不同窝箱环境对育成期水貂生长性能的影响

选择45日龄健康公母水貂各50只,随机分为5组,每组10个重复,其中A、AB、AC、AD组均为新型窝箱且构造各不相同,E组为传统窝箱。结果表明:窝箱环境对母貂的体重没有显著影响(P>0.05);AD组公貂的体重明显低于其他各组,与E组差异显著(P<0.05);不同组别水貂采食量所呈现的差异性基本上与水貂体重所呈现的差异性大体一致;窝箱环境对水貂干物质和蛋白质消化率没有显著性作用(P>0.05);不同组间母貂的氮代谢水平基本一致(P>0.05),E组公貂食入氮和粪氮最高,但在氮沉积和净蛋白利用率上与其他各组不存在显著性差异(P>0.05);AC窝箱干净度最高,各组间不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。由此得出:窝箱环境不能影响饲粮营养物质的消化代谢能力,但能影响公貂的采食量及体重。     

水貂EGF基因SNPS与皮张长度的相关性试验

以水貂的表皮生长因子基因(EGF)作为候选基因,采用单链构象多态性和DNA测序的方法检测了EGF基因单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)。针对该群体的特点建立合适的统计分析模型,并进行了EGF基因多态性与皮长性状的关联分析。结果表明,EGF基因对水貂的皮张长度有一定影响。BB基因型个体与AA基因型个体之间有一定的差异(P<0.05)。CD基因型个体皮长平均要高于CC和DD基因型,且与CC型个体差异显著(P<0.05),与DD型差异不显著(P>0.05)。统计各基因型之间的组合给水貂皮长带来的影响时,发现多数组合基因型对所检测的水貂皮长有显著影响(P<0.05)。     

Bacteriological quality of raw materials used in Finnish mink feed.

Mink feed raw materials were analyzed for total bacterial count, the number of faecal streptococci, the coliform count, the number of haemolytic bacteria and the number of sulphite reducing bacteria. The investigation comprised samples from the following raw materials: four slaughter-house offal products, preserved and unpreserved slaughter blood, Baltic herring, cod filletting offal, fish silage, blood meal, fish meal, meat-bone meal, protein concentrate, brewer’s yeast and cereal feed.The slaughter-house offals and unpreserved slaughter blood had the poorest quality, in terms of all the bacterial types for which the samples were analyzed. There were statistically significant differences in bacterial contents between slaughter-house offals from different sources. The preserved slaughter blood had significantly lower bacterial contents as compared to the unpreserved slaughter blood. Single samples of the cod filletting offal, Baltic herring and the blood meal had relatively high total bacterial counts, but the specified mean bacterial counts were relatively low. The bacterial counts for the rest of the investigated raw materials were relatively low.     

蓝狐和水貂被毛真菌菌群的调查

为了解蓝狐和水貂被毛携带真菌的情况,采集动物体表7个点上的被毛,接种于沙保劳氏培养基26℃培养2周,对菌落进行宏观和微观鉴定。结果表明,山东昌邑地区健康蓝狐的被毛致病性真菌,检出率占总数的33%,且链格孢霉为优势菌群,皮肤丝状真菌(犬小孢子菌)的带菌率为3.33%(1/33);健康水貂的被毛致病性真菌检出率为26.67%,其中优势真菌为念珠菌,未检出皮肤丝状真菌;对疑似癣病蓝狐的被毛做真菌培养,致病真菌检出率为46%,包括4株犬小孢子菌、3株须毛癣菌。本次调查为临床诊断和治疗提供依据,并具有重要的公共卫生意义。     

关于山东省加快发展毛皮动物养殖业的几点看法

山东是我国毛皮动物（水貂、狐和貉）养殖第一大省,年出栏率占全国的一半以上,近年来更是发展迅速,在部分地区已成为当地的支柱产业。但毛皮动物养殖业仍然存在养殖水平低、产业链不完善、发展不够规范等问题,笔者基于当前毛皮动物养殖形势,对加快发展山东省毛皮动物养殖业提出几点看法,以期对相关工作的开展起到推动作用。     

Preparation of antigen for the counterimmunoelectrophoretic test for plasmacytosis in mink.

