“福青源”叶面营养液在大棚西瓜上的应用试验

【目的】对“富青源”叶面营养液在大棚西瓜上的应用效果进行研究。【方法】试验设3个处理,分别为20000倍叶面营养液喷施、30000倍叶面营养液喷施及清水喷施对照,进行效果对比试验。【结果】叶面喷施“富青源”叶面营养液能提高大棚西瓜产量21．5％～25．6％,并提高西瓜的糖分含量;结合西瓜产量和糖分含量分析,“富青源”叶面营养液20000倍稀释,在西瓜苗大田移栽14d后分3次喷施,隔7d喷施1次,施用效果最好。[结论】施用“富青源”叶面营养液能显著提高西瓜产量和改善西瓜品质。     

秸秆种类对秸秆生物反应堆技术应用的影响

[目的]为秸秆生物反应堆技术的应用提供参考.[方法]针对玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆开展不同秸秆种类应用效果试验,探讨秸秆种类对秸秆生物反应堆技术应用效果的影响.[结果]在设施黄瓜上应用秸秆生物反应堆,应用玉米秸秆比应用水稻秸秆产量增加5.26％,产值增加5.55％；在设施番茄上应用秸秆生物反应堆,应用玉米秸秆比应用水稻秸秆产量增加1.69％,产值增加5.28％.[结论]温室黄瓜和番茄生产应用生物反应堆技术,应用玉米秸秆都比水稻秸秆有一定增产,若在玉米种植面积小的水稻主产区也可选用水稻秸秆.     

扬麦12肥料试验初报

【目的】为氮、磷、钾肥在小麦生产中的科学施用提供理论与技术依据。【方法】以扬麦12为供试品种．采用“3414”最优回归设计研究不同施肥方案对小麦经济性状和产量的影响,并通过拟合三元二次和一元二次肥效模型,确定小麦的最佳推荐施肥量。【结果】施氮、磷、钾肥小麦的增产率分别为306．50％、8．49％和4．24％;不施氮、磷、钾肥小麦的相对产量为24．60％、92．17％和95．93％、土壤地力贡献率为21．82％,萧山区土壤氮、磷、钾的丰缺等级分别为极低、中、高。[结论]在该试验条件下,施氮效果最好,磷肥次之,钾肥有一定增产增收效果;结合当地生产实际,确定氯、磷、钾肥最佳经济推荐施用量分别为266．40、73．20、53．70kg／hm2。     

不同秸秆反应堆菌种在番茄生产中的应用对比试验

[目的]研究不同秸秆反应堆菌种在温室番茄生产中的应用效果。[方法】以金鹏朝冠为试材，采用田间对比试验。[结果】各处理均比对照表现出较强的生长优势；采收期比对照延长15d；各处理均有不同程度增产，增产率13．8％～14．5％。[结论】各菌种在温室番茄生产中都具有利于作物生长的正向作用。     

宿根蔗一次性施肥黑白膜全覆盖栽培试验初报

【目的】探讨一次性施肥黑白膜全覆盖栽培对宿根蔗生长、产量及品质的影响,为黑白地膜在甘蔗生产上的应用提供参考。【方法】以常规施肥为对照,采用一次性施肥黑白膜全覆盖(A)和常规施肥地膜半覆盖(B)进行宿根蔗栽培,调查各处理的甘蔗出苗率、发株率、产量性状、蔗茎产量及蔗糖品质表现。【结果】A处理甘蔗发株率、有效茎数、茎径及株高等表现均优于其它处理;A处理蔗茎产量(83.94t/hm2)与对照(73.80t/hm2)差异达极显著水平、与B处理差异显著,B处理产量(78.73t/hm2)与对照差异显著;各处理的蔗糖分为13.31%~13.92%、相差较少。【结论】宿根蔗一次性施肥黑白膜全覆盖栽培,促进甘蔗早生快长,提高肥料利用率,增加产量;简化生产环节、减少作业次数,节约生产用工,优化和节省物资投入、提高生产效率,增加经济效益。     

