Importance of P uptake efficiency versus P utilization for wheat yield in acid and calcareous soils in Mexico

There are large agricultural areas in the world where wheat yields are limited by low phosphorus (P) availability. Breeding for P uptake and P utilization efficiency may reduce this problem. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of P uptake and utilization efficiency to grain yield of selected spring wheat genotypes in different environments. Thirty-eight semidwarf spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes were grown in two experiments in Mexico, each on an acid Andisol under rainfed conditions and on a calcareous Aridisol with irrigation, without (−P) and with 35 kg P per ha fertilized (+P). Without P fertilization, grain yield ranged from 0.8 to 4.6 t ha⁻¹ in the acid soil and from 2.4 to 5.2 t ha⁻¹ in the calcareous soil. With P fertilization, this range was even larger. Under conditions of P deficiency, i.e. in the acid soil at −P and +P (high P adsorption) and calcareous soil at −P (P-depleted soil), P uptake explained 71–100% of the variation in grain yield, and was highly correlated with grain yield (r=0.79–0.95). In contrast, at +P in the calcareous soil, P utilization efficiency explained 60–63% of the variation in grain yield. Here, low grain P concentration was related to high grain yield (r=−0.40 to −0.59). In the calcareous soil, the harvest index was correlated with grain yield, irrespective of the P level. In the acid soil, post-anthesis P accumulation was important. It was positively correlated with grain yield, whereas in the calcareous soil, no post-anthesis-P accumulation occurred. Here, grain P accumulation at maturity was completely determined by translocation of pre-anthesis shoot P. We conclude that the combination of improved P uptake and P utilization efficiency in the same genotypes requires selection under both high and low-P conditions.     

Patterns of osmotic adjustment in pigeonpea — its importance as a mechanism of drought resistance

Osmotic adjustment (OA) is considered as an important physiological mechanism of drought adaptation in many crop plants. The present investigation was aimed at assessing the importance of OA in improving productivity under drought. Using two automated rain-out shelters, 26 extra-short-duration pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] genotypes were grown with irrigation during the growth period or with water deficit imposed from flowering until maturity. Mean leaf Ψs₁₀₀ (60–92 DAS) under drought correlated significantly (r²=0.72**; n=26) to the mean OA (60–92 DAS) and contributed 72% of the genotypic variation in OA. Significant genotypic variation was observed in the initiation of OA, the duration of OA and the degree of OA. Based on the measured OA at 72, 82, and 92 days after sowing (DAS), genotypes were grouped into five different clusters. Genotypic differences in total dry matter production under drought were positively associated with OA at 72 DAS (r²=0.36**, n=26). Significant positive relationship between OA at 72 DAS and grain yield under drought was found (r²=0.16*; n=26). However, OA towards the end of pod filling phase, i.e. at 92 DAS, had a significant negative relationship with grain yield under drought (r²=0.21*; n=26). Genotypic differences in grain yield under drought was best explained using stepwise multiple regression to account for differences in OA at 72, 82, and 92 DAS (r²=0.41**; n=78). The degree of OA at 72 and 82 DAS contributed positively to the grain yield, whereas OA at 92 DAS contributed negatively to this relationship.     

机收稻草全量还田减施化肥对双季晚稻养分吸收利用及产量的影响

稻草还田替代部分化肥对推进化肥零增长行动具有重要的意义。研究等量氮磷钾养分条件下连续稻草还田减施化肥对双季晚稻产量及养分吸收利用的影响, 可为南方稻区稻草资源的合理利用和水稻高产、养分高效管理提供参考。本试验基于江西温圳国家级耕地质量监测点双季稻稻草还田定位试验, 以超级杂交晚稻五丰优T025为试材, 设稻草还田减施化肥(SI+NPK)、稻草烧灰还田减施化肥(SB+NPK)和单施化肥(NPK)等处理, 以稻草不还田不施化肥(CK)为对照, 施肥处理中氮磷钾养分用量相等。研究了不同处理对双季晚稻产量、氮磷钾素养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明, 在等量氮磷钾养分施用条件下, 连续6年早稻稻草还田处理有利于协调双季晚稻穗粒结构, 协同维持晚稻产量稳定, 保持与其余施肥处理产量基本持平。与NPK相比, SI+NPK处理植株各器官中N、P、K含量及总吸收量在生育前期均较低, 生育后期较高, 且P、K养分吸收量差异显著; SI+NPK可显著提高水稻N、P、K养分收获指数、农学效率、回收率和养分偏生产力, 而SB+NPK只比NPK显著提高了K养分收获指数、农学效率、回收率和养分偏生产力。此外, SI+NPK也比SB+NPK提高了氮、磷、钾养分收获指数、农学效率、回收率及偏生产力。总之, 早稻稻草还田替代部分化肥可稳定晚稻产量水平及提高养分利用效率, 实现南方稻区土壤养分资源的高效利用。     