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis as a test method for making the diagnosis of plasmacytosis in mink demands the specific virus antigen. The method for preparation of the antigen according to Cho & Ingram (1972 a, b) with minor modifications is described in details, and results obtained at 62 antigen preparations are presented. In addition an ultrafiltration method is outlined which may be useful as a replacement for ultracentrifugation procedures used in the technique described by Cho & Ingram (1974).     

岷县黑裘皮羊裘皮品质研究

本文研究了岷县黑裘皮羊不同年龄的被毛特征和产毛性能。对岷县黑裘皮羊的裘皮类型、裘皮色泽和光泽、毛股结构、花弯及花型、裘皮面积进行了分析,对岷县黑裘皮羊裘皮品质鉴定和羊分级进行了探讨。岷县黑裘皮羊品质鉴定一般进行三次;岷县黑裘皮羊的分级根据岷县黑裘皮羊体型外貌、体尺大小、公母羊体重、毛股自然长度、被毛颜色等指标,将岷县黑裘皮羊分成一级、二级、三级和等外。分析了岷县黑裘皮羊裘皮产业存在的问题并提出了对策。     

The Effect of the Bacteriological Status of Feed on Some Haematological and Blood Chemical Data on Mink

Blood samples from 100 minks from a research farm using bacteriologically high quality feed and from 55 minks from another farm supplying bacteriologically inferior feed, as well as from nine minks from Denmark from two farms providing still better quality feed than both Finnish farms – all minks apparently clinically healthy – were analyzed for some haematological and chemical data: total leucocyte count, haemoglobin, ornithine carba-moyltransferase (OCT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), γ-glutamyl-transferase (Γ-GT), total bilirubin and creatinine. The Finnish minks supplied with high quality feed had more optimal values of total leucocytes, haemoglobin, OCT, AP and creatinine than minks receiving feed with higher bacterial contamination. The Danish minks had better blood values in the investigated parameters except for lower haemoglobin and total bilirubin, which showed no significant difference.     

The Effect of Cage Environment and Ad Libitum Feeding on the Circadian Rhythm,Behaviour and Feed Intake of Farm Mink

Abstract

The effect of cage size and nest box environment on circadian rhythm and on stereotyped and non-stereotyped activities was measured for 66 farmed female mink fed ad libitum. The behaviour of the animals was recorded over 24 h on video in the months of September and October. Weight and feed consumption were measured for the 66 females and the 66 male mink placed with the females. The experiment included three cage sizes (0.10, 0.27 and 1.10 m²) and cages with and without nest boxes. In the cages with nest boxes the use of wire netting cylinders and shelves was evaluated.

Farm mink, fed ad libitum, had their primary activity period from 04:00 to 10:00 h. There was no food anticipatory activity, but the actual feeding at noon caused an interruption of the animals' resting period. Mink in cages without nest boxes performed more stereotyped behaviour than mink with nest boxes. There was no effect of cage size on the measured behavioural elements. Mink were passive for more than 70% of the day and night and preferred to rest together. Apart from resting in the nest box, mink preferred to rest on shelves above floor level. Lacking the possibility of using a nest box and performance of stereotyped behaviour increase the feed intake of farm mink. A large variation between animals, having a significant effect on all the measured behavioural elements, indicates different coping patterns and/or stress sensitivity.     

美洲水貂TYR基因编码蛋白结构及功能的生物信息学分析

为进一步探明美洲水貂酪氨酸酶(TYR)基因的结构和功能信息,对美洲水貂TYR基因编码蛋白进行生物信息学分析,同时构建TYR基因的系统发育树。结果表明:美洲水貂TYR基因共编码531个氨基酸,其编码产物为不稳定的亲水蛋白;二级结构主要以α-螺旋和无规卷曲为主,含有1个酪氨酸酶超家族结构域,存在信号肽、跨膜结构域和二硫键;该蛋白主要在内质网中发挥细胞被膜、运输和结合的作用,同时还通过信号转导在细胞内发挥其生物学作用;系统进化情况和动物分类学基本一致,美洲水貂TYR基因与雪貂、家犬的亲缘关系最近。美洲水貂TYR基因编码蛋白在生物进化中具有较强保守性,该基因结构和功能的分析为水貂TYR基因遗传特性的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