稻油轮作下油菜秸秆还田与水氮管理对杂交稻群体质量和产量的影响

【目的】研究秸秆还田与水氮配施的理论与技术,探讨对水稻群体质量和产量形成的影响。【方法】选用宜香优2115为试验材料,三因素裂裂区设计,主区为油菜秸秆堆腐还田和直接还田两种秸秆还田方式,裂区为淹水灌溉和控制性交替灌溉两种水分管理方式,裂裂区为4种施氮量,分析对水稻群体质量及产量的影响,并探讨秸秆还田与水氮管理模式下群体质量和产量形成的关系。【结果】秸秆还田与水氮管理对主要生育时期水稻干物质积累量、叶面积指数(LAI)及产量均存在显著或极显著的调控效应,互作效应显著;且群体质量指标与产量呈显著或极显著正相关。秸秆堆腐还田对水稻群体质量指标的调控显著高于秸秆直接还田,齐穗期高效叶面积指数提高了4.71%～6.50%,群体干物质显著增加了9.22%～13.30%;并对水稻产量及其构成因素影响显著,有效穗数及每穗粒数分别提高了5.9%～9.8%和1.5%～5.2%,从而使产量提高了9.5%～13.4%。控制性交替灌溉相对于淹灌能保证足够的穗数,提高干物质积累量,减缓拔节至齐穗期叶面积衰减,加快结实期群体生长率,利于穗粒数及产量的提高;且随着氮肥用量的增加,分蘖数、干物质积累量、有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率均呈先增后降的趋势。【结论】从三因素间的互作效应来看,秸秆堆腐还田处理下,控制性交替灌溉与施氮量150 kg/hm^2,可有效提高齐穂期高效叶面积指数(4.80～5.32),具有较高的结实期干物质积累量(6.94～7.36t/hm^2),显著提高了有效穗(181.6万～220.9万/hm^2)及每穗粒数(180～200粒),从而显著提高产量达到10328.1～12464.1 kg/hm^2,为本研究节水减氮增效最佳的处理。     

秸秆还田下大气CO2浓度升高对水稻生长和CH4排放的影响

【目的】明确秸秆还田下大气CO₂浓度升高对水稻生长和稻田CH₄排放的影响,为气候变化下温室气体排放评估和丰产低碳的稻作技术创新提供理论参考和科学依据。【方法】利用开顶式气室(Open top chamber, OTC)进行田间试验,设置两个CO₂浓度处理,分别为正常大气CO₂浓度处理(简称aCO₂,CO₂浓度约为0.04%)和大气CO₂浓度升高处理(简称eCO₂,CO₂浓度约为0.055%),每个处理的田块混入等量的前茬小麦秸秆,探明秸秆还田下大气CO₂浓度升高对水稻产量等生长特性、稻田CH₄排放及微生物丰度的影响,揭示秸秆还田下大气CO₂浓度升高对CH₄排放的影响机制。【结果】大气CO₂浓度升高显著促进水稻的生长,使剑叶叶面积增加25.0%,地上生物量增加22.0%,产量提高29.0%。大气CO₂浓度升高显著增加了穗数、结实率和千粒重,但对穗粒数影响不显著。秸秆还田下,大气CO₂浓度升高有降低稻田CH₄排放的趋势,使单位产量CH₄排放量降低了39.4%。大气CO₂浓度升高使土壤甲烷氧化关键基因pmoA的拷贝数增加了20.0%,但对甲烷产生关键基因mcrA的拷贝数影响较小。【结论】秸秆还田条件下,未来大气CO₂浓度升高不仅提高了水稻产量,而且有利于减少稻田温室气体CH₄的排放。     

