊阶段已经过去，注意力必须集中在如何研究落实应对的具体措施上：优先“突出”发展奶业的大政方针已定，关键在于如何从政策、资金、技术、管理等方面保证这一正确方针的实现；“市场准入”的主要门槛越来越高———广大消费者对食品质量，特别是食品安全问题越来越敏感，食品质量监督检验越来越严；奶业结构的合理调整，已经迈开了步伐，今后如何更加广泛深入地开展起来，不断优化、升级，使我国新时期的奶业持续、稳步、健康…     

关于深入开展奶业产业化经营若干问题的探讨(连载三)

５奶农在市场经济中的主体地位怎样真正体现？奶牛（畜）饲养业是奶业经济的基础。没有实力雄厚并稳步发展的基础产业，就不可能有持续、快速、健康发展的奶业。在奶业产业链条中，当前一、二、三产业的发展状况很不平衡。用现代化水平来衡量，相对而言，乳品加工业的现代化水平较高；奶牛饲养业，除少数国有奶牛场、大型专业户及适度规模饲养小区外，大多数仍以小型分散，传统经营方式为主，是整个产业链条中最薄弱的环节。这种跛脚或不协调的状况，对于实现奶业现代化，参与全球化市场竞争是十分不利的。历次奶业发生波动，最终最大受害者…     

2008年奶牛养殖业发展形势分析

我国奶业由于多年的积累和近些年来的快速发展，作为一个产业已基本形成。在整个成长过程中．传统奶业的弊端在不断减少，现代奶业的因素在逐步增加，我国奶业正进入由传统奶业向现代奶业转型的关键时期。同时，在奶业发展的过程中，积累了一些深层次的问题亟待解决。主要表现在：良种覆盖率和单产水平低，养殖方式落后；乳品加工企业与奶农的利益关系不顺．     

中国乳业要坚定不移走生态之路

近几年，中国奶业发展迅速，但出现了加工与奶源、生产与生态等不和谐的现象，影响了中国乳业健康、持续、快速发展，这无论是对乳品企业、消费者还是奶农等各方的利益。都是一种挑战。如何在保持中国奶业健康、快速发展的同时．确保中国奶业与生态、环境的和谐发展。建设中国的生态奶业呢？     

现代奶业发展研讨会在桂林成功举办

水作青罗带，山如碧玉簪。穿梭于山水美景之中，沐浴着冬日的暖阳，12月13日，全国奶业同仁齐聚一堂。参加在桂林举办的现代奶业发展研讨会。会议旨在交流经验，探索奶业未来的发展模式、思路和举措，切实加快现代奶业的建设。     

把握机遇振兴山东奶业

奶业是现代农业的重要组成部分，在国民经济中占有重要地位。发达国家普遍把奶业的发展水平作为现代农业特别是畜牧业发展水平的重要标志；2000年世界奶业产值占农业总产值的平均比重约为20％，中国只有3％。因此，当前和今后一个时期，全面振兴山东奶业具有非常重要的现实意义。     

中国乳业要坚定不移走生态之路

近几年，中国奶业发展迅速，但出现了加工与奶源、生产与生态不和谐的问题。怎样在保持奶业健康、快速发展的同时，确保中国奶业与生态、环境的和谐发展，建设中国的生态奶业呢？     

河北加大扶持力度建设奶业强省

近年来,河北省奶业一直保持较快发展速度,已经成为农业农村经济新的增长点。2004年实施“千万吨奶工程”后,奶业取得突破性进展,产业体系初步形成,已经具备了加快发展的基础。但也存在奶牛单产水平低、生产组织化程度低等问题,影响奶业又好又快发展。为进一步促进全省奶业快速健康发展,近日,河北省政府出台了《关于促进奶业快速健康发展的指导意见》。     

要闻

<正>记者从日前在北京召开的中国奶业发展高层论坛会议上了解到,我国奶业发展速度连续几年超过两位数,实现了原料奶生产、乳品加工、消费的同步快速增长,产业的整体素质和经济效益有所提高,奶业市场的竞争进一步加剧,我国奶业已经进入了快速发展的新阶段。原料奶生产、乳品加工、消费同步快速增长在奶源生产方面,2002年是近年来增长幅度最大的一年。据统计,良种和改良种奶牛年末存栏6873万头,比上年的566.2万头增长21.5%;奶类总产量1400.4万吨,比上年的1122.9万吨增长24.7%。今年以来,仍保持了很好的发展势头。在乳品加工方面,2002年全国乳制品产量93.2万吨,比上年的74.29万吨增长25.48%;液态奶产量355万     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.