The influence of manganese in association with other dietary components on certain shell characteristics

Four groups of pullets were given, from 17 weeks of age, a high‐Mn diet, or one of three low‐Mn diets. Hens given low‐Mn diets laid eggs with poor shells, judged by appearance, strength and thickness at the start of lay, but only one low‐Mn diet (diet 4), was associated with poor shells throughout 12 months of egg production. Supplementary Mn (100 mg/kg) added to low‐Mn diets after 12 months had no significant effect during the next 2 months on shell appearance score, strength or thickness.

In a second experiment, four groups of pullets aged 16 weeks were given diets of low or high Mn content and high or moderate P content. At the start of the laying period there was a significant interaction between Mn and P, a high level of P increasing shell defects caused by low Mn. At a later stage, 4 months after the start of egg laying, high P significantly reduced shell strength and thickness but had no effect on appearance score: low Mn had only a small non‐significant effect on any shell characteristic at this stage.

In a third experiment pullets of five White Leghorn type hybrids aged 16 weeks were given diets of low or high Mn and high or low Ca until the point of lay, when all birds received the high‐Ca diet but continued receiving the level of Mn given from 16 weeks of age. Only shells produced at the start of lay were studied. Type of hybrid influenced the number of soft shells produced but had no significant effect on other characteristics. Manganese significantly influenced all shell measurements and a high level of Ca increased the number of soft shells, decreased strength and thickness but had no effect on appearance score. There were no significant interactions.     

Estradiol stimulates glycogen synthesis whereas progesterone promotes glycogen catabolism in the uterus of the American mink (Neovison vison)

Glycogen synthesis by mink uterine glandular and luminal epithelia (GE and LE) is stimulated by estradiol (E₂) during estrus. Subsequently, the glycogen deposits are mobilized to near completion to meet the energy requirements of pre‐embryonic development and implantation by as yet undetermined mechanisms. We hypothesized that progesterone (P₄) was responsible for catabolism of uterine glycogen reserves as one of its actions to ensure reproductive success. Mink were treated with E₂, P₄ or vehicle (controls) for 3 days and uteri collected 24 h (E₂, P₄ and vehicle) and 96 h (E₂) later. To evaluate E₂ priming, mink were treated with E₂ for 3 days, then P₄ for an additional 3 days (E₂→P₄) and uteri collected 24 h later. Percent glycogen content of uterine epithelia was greater at E₂ + 96 h (GE = 5.71 ± 0.55; LE = 11.54 ± 2.32) than E₂+24 h (GE = 3.63 ± 0.71; LE = 2.82 ± 1.03), and both were higher than controls (GE = 0.27 ± 0.15; LE = 0.54 ± 0.30; P < 0.05). Treatment as E₂→P₄ reduced glycogen content (GE = 0.61 ± 0.16; LE = 0.51 ± 0.13), to levels not different from controls, while concomitantly increasing catabolic enzyme (glycogen phosphorylase m and glucose‐6‐phosphatase) gene expression and amount of phospho‐glycogen synthase protein (inactive) in uterine homogenates. Interestingly, E₂→P₄ increased glycogen synthase 1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and hexokinase 1mRNA and protein. Our findings suggest to us that while E₂ promotes glycogen accumulation by the mink uterus during estrus and pregnancy, it is P₄ that induces uterine glycogen catabolism, releasing the glucose that is essential to support pre‐embryonic survival and implantation.     