Yields and N uptake of barley and ryegrass from soils with added animal manure differing in straw and urine content

Four types of cattle manure were prepared by mixing faeces with different ratios of urine + straw, one manure being faeces without straw and urine. Following 3 to 6 months of storage, the manures were applied in spring or autumn to a sandy loam and a coarse sand in amounts corresponding to 120 kg N ha⁻¹. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) undersown with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were used as test crops. Barley was harvested at maturity and the wintering ryegrass was cut three times in the second year. Additional mineral N in the form of ¹⁵N-labelled mineral fertilizer (50 kg N ha⁻¹) was added to all barley plots at planting in spring. Non-manured plots receiving only the ¹⁵N-labelled mineral fertilizer were included. Faeces without urine + straw contained more NH₄-N than the other manures and spring incorporation of this manure gave the highest dry matter yield and N uptake of the barley. When faeces without urine + straw was applied in autumn, the yield and N uptake were increased only on the sandy loam. On the coarse sand, the NH₄-N was probably leached as NO₃-N during the winter. The three manures with urine + straw did not affect barley grain yield or total N uptake. Thus these manures did not mineralize nor immobilize measurable quantities of N in the first growth period. On the sandy loam, the patterns of N uptake in ryegrass indicated an increased availability of manure N during the second growth period. The availability of N from the ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ was similar in all plots when manures were applied in spring. Less ¹⁵N was taken up by the spring barley when manure was added in autumn compared with crops given ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ only. Thus short-term effects of N in cattle faeces stored with or without straw + urine are low. For soils low in mineral N such manures may potentially reduce crop N uptake.     

Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels on Barley Cultivars Grown in Semi-arid Conditions

Most farmers in the rainfed parts of Jordan who use fertilizers use less than optimum rates of N and P because of the uncertainties associated with rainfall. Research results obtained by the national program indicated that the use of improved barley cultivars and fertilizers would result in substantial yield increases. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the optimum combination level of N and P for newly promising cultivars. The effect of 0–0, 5–10, 10–20 and 15–30 kg.ha⁻¹ of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels on barley cultivas Rum, Giza, Fun, Harmel and Arta under rainfed conditions in the Mediterranean climate was studied during two cropping seasons, 1994-95 and 1995–96. Increased grain and straw yields, total N and P uptake and RUE were recorded with increasing N and P levels for almost all cultivars. Rum was significantly (P = 0.05) the highest grain and straw producer and highest RUE at the 10 N- and 20 P kg.ha⁻¹ level. The cultivar × fertility level (N–P) interactions were not significant for both grain and straw yields and for total N and P uptake.     

耕作与秸秆还田方式对稻田N2O排放、水稻氮吸收及产量的影响

保护性耕作是改善农田土壤肥力的重要举措,然而其对作物氮吸收与产量的作用尚不明确。为此,本试验于2016—2017年稻季在湖北省武穴市花桥镇,设置常规翻耕与免耕两种耕作方式以及前茬作物秸秆全量还田与不还田两种秸秆还田方法,研究耕作与秸秆还田方式对稻田土壤N2O排放、根系酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量的影响。结果表明,耕作方式显著影响土壤N2O排放,但不影响根系硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量。与翻耕处理相比,免耕处理2016年和2017年土壤N2O排放量分别显著提高了12.5%~18.2%和21.1%~38.6%。秸秆还田显著影响土壤N2O排放量、根系酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量。相对于秸秆不还田处理,秸秆还田处理2016年和2017年土壤N2O排放量分别显著提高了38.5%~45.5%和13.1%~29.5%。秸秆还田处理相对于不还田处理根系硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活性分别显著增加了6.7%~45.9%和9.0%~46.7%,水稻氮吸收量提高了12.5%~26.0%,产量增加了9.4%~12.6%。本文认为,虽然秸秆还田提高了水稻氮吸收与产量,但也促进了土壤N2O的排放,因此在评估保护性耕作稻田温室效应时应加强对温室气体(CH4和N2O)排放和土壤碳固定影响的长期监测,以期为发展低碳稻作提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