当涂县水稻测土配方施肥研究

【目的】摸清当地测土配方施肥技术参数,进一步优化肥料配方,提高土地利用的持续性。[方法】通过当涂县石桥镇水稻配方肥田间示范,综合比较3种施肥处理的肥料投入、作物产量、经济效益等指标。【结果】该区测土配方施肥比农民习惯施肥生产水稻节约肥料成本132元/hm2,新增纯收益1341元／hm2。【结论】配方施肥节省了肥料投入,增加了水稻产量,提高了产投比。     

麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥管理对直播杂交稻氮素利用特征的影响

【目的】探明秸秆还田和氮肥管理对麦/油后直播杂交稻氮素积累、转运、氮肥利用效率及籽粒产量的影响。【方法】选用优质三系杂交稻宜香优2115，采用二因素裂区设计，麦、油茬田同步开展试验，处理完全一致。主区为麦/油秸秆全量翻埋还田(M1)和秸秆不还田(对照，M0)，副区设4个氮肥管理，即不施氮对照(N0)、m基肥∶m分蘖肥∶m促花肥∶m保花肥比例分别为1∶0∶0∶0(N1)、3∶3∶2∶2(N2)、2∶2∶3∶3(N3)，测定了直播杂交稻主要生育时期各器官的氮素积累量及籽粒产量。【结果】结果表明，两种轮作方式下，氮肥管理对直播杂交稻主要生育时期的氮素积累、齐穗后茎鞘、叶片的氮素转运及稻株氮素利用效率均存在显著或极显著的调控效应。秸秆还田显著提高麦/油茬杂交稻中后期的氮素积累量、茎鞘和叶片的氮素转运量以及氮肥利用效率，其中，氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥表观利用率较秸秆不还田分别提高了34.96%/28.76%、2.52%/2.61%和31.91%/22.30%。同时，油菜秸秆还田下直播杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累和产量较麦秆还田表现更好，籽粒产量提高481 kg/hm2(5.22%)。M1N2处理、M0N3处理下，直播杂交稻各阶段的氮素积累速率明显加大，促进结实期茎鞘和叶片的氮素向穗部转运，成熟期稻株氮素积累量优势明显且有较高的氮素利用效率(麦/油茬稻氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率分别达17.87 kg?kg–1/17.85 kg?kg–1、67.27 kg?kg–1/71.28 kg?kg–1、74.93%/75.05%)，最终实现高产。【结论】在麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆全量还田，配合N2氮肥管理，可有效提高直播杂交稻氮素吸收、利用效率，增加籽粒产量，尤以油菜秸杆还田的效果更好。     

施硅量对旱作水稻产量和干物质积累的影响

【目的】明确直接播种雨养为主的旱作水稻的硅肥最佳施用量并揭示硅肥增加产量的机制。【方法】以绥粳18为材料进行两年大田试验,设计0、15、30、45、60和75 kg/hm ²的有效硅用量(用Si₀、Si₁₅、Si₃₀、Si₄₅、Si₆₀和Si₇₅表示),研究不同硅肥用量对旱作水稻生理指标、干物质转运和产量构成因素的影响。【结果】施加硅肥显著增加了旱作水稻的产量,二次回归方程分析表明施用有效硅量47.68 kg/hm ²可获得最大理论产量,当有效硅用量为30~47.68 kg/hm ²时,硅肥显著提高了根系活力、叶片SPAD值和叶面积指数,协调了茎叶干物质向穗部的转移,延缓了后期叶片的衰老,每穗粒数提高了23.62%~24.63%,千粒重提高了8.94%~10.08%,优化了穗粒结构进而增产38.42%~110.20%;有效硅施用量为47.68~75 kg/hm ²时,生育后期加快了茎叶干物质向穗部转移,加速了叶片衰老,不利于籽粒的持续性灌浆,影响了每平方米穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重进而影响产量。【结论】对于绥粳18而言,适宜吉林省中部地区旱作水稻高产高效的最佳有效硅肥施用量为30~47.68 kg/hm ²。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).