Effects of dietary protein levels on digestibility of nutrients and growth rate in young female mink (Mustela vison)

This study investigated digestibilities of nutrients and feed efficiency in female mink at the different dietary protein levels during the mink growth period. Effects of dietary protein on growth performance of minks were also measured. Sixty 45‐day‐old healthy female minks were randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups with 10 animals in each group. Animals were fed diets varying in protein levels: 28% (Group I), 30% (Group II), 32% (Group III), 34% (Group IV), 36% (Group V) and 38% (Group VI), respectively. The digestibilities of key nutrients were determined on Day 14 after initiating the experiment and the last 3 days. From the beginning of the study, body weight and feed intake were weighed and recorded every other week in order to calculate the average daily bodyweight gain and the feed efficiency. The trial had demonstrated that nitrogen intake was greatly significantly different, which was affected by dietary protein levels (p < 0.001). Growth performance of minks was impaired when dietary protein level was at 28%. When dietary protein level was at 34%, minks had the best daily gains, feed efficiency, and digestibilities of some key nutrients.     

On the transferrin concentration in serum of sows and growing pigs and in sow colostrum

Immunologically pure transferrin was isolated from swine serum by means of ammoniumsulphate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. Rabbit anti-swine transferrin serum was prepared and used for immunological determinations of transferrin in serum and colostrum. The transferrin concentration in serum from piglets was 180 ± 56 mg/100 ml at birth and rather constant by the first days of life. The levels increase to 610 ± 78 mg/100 ml at 6 weeks after birth. The transferrin level of colostrum was 100 mg/100 ml and decreased rapidly. A negative correlation was established between the concentration of haemoglobin and transferrin. The importance of transferrin is discussed.     

The effect of microclimatic parameters and the birth date on the number of Mahogany mink kits born and reared

Abstract

The objective of the study was to determine the number of Mahogany kits born and reared under changing microclimatic conditions on the farm. We found a significant influence of air temperature and relative humidity on the reproduction of Mahogany minks. Due to low temperature and high relative humidity during that period (20–25 April), the percentage of dead kits in a litter was the highest (13.7%), and the percentage of kits reared was the lowest at 76.2%, as compared to 87.8–94.2% in other periods. We established that the later a birth occurred, the lower the number of kits in the litter. We observed that as temperature was increased and relative humidity was decreased, the percentage of dead kits in a litter became lower. The negative effect of high relative humidity on the reproduction results was confirmed by negative values of the correlation between humidity and the number of kits born and reared.     

Effects of different dietary protein levels and DL‐methionine supplementation on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Neovision vision)

The effect of different dietary protein levels and DL‐methionine (Met) supplementation on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Four groups of male mink were fed with four isocaloric diets containing 32% (P32), 24% (P24), 16% (P16) or P24+Met (0.8%) crude protein of dry matter (DM) from September to December. Skin biopsies were taken at the pelting. Histological techniques and computer‐assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of under hairs and guard hairs respectively. The results showed that when the dietary protein level reduced from 32% to 16%, body length, number and diameter of under hairs and guard hairs of minks declined, and pelt length and pelt weight of minks decreased significantly (p < 0.05). These parameters were similar between P32 and P24 with Met supplementation (p > 0.05). The hair follicle density of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary protein levels and Met supplementation (p > 0.05). Low‐protein diets content led to a reduction of hair follicle developing to next phase. It was documented that 24% crude protein of DM with Met supplementation during growing‐furring period was sufficient for minks to express their genetic capacity to develop hair follicles and achieve the prime fur characteristics. Overall this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein and Met supply in the growing‐furring period of minks.     

Double-blind pilot study on the effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C4 concentration in the skin of atopic dogs