稻茬小麦不同光效型群体的光合物质生产积累及转运差异分析

为给苏中地区稻茬小麦高光效群体构建和栽培措施调控提供理论依据,以‘扬麦23’为材料,结合聚类分析的方法,研究了不同光效型群体光合物质生产、积累和转运特征的差异。结果表明,不同小麦群体间产量、收获指数、光合势、花后干物质积累量和开花期高效叶面积率具有明显差异。高光效群体具有较高的产量、光合势、开花期高效叶面积率和干物质积累量;中等光效群体的收获指数显著低于高光效群体和低光效群体。在产量构成上,高光效群体具有较高的穗数和千粒重,同时,高光效群体及其剑叶在开花期的光合特性表现良好。在本试验播后及冬季多雨条件下,密度为225×10⁴株/hm²,施氮量为270 kg/hm²且氮肥运筹为7:1:2:0以及密度为300×10⁴株/hm²,施氮量为330 kg/hm²,氮肥运筹为5:1:2:2可作为产量达到8400 kg/hm²的苏中地区稻茬小麦高光效群体构建的密肥组合方式。     

播种方式与种植密度互作对大穗型小麦品种产量和氮素利用率的调控效应

为探明实现冬小麦进一步增产增效的调控途径,于2015—2016年和2016—2017年连续两个生长季,选用大穗型品种泰农18,设置2种播种方式(宽幅播种和常规条播)和7个种植密度(130×10~4、200×10~4、270×10~4、340×10~4、410×10~4、480×10~4和550×10~4株hm~(–2)),研究了播种方式与种植密度互作对大穗型小麦品种产量和氮素利用率的调控效应。结果表明,与常规条播相比,宽幅播种配合增密能够有效缓解单位面积穗数增加与单穗粒重降低、氮素吸收效率提高与氮素内在利用效率下降之间的矛盾,通过增加单位面积穗数和氮素吸收效率协同提高籽粒产量和氮素利用率。宽幅播种条件下获得最高产量和氮素利用率的密度为410×10~4株hm~(–2),显著高于常规条播条件下的最优密度(340×10~4株hm~(–2)),且其增产增效幅度亦显著高于常规条播。综上所述,宽幅播种配合合理密植具有进一步协同提高大穗型小麦品种产量和氮素利用率的潜力。在本试验条件下,宽幅播种(苗带宽8～10cm)与410×10~4株hm~(–2)密度相匹配是大穗型小麦品种泰农18获得更高产高效的最优组合。     

内蒙古黄土高原秸秆还田对玉米农田土壤水热状况及产量的影响

内蒙古清水河县地处黄土高原的边缘地带,沟壑纵横,是典型的北方干旱缺水地区。为明确秸秆翻耕还田对该区域玉米农田土壤蓄水保墒效果及产量形成特性的影响,通过连续2年的田间小区试验,探究0kg/hm ²（CK）、3 000kg/hm ²（SF1）、6 000kg/hm ²（SF2）和12 000kg/hm ²（SF3）4种秸秆还田量下玉米农田全生育期地温、土壤水分、植株生长发育、水分利用效率和产量的变化规律。结果表明：秸秆还田促进了玉米叶面积指数提高和地上部生物量的积累,2018年,SF2处理叶面积指数和地上部干物质积累量较CK分别提高13.17%和10.70%;玉米全生育期0~30cm土层土壤温度、0~80cm土层土壤含水率、生育期贮水量和农田耗水量、水分利用效率和产量均表现为SF2>SF3>SF1>CK;2018年,SF1、SF2和SF3产量分别较CK提高了8.5%、11.4%和9.3%。秸秆翻耕还田措施能够显著改善玉米农田土壤水热状况、促进植株生长、提升子粒产量和水分利用效率,其中6 000kg/hm ²还田处理效果最好,可作为节水保墒栽培模式在内蒙古黄土高原推广应用。     

Analysis of Wheat Cultivar Differences in Grain Yield, Grain Nitrogen Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency.

