商品有机肥和无机肥配施对大豆氮素积累及利用效率的影响

文中采用6种施肥处理,有机无机肥配施采用3个比例。通过田间试验,结合室内分析测定,研究了黑龙江地区商品有机肥与无机肥配合施用对大豆氮含量和氮素积累量的影响。结果表明,大豆植株的氮素积累量在整个生育期呈现不断增加的趋势,商品有机肥与无机肥配合施用表现出较高的氮素积累量,但有机无机肥配合施用处理间差异不明显。商品有机肥与无机肥配合施用处理的NTE均高于化肥处理,分别提高了17.72%,23.14%和16.06%。商品有机肥与无机肥配施的各处理的氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率也均高于纯化肥处理。     

生物有机肥与无机肥配施对烤烟生理特性和生长的影响

为探明生物有机肥与无机肥配施比例,采用盆栽模拟试验研究了生物有机肥与无机肥配施对烤烟生理特性和生长的影响。结果表明:生物有机肥与无机肥配施可改善烤烟农艺性状,增加烤烟生物量,提高烟叶的叶绿素含量、氮代谢强度和抗逆能力,增加根系活力和体积。生物有机肥的配施比例在50%~70%时促进烤烟生长效果显著,其中以配施比例70%的促生效果最好。     

阿姆斯生物肥加硝酸磷钾肥在甘蔗上应用效果

目前,在甘蔗生产上使用的肥料大部分为无机肥,有机肥施用量极少,加上甘蔗是连作作物,随着无机肥用量的增加,土壤理化性状越来越差,加上长期施肥不当,甘蔗品质难以改善.因此,探讨在甘蔗上施用生物肥和硝态氮肥的效果很有必要.     

菌根真菌接种对盆栽杜鹃花生长的影响

为了研究菌根真菌接种对盆栽杜鹃花生长的影响,以 2 个杜鹃花品种为材料,开展了 3 个菌株在有机肥和无机肥施肥组中的菌根真菌接种实验。结果表明,未接种菌根真菌的盆栽杜鹃花菌根侵染率较低（5%~7%）,接种的盆栽杜鹃花菌根侵染率提高至 12%~20%;2 个品种的接种植株在株高、地径、总分枝数和叶面积上均有显著增加,其中树粉孢属真菌菌株接种和施用无机缓释肥的组合处理盆栽杜鹃花生长量最大。     

棉花蕾铃肥施用时期和量的配比研究

2006～2007年,在蕾铃肥投入等价的条件下,通过有机肥料与无机肥料配合施用比较试验,结果是以有机肥与无机肥配合施用较好,可以提高棉花产量、改善歼维品质且有利于改善棉田土壤结构;施用银科牌棉花专用肥早熟性好,后劲较足.     

有机肥对茶园土壤及茶叶产量与品质的影响研究进展

施用有机肥是调控茶叶产量和品质最重要的措施之一。本文综述了近十年来施用有机肥对茶园土壤质量及茶叶产量与品质影响的研究进展,系统阐述了有机肥在提高茶园土壤物理性质、增加土壤矿质养分含量、缓解土壤酸化、促进土壤微生物生长和提高茶叶产量和品质方面的重要作用,指出了有机肥应用于茶园中可能引起的抗菌素与重金属等污染物富集的潜在危害,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为有机肥在茶园中的安全与高效利用提供科学参考。     

长期定位施肥对不同筋力型小麦品质的影响

为了解长期施肥对小麦品质的作用,在33年长期定位施肥试验的基础上,分析了不同施肥条件下强筋小麦品种徐麦32和弱筋小麦品种宁麦13蛋白及淀粉相关品质特性。结果表明,有机肥、无机肥以及有机肥与品种的互作对小麦大部分蛋白和淀粉特性参数有显著或极显著影响。施肥对徐麦32和宁麦13蛋白质含量、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值及面粉糊化特性参数影响基本一致。单施氮肥处理的蛋白质含量显著高于其他处理,单施有机肥处理显著低于其他处理,其他处理间无显著差异。干、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值与蛋白质含量呈较明显的正相关。施有机肥处理的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度及峰值时间均显著高于不施有机肥处理,说明有机肥能显著改善小麦面粉的糊化特性;而无论施有机肥与否,施用无机肥不能显著改善面粉糊化特性。综上所述,长期有机、无机肥配合施用有利于弱筋小麦品质的改善,而对强筋小麦品质的改善不利。大田生产中应根据不同专用品种对品质的不同要求施用不同种类的肥料。     

有机无机氮配施对高芥酸油菜绵油309产量及品质的影响

为探究有机无机氮配施对高芥酸油菜产量及品质的影响,本试验研究了6个不同处理(纯施有机肥、纯施无机肥、20%、30%、40%、50%有机肥替代量)对高芥酸工业型油菜(绵油309)产量、品质、土壤养分及经济效益的影响,以期为高芥酸工业型油菜的高产、提质、增效生产提供理论依据。结果表明：与单施化肥相比,一定比例有机无机氮配施可以显著提升油菜产量,30%有机氮配施处理产量最高,达3501.63 kg/hm²,较纯施有机肥显著增产24.84%,较纯施无机肥显著增产23.47%;有机无机氮配施促进油菜主序和分枝的生长发育。30%有机氮肥替代处理下在不影响芥酸含量的同时增加含油量,进而达到显著增加单位面积芥酸和食用油脂产量的目的;还能够提高土壤氮储量,从而使土壤维持较高肥力水平,实现油菜的减肥增效,以获得更高的经济效益和环境效益。     

不同水肥条件对农田土壤细菌生理菌群的影响

采用田间试验研究了大豆苗期、花期和鼓粒期在干旱、自然和充足三种水分及无肥、无机肥和无机肥+有机肥三种施肥方式条件下,根际士壤中氨氧化细菌、自生周氮菌和反硝化细菌三种不同生理菌群的变化.结果表明:施用无机肥条件下自然降水使氨氧化细菌数量高于充足水和干旱处理,干旱使好气性自生固氮菌和反硝化细菌数量高于自然降水和充足水,在自然降水条件不同施肥使功能性细菌发生变化,施肥促进三种功能菌的生长,其中,有机肥配施化肥的效果最为显著反硝化细菌符处理数量相近,有机肥数量稍高.     

菌根真菌接种对盆栽杜鹃花生长的影响

为了研究菌根真菌接种对盆栽杜鹃花生长的影响,以 2 个杜鹃花品种为材料,开展了 3 个菌株在有机肥和无 机肥施肥组中的菌根真菌接种实验。结果表明,未接种菌根真菌的盆栽杜鹃花菌根侵染率较低（5%~7%）,接种的盆栽 杜鹃花菌根侵染率提高至 12%~20%;2 个品种的接种植株在株高、地径、总分枝数和叶面积上均有显著增加,其中树 粉孢属真菌菌株接种和施用无机缓释肥的组合处理盆栽杜鹃花生长量最大。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.