白鹃梅可食部分营养成分分析

[目的]分析测定白鹃梅的主要营养成分。[方法]对山野菜白鹃梅的花蕾、嫩叶（带嫩茎）和花等不同可食部位的维生素C、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、粗纤维、粗脂肪、硝酸盐的含量进行了分析测定。【结果】白鹃梅维生素c、粗脂肪和粗纤维含量高于常见野菜香椿、荠莱和马齿苋,分别为0．77、50．00、19．03g／kg,可溶性糖含量较低,为27．27g／kg,可溶性蛋白含量适中,为30．63g／kg,其中,白鹃梅花蕾和嫩叶（带嫩茎）的营养成分略高于花。白鹃梅的花蕾、花和嫩叶（带嫩茎）中硝态氮的含量分别为0．0790、0．1086、0．1122g／kg,属1级无公害蔬菜,可放心食用[结论]白鹃梅营养成分丰富,是一种极具开发利用价值的木本观食两用植物。     

大豆大垅窄行密植最佳施肥量的研究

1997－1999年黑龙江省宝清县草甸黑土区对大豆大垅窄行密植栽培种肥磷酸二铵与钾肥（2：1）混施的最佳用量进行研究。结果表明：在130cm大垅6行种植密度44万株／hm^2条件下，667m^2施磷酸二铵与硫酸钾（2：1）的最大用量为19．5kg，产量为246．1kg，比其他处理增产8．9－22．8％，比不施肥的空白区增产59．6％，最佳经济施肥量为17．2kg/667m^2（磷酸二铵与硫酸钾混合价2．1元／kg、大豆价2．1元／kg），获得最佳利润的施肥量为13．5－18kg/667m^2之间。     

不同氮磷钾组合搭配对佛手茶产量效应的影响初报

以茶叶目标产量为基础，以氮磷钾肥料不同组合搭配进行L9（3^4）正交试验，结果氮磷钾肥取2：1：1水平为最优化配方组合，处理4（A281C2）、处理6（A283C1）较接近最优化配方组合，但经经济效益分析，只有处理6（A283C1）单产582．00kg／667m^2，纯收入2973．59元／667m^2为最佳组合。由此认为在粘质红壤施肥，应以氮肥为主，配合施用速效磷肥，即尿素32．60kg／667m^2、钙镁磷66.18kg／667m^2、氯化钾7．50kg／667m^2，纯N14．996kg／667m^2，N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．75：013为最佳组合较合理。佛手茶是大叶品种，适量增施氮磷肥，有利于促进新梢的生长而提高产量.     

甜菜新品种甜研206的选育

甜研206(原代号95802)是以7个二倍体多粒型有粉系按5：5：4：2：2：2：1比例配制的多系杂交组合，该品种1999—2001年参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验，平均根产量分别为37622．2kg/hm^2和39430．2kg/hm^2，分别比统一对照品种甜研303提高13．7％和10．9％，平均含糖率为17．30％和17．47％，比统一对照品种甜研303提高0．57度和0．52度，平均产核量为6527．0kg/hm2和6897．6kg／hm^2，比统一对照品种甜研303提高17．4％和14．4％。抗褐斑病性强，平均褐斑病病情为0．62级，比对照品种低0．75级，较耐根腐病和丛根病。适宜在黑龙江省的哈尔滨市郊、讷河、依安、拜泉、友谊、宁安等地区种植。     

玉米粉醪液同步糖化发酵工艺研究

【目的】为玉米粉酒精发酵提供理论依据。【方法】以玉米粉为原料,采用同步糖化发酵法进行酒精发酵,并利用正交试验获得最佳发酵工艺。【结果】玉米粉醪液同步糖化发酵的最佳工艺条件为：将料水比调至1．0：2．0,料液pH调至5．5,在温度为33℃的条件下发酵3d。【结论】该最佳发酵工艺制成的醪液酒精度可达15．1％（v／v）,为玉米粉大量应用于生产燃料酒精打下基础。     