More detailed information on the causes of yield variability among wheat cultivars is needed to further increase wheat yield. Field studies were conducted in Northern Greece over the two cropping seasons of 1985—1986 and 1986—1987 to assess the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and application timing of the various component traits that determine grain yield, grain nitrogen yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of two bread ( Triticum aestivum L.) and two durum ( Triticum durum Desf.) wheat cultivars, using yield and yield component analysis. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha^-1 was applied before planting or 100 N kg ha^-1 before planting and then 50 N kg ha^-1 top dressed at early boot stage. Nitrogen and cultivars affected all traits examined, while split nitrogen application affected only some of the traits. Grain yields in the most cases were correlated with number of grains per unit area and grain weight and grain nitrogen yields in all cases with grain number per unit area. The contribution of the number of grains per spike to total variation in grain yield among cultivars was almost consistent (37 to 55 %), while the contribution of grain weight was more significant (up to 55 %) in high yields (>6.500kg ha^-1) and number of spikes per unit area (>500). The number of grains per spike contributed from 60 to 83 % to the total variation in grain nitrogen per spike. Increased grain nitrogen concentration resulted in a reduction of its contribution in grain nitrogen yield variation. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was higher during grain filling than during vegetative biomass accumulation. The contribution of nitrogen harvest index to the variation of utilization efficiency for grain yield was higher in plants receiving nitrogen application.     

北疆玉米大田机械粒收质量调查

北疆是我国玉米机械粒收率最高的区域,为了解北疆玉米大田粒收质量现状,2012-2017年在新疆奇台总场、伊犁新源71团、伊宁县和温泉县等地农户田块调查了机械粒收质量,共获得269组样本,结果表明：（1）子粒破碎率均值为6.38%,高于5%的国家标准[玉米收获机械技术条件（GB/T 21961-2008）]要求;杂质率和产量损失率均值分别为0.41%和0.96%,分别低于3%和5%的国家标准要求,子粒破碎率高是当前北疆玉米大田机械粒收存在的主要质量问题。（2）收获玉米子粒含水率均值为23.3%,其与破碎率呈显著相关,可用二次函数y=0.0263x ²-1.0433x+15.867（R ²=0.108,n=269）拟合。（3）在子粒含水率相同条件下,不同品种之间子粒破碎率表现出明显差异,其中,新引M751子粒破碎率明显低于KWS2564,而KX3564介于两者之间。（4）筛选早熟、脱水快、耐破碎品种,实施玉米密植高产全程机械化绿色生产,可以有效改善机械粒收质量,实现玉米高产高效协同。     

氮、磷、钾肥对南方双季稻区水稻产量及产量构成因子的影响

为明确氮、磷、钾肥对南方双季稻区水稻产量及产量构成因子的影响,于2019年在广西象州县、岑溪市、龙州县（早季）及港北区、福绵区（晚季）进行田间试验。设置对照（不施肥）、全肥（180kg N+45kg P₂O₅+135kg K₂O/hm²）、缺氮（45kg P₂O₅+135kg K₂O/hm²）、缺磷（180kg N+135kg K₂O/hm²）和缺钾（180kg N+45kg P₂O₅/hm²）5个处理,于成熟期测定产量和产量构成因子。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量及其构成因子均有显著影响。与全肥处理比较,缺氮、缺磷、缺钾和对照处理分别减产17.43%、6.64%、4.83%和25.58%。氮肥主要影响有效穗数和结实率,磷肥主要影响穗粒数,钾肥主要影响千粒重。水稻产量与有效穗数（r=0.544）和穗粒数（r=0.852）呈极显著正相关,与结实率的相关性不显著。     

