棉花“3414”肥料效应田间试验研究

[目的]研究安徽省地区棉花的最佳施肥量。[方法]通过"3414"回归最优设计原理设置棉花肥效试验,探索肥料效应函数方程,由此得到理论氮、磷、钾最佳施肥量。[结果]根据肥料效应函数方程,理论氮、磷、钾最佳施肥量N 264.75 kg/hm2,P2O590.45 kg/hm2,K2O359.55 kg/hm2,最佳产量4013.40 kg/hm2。综合分析不同的施肥量,当地中等肥力田氮、磷、钾推荐量分别为N 301.65 kg/hm2、P2O589.55 kg/hm2、K2O 391.65 kg/hm2。[结论]研究结果为科学指导棉花施肥提供了参考依据。     

中药材太子参氮钾肥料应用初探

[目的]研究不同氮钾施肥量对太子参产量的影响。[方法]以太子参为试材,采用3414不完全设计试验方案研究不同氮钾施肥量对太子参生育期、经济性状和产量的影响,确定最佳氮钾施肥量。[结果]不同的氮钾施肥量对太子参全生育期的影响较小。处理N2P2K2的经济性状表现最优,产量最高,为1535.55kg/hm2,较不施肥处理N0P0K0增产111.73%,较其他处理增产4.74%～44.20%。[结论]施秉县种植太子参最佳施肥组合为N2P2K2,施肥量分别为氮肥120kg/hm2、磷肥150kg/hm2、钾肥180kg/hm2。     

龙亢农场水稻“3414”肥料效应田间试验

[目的]探讨龙亢农场水稻的最佳施肥量。[方法]2017年5—11月在安徽省龙亢农场现代农业科技园进行水稻“3414”肥效试验。[结果]龙亢农场水稻最佳施肥量,N为150kg/hm^2,P2O5为60kg/hm^2,K2O为120kg/hm^2,可获得水稻9379.5kg/hm^2的产量。[结论]结果为构建龙亢农场水稻施肥模型提供了依据。     

平衡施肥对马铃薯肥产质量和品质的影响

[目的]为了研究不同肥料配比及不同气候类型对马铃薯养分吸收特性及产量的影响,以期调控其生长发育过程,为提高马铃薯产量及科学合理施肥提供理论依据[方法]2010年在陕西华县和陕北米脂县进行马铃薯肥效试验[结果]由于试验地土质和气候备件不同,肥料对产量的影响效果也不同华县表现为：N〉K2O〉P2O5,增施1kgN、P2O5、K2O可使马铃薯产量分别增加32．6、4．3、24．7kg,平衡施肥处理产量可达4．7916kg／hm2：而米脂县平衡施肥处理产量为26527kg／hm2,增施1kg、P2O5、K2O可使马铃薯产量分别增加16．8、4．7、21．6kg在同一生长期,植株地上部分的养分含量顺序为：K2O〉N〉P2O5[结论]华县施肥推荐量N、P2O5、K2O分别为363、86、301kg／hm2,米脂县为258、82、258kg／hm2。     

氮钾固定配施下施磷量对小麦光合、干物质转运及产量形成的影响

为优化氮钾固定配施下小麦适宜的磷肥施用量,以郑麦7698为试验材料进行田间小区定位试验,在4个不同的氮钾配施方式[低氮低钾(N1K1,N 225 kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 150 kg·hm~(-2))、低氮高钾(N1K2,N 225 kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 225 kg·hm~(-2))、高氮低钾(N2K1,N 300 kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 150 kg·hm~(-2))、高氮高钾(N2K2,N 300 kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 225 kg·hm~(-2))]下,设置0、150、225、300和375 kg·hm~(-2) 5个施磷(P_2O_5)水平(分别用P0～P4表示),研究不同氮钾固定配施下施磷量对小麦光合、干物质转运及产量的影响。结果表明,同一氮钾营养条件下,随施磷量的变化,小麦干物质转运、SPAD值、P_n及产量等指标的变化趋势基本一致,均表现为一定施磷范围(P_2O_50～225 kg·hm~(-2))内,随施磷量的增加,小麦花后同化物数量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率、SPAD值、P_n及产量均不同程度增加,当磷用量(P_2O_5)超过225 kg·hm~(-2)时,各指标又呈下降趋势,且均以P2处理最大。低氮低钾(N1K1)条件下各指标测定结果均较好。小麦籽粒产量与施磷量的关系呈抛物线型,二者极显著相关,施磷量在219.36～224.66 kg·hm~(-2)时小麦籽粒产量最高。综上所述,4个不同的氮钾营养条件下,以N 225 kg·hm~(-2)+P_2O_5 225 kg·hm~(-2)+K_2O 150kg·hm~(-2)(N1K1P2)配施组合最好。     