云南橡胶园微量元素含量分析初报

通过对云南橡胶园植胶土壤和橡胶树叶片微量元素含量进行测定和分析，初步拟出云南橡胶树叶片微量元素养分含量的适宜范围，其中铜12．00～13．50mg／kg，锌30．00～40．00mg／kg，铁110．00～170．00mg／kg，锰350．00～600．00mg／kg，硼18．00～35.00mg／kg和钼0．05～0．20mg／kg；同时根据云南胶因微量元素营养水平，建议对不同土壤类型的胶园开展施用钼肥和硼肥的试验研究。     

万寿菊中色素的提取工艺研究

【目的】探讨万寿菊中色素的最佳提取工艺。[方法】对万寿菊进行色素提取方案比较,确定最佳提取剂、料液比、浸提时间及浸提次数。【结果】色素在二元混合溶剂中提取率比单溶刺中高,较适宜的溶剂为石油醚：乙醇（3：2）的混合试剂;色素的最佳提取次数为3次,最适宜的料液比为1：15,每次最适宜的浸提时间为2．5h;万寿菊原料易得,色素提取工艺简单、能耗低、效率高、生产过程无污染。【结论】用石油醚：乙醇（3：2）作提取剂时提取万寿菊色素的效果最好,提取时的料液比为1：15,其提取次数为3次,时间为2．5h。     

不同复合肥配方对辣椒天鹰得产量和经济效益的影响

[目的】确定干辣椒天鹰8号最佳复合肥施用配方。[方法】以天鹰8号为供试材料,试验设7个复合肥配方处理,分别测定各处理辣椒的经济性状和产量,并核算经济效益。【结果】最佳复合肥施用配方为氮、磷、钾含量分别为28％、10％和13％,其中,氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为420、150、195kg/hm^2,该处理下天鹰8号单株果重为37．4g,产量为4305kg/hm^2,利润为5．42万元／hm^2,产投比为32．44。【结论】该复合肥配方可大面积作基肥推广应用：     

不同除草剂对甘薯田间杂草的防效研究

【目的】探讨不同除草剂不同用量对除草效果的影响,为实际生产提供指导、【方法]于2011年6-l1月在贵州省贵阳市金竹镇和紫云县百石砉乡进行试验,采用随机区组排列,设3次重复,9个处理,1个空白对照,田间药效采用绝对值（数测）调查法,试验数据用邓肯氏新复极差（DMRT）法进行统计分析、【结果】参试的9个处理,在贵州中部的贵阳,以处理⑥（50％乙草胺乳油3000ml/hm2＋24％乙氧氟草醚乳油300ml/hm2）的除草效果最好;在贵州西部紫云县,以处理（50％．乙草胺乳油3000mL／hm2）和处理⑨（10％精喹禾灵乳油1500mL/hm2）效果为最好。[结论】50％乙草胺乳油3000ml/hm210％精喹禾灵乳油1500mL／hm2及50％乙草胺乳油3000ml／hm2混合24％乙氧氟草醚乳油300ml/hm2的除草效果较好.     

饲用甜菜新品种新甜饲2号的选育

新甜饲2号（原代号JZSL-18）是以多粒四倍体自交系NXSL-4为母本，以多粒二倍体授粉系SL-2和SL2-job为父本，通过杂交选育而成。杂交种父母本配制比例为2：6。该品种2005～2006年参加省饲用甜菜品种区域试验．平均块根产量152104．5kg／hm^2，较对照新甜饲1号增产20．0％；平均含糖率6．22％，较对照提高0．22度：块根千基粗蛋白含量13．95％。该品种2006年参加生产示范试验，2007年2月通过新疆维吾尔自治区品种审定委员会审定命名．丰产性强，耐甜菜褐斑病、白粉病，适宜在新疆的南疆、北疆等地区推广种植。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).