黄淮南部玉米产量对气候生态条件的响应

针对近年来黄淮南部气候条件和耕作制度变化, 2015—2016年在河南农业大学科教园区以该区主推品种郑单958为材料, 采用分期播种方法, 研究玉米产量对气候生态条件的响应, 探讨气候因子与玉米产量的关系。结果表明, 由于年际间、播期间气候因子的差异, 玉米产量差异显著, 大体表现为春播产量高于夏播, 且夏播产量随播种时间的推迟而显著降低。随着播期的推迟, 玉米苗期日均温逐渐升高, 粒期日均温逐渐降低, 有效积温减少, 生育期缩短。试验设定密度下, 百粒重对产量的贡献大于穗粒数, 而影响百粒重和穗粒数的主要气候因子是全生育期有效积温和粒期有效积温。影响玉米产量的主要气候因子是苗期气温日较差(r = 0.696^*)和日均温(r = -0.638^*)、粒期有效积温(r = 0.822^**)和日均温(r = 0.723^**)、生育期有效积温(r = 0.843^**)。因此, 生产上, 春播玉米播期由传统的4月15日左右推迟至5月1日左右, 可减少花期阴雨和高温热害影响, 表现出较好的丰产稳产性。夏播玉米在麦收后抢时早播, 不仅可争取更多积温, 还可使玉米苗期处于较低日均温、粒期处于较高日均温的有利温度条件下, 同时为推迟收获期和机械粒收创造条件。     

江淮地区鲜食糯玉米适宜密度研究

以糯玉米皖糯5号为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,在江淮地区研究密度对糯玉米产量、穗部性状和农艺性状等的影响,为江淮地区鲜食糯玉米合理密植提供理论依据。结果表明玉米产量随着密度增加呈先增后降变化趋势。2014年度以60 000株/hm ²时产量最高,但60 000和75 000株/hm ²处理玉米产量无显著差异;2015年度以75 000株/hm ²处理玉米产量最高,且显著高于30 000和120 000株/hm ²处理的玉米产量。产量–密度关系符合等比型产量–密度关系的基本特征,2014年玉米产量y(kg/hm ²)与密度x(株/hm ²)方程为y=0.40591xe ^{(-0.0000135x)},最高产量密度范围为54 185~98 290株/hm ²;2015年玉米产量y(kg/hm ²)与密度x(株/hm ²)方程为y=0.43136xe ^{(-0.0000137x)},最高产量密度范围为52 494~98 238株/hm ²。随着种植密度增加,总体上玉米的穗位高、秃尖长、空秆率增加;穗粗、穗长、穗行数、鲜百粒重下降。江淮地区糯玉米的种植密度以52 494~54 185株/hm ²为宜。     

种植密度对不同株型玉米冠层光能截获和产量的影响

为了明确密植栽培中不同株型玉米的冠层光能截获、物质生产与产量的关系,以不同株型玉米陕单609 (紧凑型)、秦龙14 (中间型)和陕单8806 (平展型)为试验材料,设置4个种植密度(4.5×104、6.0×104、7.5×104和9.0×104株hm–2),于2016—2017年开展大田试验,研究密度对形态特性、冠层光分布、灌浆参数以及干物质积累等的影响。结果表明,陕单609、秦龙14和陕单8806两年平均产量依次为12,176、9624和8533 kg hm–2,分别在9.0×104、7.5×104和6.0×104株hm–2达到高产,产量较低密度分别提高了26.9%、20.4%和19.7%;随着种植密度的增加,叶面积降低,LAI和叶向值增加,在高密度下陕单609中间层由于较大的叶片和叶向值能截获更多的光能,秦龙14次之;灌浆速率达到最大时的天数(Dmax)、粒重(Wmax)、籽粒最大灌浆速率(Gmax)、平均灌浆速率(Gave)、籽粒活跃灌浆期(P)均随密度的增加而降低,高密度下陕单609的Dmax分别较秦龙14和陕单8806早1.4 d和3.0 d, Wmax和P分别高于秦龙14 (0.3g和3.3 d)和陕单8806 (1.1 g和5.4 d);吐丝后干物质积累量、干物质转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率随密度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势。在高密度下,陕单609花后干物质积累量、花后干物质转运量和干物质转移对籽粒的贡献高于秦龙14 (5.1%、36.0%、33.5%)和陕单8806 (26.6%、46.7%、59.1%)。穗位层光能截获与产量(r=0.631)显著正相关(P0.05),与花后干物质积累量(r=0.661)和平均灌浆速率(r=0.859)极显著相关(P0.01)。可见,与秦龙14和陕单8806相比,紧凑型品种陕单609密植下调控穗上部叶片直立,改善冠层中下部光分布,维持较高的光合绿叶面积,延缓冠层叶片衰老,增加花后营养器官光合产物的积累以及籽粒灌浆速率,实现了增产。     

Phosphorus Accumulation and Translocation in Wheat as Affected by Cultivar and Nitrogen Fertilization