Abstract The effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test results and on leukotriene C₄ (LTC₄) concentration in the skin of atopic dogs were evaluated in a pilot study. Twelve atopic dogs without a detectable Malassezia dermatitis were selected. All dogs had positive immedíate reaction to intradermal injection of house dust mite (HDM) at 25 PNU mL^-1. Six dogs received a control sugar tablet and six dogs received ketoconazole at 5 mg kg^-1 PO b.i.d. for 3 weeks. On days 0 and 21, intradermal injections of saline, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and house dust mite (HDM) were performed and biopsies of the injection sites were taken at 90 min postinjection to measure the concentration of LTC₄ in the skin. Intradermal skin test results were not affected by ketoconazole therapy. Ketoconazole significantly decreased the concentration of LTC₄ that could be elicited by the intradermal injection of saline and LPS. Ketoconazole also decreased the HDM-induced LTC₄ but differences between the prevalues and postvalues were not statistically significant. The mean decrease of LTC₄ concentration in the ketoconazole group was 37% for the saline injection, 42% for the LPS injection and 26% for HDM injection. In the control group no significant changes in the LTC₄ concentrations were found over the 3-week time of the study. This pilot study showed that ketoconazole has anti-inflammatory properties and suggests that this drug may be effective in decreasing the skin concentrations of LTC₄ in atopic dogs. Résumé— Les effets de kétoconazole sur les résultats des tests intradermiques et la concentration en leucotriène C4 (LTC₄) dans la peau de chiens atopiques ont étéévalués dans une étude en double aveugle. Douze chiens atopiques sans dermite à Malassezia ont été selectionnés. Tous les chiens ont des tests intradermiques positifs aux acariens de la poussière de maison à 25 PNU mL^-1à 20 minutes. Six chiens ont reçu des comprimés de sucre, six autres ont reçu du kétoconazole à 5 mg kg^-1, 2 fois par jour par voie orale pendant 3 semaines. Aux jours 0 et 21, des injections intradermiques de liposaccharides (LPS), d'eau salée et d'aeariens de la poussière de maison sont réalisées et des biopsies des points d'injections sont effectuées 90 minutes après l'injection afin de mesurer la concentration en LTC₄ dans la peau. Les résultats des tests intradermiques ne sont pas modifies par la thérapeutique au kétoconazole. Par contre, le kétoconazole diminue significativement la concentration en LTC₄ induit par les injections intradermiques de LPS et d'eau salee. Le kétoconazole diminue également le LTC₄ induit par les acariens de la poussière de maison, mais il n'existe pas de différence significative entre les valeurs avant et après. La diminution moyenne de LTC₄ dans le groupe traité au kétoconazole est de 37% pour l'injection intradermique d'eau salée, de 42% pour l'injection intradermique de LPS et de 26% pour l'injection intradermique d'acariens de la poussière de maison. Dans le groupe de contrôle, aucune différence significative dans les concentrations en LTC₄ n'est observée durant les 3 semaines de l'étude. Cette étude démontre que le kétoconazole a des propriétés antiinflammatoires et suggèrent qu'il peut être efficace dans la diminution des concentrations en LTC₄ chez les chiens atopiques. [Marsella R, Kunkle, GA, Vaughn, DM, Macdonald, J. Double-blind pilot study in the effects of kétoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C₄ concentration in the skin of atopic dogs. (Etude en double aveugle sur les effets du kétoconazole sur les tests intradermiques et la concentration en leucotriène C₄ dans la peau de chiens atopiques.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8 : 3–10.] Resumen Se evaluaron en un estudio piloto los efectos del ketoconazol sobre los resultados del test intradérmico cutáneo y sobre las concentraciones de leucotrieno C₄ (LTC₄) en la piel de perros atópicos. Se seleccionaron doce perros atópicos sin Dermatitis por Malassezia detectable. Todos los perros mostraban respuesta positiva inmedíata a la inyección del ácaro del polvo doméstico (HDM) a 25 PNU mL^-1. Seis perros recibieron una tableta control de azúcar y seis recibieron ketoconazol a dosis de 5 mg kg^-1 PO BID durante 3 semanas. En los días 0 y 21 se realizaron inyecciones intradérmicas de suero salino, lipopolisacárido (LPS) y ácaro del polvo doméstico, y se