氮磷钾肥施用量及配比对棉花产量的影响

试验设计15个不同氮、磷、钾肥施用量及配比处理,研究其对棉花生长发育及产量形成的影响,结果表明,在江苏沿海地区抗虫杂交棉田氮、磷、钾肥最佳施用量为氮（N）300 kg/hm2、磷（P2O5）150 kg/hm2、钾（K2O）225 kg/hm2。     

响水县小麦“3414”施肥技术研究

通过测土配方施肥的"3414"回归最优设计原理设置的小麦肥料效应试验结果,获得肥料效应函数方程,分析得出响水县2011至2012年度沙土地区小麦N、P、K最佳施肥量及施用效果。结果表明:小麦施用N、P、K均增产增收,其效果为NPKNPK;结合本地区实际,推荐沙土地区小麦施肥量为氮(N)225~270 kg/hm2、磷(P2O5)60~90 kg/hm2、钾(K2O)45~60 kg/hm2,P、K肥全部基施。     

黑龙江省高产红麻品种筛选与配套栽培技术研究

本文以国内最新品种在黑龙江双城进行品比试验和配套栽培试验.结果表明H305杂种麻干茎16222.5kg/hm2最高,中红麻11号14550.0kg/hm2居二,7804为14347.5kg/hm2第三.H305较7804等其他品种增产显著或极显著.播期表明共同趋势是随播期提早而增产,7804和H305杂种麻于4月底播种比5月初播种,分别增产19.0%、9.0%.肥料与密度试验以每hm2施N150kg、K2O150kg,产量较高,比高肥区施N225kg、K2O 225kg、P2O5 75kg,增产干茎1410kg/hm.     

马铃薯“3414”肥效试验

马铃薯施用N、P、K肥＂3414＂肥效试验表明,在厦门市翔安区当地试验条件下,N、P、K肥均影响马铃薯产量,且N、K肥对产量的影响较P肥大;通过建立回归方程并对回归方程进行分析显示,马铃薯产量与N、P、K施肥量之间存在显著的三元二次回归（F=8.1025〉F0.05=5.9988;R=0.9737＊＊）关系,推荐N肥马铃薯最高经济产量施肥量为277.64 kg.hm-2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.24∶1.93,最高经济产量36657.24 kg.hm-2;N肥最佳经济效益施肥量为229.32 kg.hm-2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.30∶1.85,最佳经济效益为36285.41元.hm-2。     

麦-稻模式小麦秸秆还田效益分析

[目的]探索湖北省红安县水田区适宜秸秆还田量、秸秆腐熟剂用量、秸秆腐熟期等配套措施的技术参数。[方法]通过对小麦秸秆还田田间小区试验,探索了秸秆还田量、秸秆腐熟剂用量、秸秆腐熟期等配套措施的技术参数,研究出一套水田有机质提升的技术措施。[结果]在N、P、K(纯N 198 kg/hm2,纯P2O560 kg/hm2,纯K2O 60 kg/hm2)配方施肥的基础上,秸秆还田适宜量为6 000 kg/hm2,水稻产量最高,为6 900 kg/hm2,土壤有机质提升贡献最大。[结论]研究结果为大面积推广秸秆还田以提升土壤有机质提供了参考和依据。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).