To improve nutrient management strategies in wheat more information is needed about the interaction effects among nutrients in their uptake and redistribution in the plants, in relation to different genotypes. Therefore, two bread ( T. aestivum L.) and two durum ( T. durum Desf.) winter wheat cultivars were grown in the field for 2 years (1986, 1987) in a silty-clay soil under different nitrogen (N) levels, in Northern Greece. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha⁻¹ was applied before planting or 100 kg ha⁻¹ before planting and then 50 kg ha⁻¹ at early boot stage. Cultivar differences in phosphorus (p) concentration were observed only in vegetative parts but not in the grain. Maximum p accumulation was observed either at anthesis or at maturity. During grain filling dry matter and p accumulation in the grain followed almost the same pattern. Phosphorus translocation efficiency of the cultivars at the 2 years ranged from 70.7 to 84.3 % and the amount of p in the grain derived from translocation 52 to 100 %. Phosphorus translocation efficiency was weakly correlated with p content in grain only in 1986, while phosphorus harvest index (PHI) was positively correlated with harvest indst (HI) both years (r = 0.82** in 1986 and 0.75** in 1987). Nitrogen application mainly affected p accumulation of the cultivars via its effect on biomass production. The split N application promoted slightly the p uptake in 1987 and this resulted in the reduction of both the contribution of the translocated p to the grain and the efficiency of p utilization for total biomass. Results indicated that p accumulation and translocation and the efficiency of p utilization in wheat were mainly determined by the genotype in relation to environmental condition of growth.     

西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率现状及影响因素分析

籽粒破碎率高是西南玉米机械粒收技术发展和应用的主要限制因素。明确当前西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率现状,研究其主要影响因素,对推动西南玉米机械粒收的发展具有重要意义。利用2017—2018年在西南区开展的多点多品种系列粒收试验获得的788组籽粒破碎率样本数据,分析了西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率现状,并于2018年采用同一机型、同一操作人员开展多品种、大跨度多收期试验,调查不同收获时期籽粒破碎率、含水率、力学强度变化,分析籽粒含水率、力学强度与破碎率的关系。结果表明,当前西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率范围为0.54%～42.72%,平均值为8.34%。随机械粒收时期推迟,籽粒含水率下降,籽粒力学强度增加,破碎率先降低后逐渐升高。破碎率(y)与籽粒含水率(x)间的关系符合y=0.0329x2-1.3328x+15.529(R2=0.5467**)方程,在籽粒含水率为20.26%时破碎率最低,破碎率≤5%的籽粒含水率范围为10.76%～29.76%;破碎率(y)与籽粒立面(x立面)和侧面(x侧面)压碎强度的关系符合y=0.0006x立面2-0.2692x立面+32.7030(R2=0.3138**)和y=0.0021x侧面2-0.6092x侧面+46.979(R2=0.3790**)方程,当籽粒立面和侧面压碎强度为224.33 N和145.05 N时破碎率最低。籽粒压碎强度与含水率呈极显著负相关。随收获时期推迟,籽粒含水率下降导致其力学强度的改变是影响破碎率变化的主要原因,通过选育和选用后期立秆能力强、籽粒脱水快的品种,当籽粒含水率降至28%以下进行机械粒收是降低西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率的重要举措。     

密度对高粱品种辽杂19群体子粒灌浆的效应

2014年在辽宁省农业科学院高粱试验田,通过不同密度处理（60 000、75 000、90 000、105 000、120 000株/hm ²）,分析高产高粱品种辽杂19群体子粒灌浆特征及其与产量的关系。结果表明,随密度增加,产量先增加后降低,表现单峰曲线变化趋势。在中密度（90 000株/hm ²）条件下群体产量显著高于低密度（60 000株/hm ²）、高密度（105 000株/hm ²）和超高密度（120 000株/hm ²）群体。各密度处理高粱群体子粒灌浆过程均可用Logistic方程拟合。中密度高粱群体子粒平均灌浆速率（$\bar{G}$）、最大灌浆速率（G_max）显著高于低密度、超高密度群体。不同密度高粱群体子粒活跃灌浆期（D）差异达显著水平。相关和逐步回归分析表明,群体子粒灌浆速率是影响高粱产量的主要因素;群体线性灌浆期的灌浆速率（P₂）对产量的影响最大,因此提高P₂可能是增产的关键。     