tomaron biopsias de las zonas inyectadas a los 90 minutos postinyección para cuantificar la concentración de LTC₄ en la piel. Los resultados de los tests intradérmicos no se afectaron por la terapia con ketoconazol. El ketoconazol disminuyó significativamente la concentración de LTC₄ que pudo haber provocado la inyección intradérmica de suero salino y LPS. El ketoconazol también disminuyó el LTC₄ inducido por el HDM pero las diferencias entre los valores previos y posteriores no fueron estadisticamente significativos. La disminución en la concentración medía de LTC₄ en el grupo de ketoconazol fue del 37% para la inyección de suero salino, 42% para la de LPS y 26% para la de HDM. En el grupo control no se encontraron alteraciones significativas en las concentraciones de LTC₄ durante las 3 semanas que duró el estudio. Este estudio piloto mostró que el ketoconazol posee propiedades antiinflamatorias y sugiere que este fármaco puede ser efectivo en disminuir las concentraciones cutáneas de LTC₄ en perros atópicos. [Marsella R, Kunkle, GA, Vaughn, DM, Macdonald, J. Double-blind pilot study in the effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C₄ concentration in the skin of atopic dogs. (Estudio doble ciego sobre los efectos del ketoconazol en los tests intradérmicos cutaneos y en la concentración de leucotrieno C₄ en la piel de perros atópicos.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8 : 3–10.] Zusammenfasung In einer Pilotstudie wurden die Wirkung von Ketoconazol auf Ergebnisse des intrakutanen Hauttests und der Leukotrien C₄ (LTC₄)-Konzentration in der Haut atopischer Hunde bewertet. Zwölf atopische Hunde ohne feststellbare Malassezia Dermatitis wurden ausgewählt. Alle Hunde hatten eine positive Sofortreaktion zu Hausstaubmilbenextrakt von 25 PNU mL^-1. Sechs Hunde erhielten eine Zuckertablette als Kontrolle und sechs Hunde erhielten Ketoconazol in einer Dosis von 5 mg kg^-1 oral zweimal täglich für drei Wochen. An den Tagen 0 und 21 wurden intrakutane Injektionen von physiologischer Kochsalzlösung, Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) und Hausstaubmilbenextrakt durchgeführt und 90 Minuten danach Biopsien an den Injektionsstellen entnommen, um die Konzentration von LTC₄ in der Haut zu messen. Ketoconazoltherapie hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse des Intrakutantests. Ketoconazol verminderte die LTC₄ Konzentration in den intrakutanen Injektionsstellen von physiologischer Kochsalzlösung und LPS. Die Konzentrationen des von Hausstaubmilbenextrakt-induzierten LTC₄ waren ebenfalls vermindert, die Unterschiede zwischen den Werten vor und nach der Injektion waren jedoch nicht statistisch significan. Die durchschnittliche Verminderung der LTC₄ Konzentration in der Ketoconazol-Gruppe betrug 37% für die Injektion mit Kochsalzlösung, 42% für die Injektion mit LPS und 26% für die Injektion mit Hausstaubmilbenextrakt. In der Kontrollgrupe wurden während der dreiwöchigen Studie keine signifikanten Veränderungen in der LTC₄ Konzentration festgestellt. Diese Pilotstudie zeigt die entzündungshemmende Wirkung von Ketoconazol und deutet darauf hin, daß dieses Medikament geeignet sein könnte, die Hautkonzentration von LTC₄ in atopischen Hunden zu verringern. [Marsella R, Kunkle, GA, Vaughn, DM, Macdonald, J. Double-blind pilot study in the effects of ketoconazole on intradermal skin test and leukotriene C₄ concentration in the skin of atopic dogs. (Doppelblind-Pilotstudie über die Wirkung von Ketoconazol auf den intrakutanen Hauttest und die Konzentration von Leukotrien C₄ in der Haut atopischer Hunde.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8 : 3–10.]     

Genetic parameters and effect of selection for body weight in lines of mink (Neovison vison) on ad libitum and restricted feeding

Abstract

Selection was performed for high November weight on ad libitum (AL) and restricted feeding (RF) in mink in two generations. A farm fed line (FF) was maintained as a control. The estimates of heritability for November weight were large (0.62, 0.52, and 0.73 in males and 0.68, 0.51, and 0.60 in females in the FF-, AL-, and RF-line). The results indicate that selection on AL feeding increased appetite and thereby improved feed conversion ratio while selection on RF improved feed utilization. Furthermore, the results suggest that selection for August weight produces lean mink while selection for November weight produces fat mink.