烟叶背靠式分风板散叶密集烘烤技术研究

研究了背靠式分风板散叶密集烘烤技术在烤烟上的应用效果,结果表明：应用背靠式分风板散叶密集烘烤技术,可增加密集烤房装烟容量61.51%,每千克干烟叶减少烘烤成本0.62元,单炉经济效益增加8 559.06元;烤后烟叶上等烟比例、均价、单叶重、产值均高于对照,烟叶感官评吸质量有所提高。     

移栽期对烤烟农艺性状及经济性状与上部烟叶可用性的影响

在凤凰县千工坪烟区,以K 326为试验材料,研究了移栽期对烤烟病害程度、农艺性状、经济性状及上部烟叶可用性的影响,结果表明:适当推迟移栽烤烟,可显著降低上部烟叶赤星病与病毒病危害,减少上部烟叶的病斑,增加烟株株高、有效留叶数、烟叶长度与宽度,提高烟叶产量。与4月22日移栽相比,5月11日移栽的烟叶产量、产值、均价及上等烟比例分别增加489 kg/hm2,9 702元/hm2,1.4元/kg和16.7%。在湘西凤凰县或气象条件类似的植烟区,适当推迟烤烟移栽,可显著降低上部烟叶的比例,上部烟叶开片情况显著改善,提高了上部烟叶的可用性,并显著增加了产值与上等烟比例。     

氨基寡糖素和钾营养调节剂对烟草普通花叶病毒病的防治效果

为探索防治烟草普通花叶病的农艺措施,采用田间试验,研究了氨基寡糖素和钾营养调节剂配施防治烟草普通花叶病毒病的效果及对烟叶产量、质量的影响。结果表明,氨基寡糖素和钾营养调节剂配合施用能有效降低烟株普通花叶病毒病的发病率和病情指数,平均防效达到56.31%,两者配施还明显提高了烟叶的产量、产值、均价、上等烟比例等经济指标,分别较对照(喷施清水)提高27.60%、44.26%、13.02%、42.48%,并能提高烟叶的外观质量和评吸质量。     

烟叶外观质量与化学成分及评吸质量的相关性探析

[目的]研究烟叶外观等级质量与烟叶内在品质间的关系,为烟叶分级提供一个量化的指标。[方法]以K326为材料,研究初烤烟叶的外观质量和经济性状、常规化学成分及感官评吸质量的关系。[结果]结果表明,烟叶外观质量好的烟叶在经济性状上表现为中上等烟叶比例、均价高;烟叶外观质量与常规化学成分含量之间呈负相关关系,与烟叶的感官评吸质量呈正相关关系。[结论]研究结果为烟叶生产提供了借鉴。     

高海拔地区移栽期对烤烟生长及产量的影响

2010年在湖南龙山县研究了高海拔地区移栽期对烤烟生长及产量、产值的影响。结果表明：烤烟在5月10左右移栽,烟株产量、上等烟比例、均价及产值较高,而发病率较低。推迟或提前移栽,烟叶的发病率上升,产量、上等烟比例、均价及产值均下降。     

小麦秸秆覆盖量对烤烟生长及烟叶产质量的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了不同小麦秸秆覆盖量对地烟和田烟农艺性状及烟叶产质量的影响。结果表明:秸秆覆盖对前期烟株生长作用不大,到后期覆盖量为500 kg/(667 m2)处理的烟株农艺性状显著优于其他处理,烟叶化学成分协调性较好、经济性状较佳,可提高上部烟叶总糖、还原糖的含量,降低中、上部烟叶氯的含量,提高中、上部烟叶的钾/氯比值,使中、上部烟叶的糖/碱比值较接近10,下部烟叶的氮/碱比值较接近1;地烟和田烟的烟叶产量、产值、均价、上等烟率和中上等烟率分别比无覆盖的对照高16.39%、31.81%、13.29%、37.72%、12.69%和15.75%、34.11%、15.88%、12.18%、8.80%。覆盖量为750 kg/(667 m2)的处理促进了下部烟烟叶品质的提高,使下部烟叶糖/碱比值较接近10。综合来看,覆盖量为500 kg/(667m2)的处理促进烟株生长、提高烟叶产质量的效果更明显。     

四个烤烟新品种的产量性状与抗病性比较

为筛选出普洱地区适宜性较强的烤烟品种,发展特色优质烟叶,2009年于普洱市景东县烤烟产区比较了KRK 26,KRK 22,KRK 23,T 27四个烤烟新品种的生育期、农艺性状、经济性状(产量、产值和上等烟比例)、抗逆性和烟叶品质的差异性。结果显示:KRK 26大田生育期最短,具有较强的耐肥性和耐熟性,烟叶外观质量较好,产量可达1 772.50 kg/hm2,产值可达25 808.18元/hm2,上等烟比例可达52.46%,均表现最好。各参试品种均对黑胫病、青枯病、角斑病、根结线虫病、CM V、PVY表现出抗性,除此之外,KRK 26还对TM V表现出抗性。因此,KRK 26在当地具有较强的推广潜力。     

散叶烘烤和挂杆烘烤的烟叶质量和经济效益分析

为探索烤烟生产减工降本、提质增效的技术措施,研究了散叶烘烤和挂杆烘烤对烟叶质量和产量的影响,并对其经济效益进行了综合分析。结果表明：（1）每50 kg鲜烟叶散叶烘烤可产生干烟10.14 kg,较挂杆烘烤增加1.70 kg,散叶烘烤的不列级干烟较挂杆烘烤减少0.81 kg,产值增加59.34元,均价提高3.02元／kg;上等烟率、桔黄烟率分别提高13.60％、9.60％。（2）散叶烘烤较挂杆烘烤产值增加3628.61元／炕,但降低能耗的效果不显著。     

不同植烟土壤改良模式对烤烟产质量的影响

为探索湘西州烟区植烟土壤改良方法,研究了玉米秸秆、绿肥、玉米秸秆与绿肥结合还田对烤烟产质量的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆、绿肥、玉米秸秆与绿肥结合还田均能提高烟叶上等烟比例、产量和产值,提高烟叶开片率、平衡含水率和钾含量,以玉米秸秆与绿肥结合模式的土壤改良效果最好。     

延迟采收时间对稻茬烤烟上部烟叶产质量的影响

为明确浙江中烟主导的稻茬烤烟上部烟叶适宜采收成熟度,采用云烟87,在湖南江华烟区开展上部烟叶延迟采收试验.结果表明:随上部烟叶采收延迟,鲜烟叶的SPAD值下降;烤后烟叶的单叶重、叶质重降低,总糖、还原糖、氯含量下降,烟碱、总氮、钾含量增加;烟叶的上等烟比例、均价、产量和产值降低.湖南江华烟区上部烟叶适宜采收成熟度要求叶...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).