辽河流域玉米籽粒脱水特点及适宜收获期分析

辽河流域处于中国东北春玉米区南部,积温资源相对丰富,在该区域推广玉米机械粒收技术具有较好的热量资源基础,但区域内玉米收获时籽粒含水率偏高,机械粒收的破碎率、损失率偏高等质量问题突出。分析区域内主推品种的籽粒脱水特征、基于热量资源条件确定机械粒收的适宜时间,是解决上述问题的合理途径。2017年选择该区域主推的29个不同熟期玉米品种,在开鲁县和铁岭县开展了籽粒脱水动态观测试验。结合流域内常年春玉米播种日期、不同品种生长发育及籽粒脱水积温需求、历史气象数据等分析结果,建立不同品种在辽河流域适宜机械粒收时期的预测方法。结果显示, Logistic Power模型可以很好地模拟春玉米籽粒含水率变化过程。不同品种籽粒实收含水率与模拟含水率间存在极显著的线性关系,决定系数R2为0.916 (n=45),均方根误差RMSE为1.217。研究建立的不同品种籽粒含水率模型具有极佳的区域适用性,以2017年国审的4个宜机收品种及流域内2个主栽品种研究,明确了不同品种适宜机械粒收时期的分布规律。国审品种中,德育919和京农科728自播种至籽粒含水率降至25%活动积温需求低于3200°C d,在辽河流域大部地区可于9月中下旬达到高质量机械粒收的籽粒含水率要求。泽玉8911和吉单66积温需求低于3400°C d,可于10月上中旬在流域内实现机械粒收,较上述德育919和京农科728晚10～20d。而当地主栽的辽单575和京科968脱水至适宜籽粒含水率的积温需求较泽玉8911和吉单66多200°Cd,无法在当地常规收获期实现高质量的机械粒收。本研究检验了基于LogisticPower模型的籽粒含水率预测模型在区域分析应用中的精度。通过比较国审宜机收品种与当地主栽品种的籽粒含水率变化、成熟和脱水的积温需求以及适宜机械粒收日期的空间分布规律,更新现有品种有助于在辽河流域实现常规收获期内的高质量机械粒收。     

常规氮肥与缓释氮肥配施对不同株距机插杂交稻磷素吸收、转运及分配特征的影响

在前期研究确定总氮用量180 kg hm^–2下, 缓释氮肥与常规氮肥7∶3配施比例可获得机插稻高产的基础上, 研究缓释氮肥配施和不同株距下机插杂交稻磷素积累、分配与利用特征及其与产量的关系。采用二因素裂区设计, 设3种机插株距(行距均为30 cm) 16、18及20 cm和4个缓释氮肥用量(36、66、96和126 kg hm–2)与常规氮肥(均为54 kg hm^–2)配施处理。结果表明, 缓释氮肥用量对机插稻主要生育时期磷素积累量、各生育阶段磷素吸收量及吸收速率、结实期茎鞘磷素转运量及转运率和叶片磷素转运率及贡献率均有显著影响。在株距为18 cm, 群体密度为18.52万穴 hm^–2, 缓释氮肥(96 kg hm^–2)与常规氮肥(54 kg hm^–2)配施总量为150 kg hm–2时, 可有效提高机插稻对磷素的吸收, 促进结实期茎鞘、叶片磷素向穗部的转运及分配, 能充分发挥本区域机插杂交籼稻的优势, 产量可达11 463.8 kg hm–2, 为本试验的最佳肥密运筹处理。株距为16 cm, 群体密度(20.84万穴 hm^–2)相对较大, 施氮总量为180 kg hm^–2时, 群体吸收的磷总量较高, 进一步促进了植株体内磷素的吸收转运及分配, 有利于产量提高, 但从节本增效的角度考虑, 以缓释氮肥配施量150 kg hm^–2为宜; 株距增加到20 cm施氮总量在180 kg hm^–2下, 群体(16.67万穴 hm–2)较小, 吸收磷素的绝对量少, 茎鞘、叶片中的磷素向穗部转运量多, 穗部磷素积累量增加, 产量增加。相关分析表明, 株距与缓释氮肥配施量耦合下, 尤其以齐穗期至成熟期茎鞘磷素转运量与产量相关性较高(r = 0.72**), 更有利于产量的提高。