17份糯玉米自交系农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

[目的]对辽南地区选育和引进的17个糯玉米自交系农艺性状的遗传多样性及其杂种优势类群进行分析。[方法]采用NCⅡ试验设计,选用不同杂种优势类群且国内常用的4个糯玉米自交系为测验种,对辽南地区17个外引和自选糯玉米自交系进行研究。[结果]17份糯玉米自交系的主要农艺性状间存在显著遗传差异,通过聚类分析划分为4个杂优类群。[结论]17份糯玉米自交系农艺性状好,优良性状遗传力高、一般配合力好,各个类群间存在杂种优势,但遗传基础不宽。     

玉米百粒重与主要籽粒性状的相关分析

[目的]通过配合力测定和相关分析研究玉米百粒重遗传和亲本选择。[方法]以5个自交系为父本、8个自交系为母本,按NCⅡ设计所组配的40个杂交组合为材料,进行了穗部性状的配合力测定和相关分析。[结果]百粒重的一般配合力方差明显大于特殊配合力的方差,分别为65.92%、34.08%,表明该性状的遗传变异,基因的加性效应起着主导作用。13份自交系百粒重GCA效应分析中,PH6WC、中106表现较好。影响百粒重的主要因素是粒厚、穗粗和出籽率,它们的相关系数达到极显著水平,分别为0.39、0.36、-0.39。[结论]百粒重遗传以加性效应为主,同时发挥一般配合力和特殊配合力效应。     

12个玉米自交系主要农艺性状的配合力分析

12个自选玉米自交系按griffing4双列杂交模式设计,组配66个单交组合,采用完全随机区组排列进行试验,分析了株高、穗位高、产量、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数等7个性状的配合力和遗传参数.结果表明,桂99、桂422、桂517、桂A200等4个自交系综合性状较优,系组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系.桂340综合性状最差,需进一步改良方能利用.其它自交系也有各自突出某一性状的优势,在育种工作中应注意到有目的地选择利用.桂9804产量特殊配合力方差最大,其次是桂A200、桂422和桂517,它们均有可能选育出极端高产杂交组合。     

8个春小麦品种的主要农艺性状的配合力分析

[目的]通过配合力测定选出具有较强杂种优势的亲本。[方法]通过Griffing第4种双列杂交固定模型的设计方案,对8个春小麦品种的7个性状进行配合力测定。[结果]7个性状的两种配合力方差均达极显著水平,其中741-2的主要性状一般配合力最高,834-2与741-2的组合特殊配合力最高。[结论]选用配合力方差大的亲本,使高、低性状互补,同时发挥一般配合力和特殊配合力效应     

十个玉米自交系主要农艺性状的配合力分析

用10个玉米自交系按不完全双列杂交组配成25个杂交组合。对玉米籽粒产量等7个农艺性状的配合力进行了分析。结果表明：4340、同系、82-2A等3个玉米自交系综合性状较优，为组配强优势杂交组合的优良玉米自交系。     

玉米选系窄基础材料组配规律的初步研究

选用11个典型的优良自交系，通过不完全双列杂交试验，采用一般配合力、特殊配合力效应值简易估算法，得出11个优良自交系穗部各性状的一般配合力的效应值和部分组合特殊配合力效应值。据此结果分析，提供了选育各种优良穗部性状自交系的基础材料组合，并得出有关各种穗部性状的较高配合力的组合类型，从而为选育自交系及组配杂交种服务。     

高寒山区几个玉米自交系数量性状配合力分析

利用9个玉米自交系,按 Griffing完全双列杂交方法4组配成36个杂交组合进行试验。对主要数量性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力、配合力总效应以及各自交系的特殊配合力方差进行估算和分析。结果表明,自交系411的一般配合力最高,自交系405和琼180具有较高的一般配合力和特殊配合力方差,其配制的组合配合力总效应高,系组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系。     

玉米子粒机收后期脱水速率的配合力分析

以自选的8个自交系为母本、7个常用骨干自交系为父本,按照NCⅡ设计,组配56个杂交组合。对杂交组合子粒含水量性状进行表型分析和配合力分析。联合方差分析结果表明,不同组合不同时期的含水量间差异均达极显著水平。通过不同时期、不同组合子粒含水量变化趋势分析发现,出苗后95~98 d是子粒脱水速率发生变化的关键时期,出苗后95~98 d后脱水速率快的组合收获时子粒含水量低,更适合机收。配合力分析结果表明,PH4CV、08LF和ZX7在培育脱水速率快的玉米杂交种方面具有较大的应用潜力。子粒含水量在出苗后95 d受非加性效应影响较大,在接近收获时,受基因加性效应影响较大。     

玉米不完全双列杂交测定自交系配合力的研究

本文用山西省玉米协作攻关组提供的试验资料,采用10个玉米自交系,进行不完全双列杂交,对组合的产量性状进行了配合力分析。结果表明:①本不完全双列杂交系设计方法适宜于协作攻关研究中,多个自交系的鉴定和选配优良组合,②在攻关组多点试验中,显示出试验结果的可靠性和一致性,③在评价自交系的优劣时,首先考虑自交系应具备较高的一般配合力,然后结合考虑组合的特殊配合力。     

玉米植株形态和穗部性状的遗传特性及育种的选择方式

本研究选用６个不同来源、各具特点的玉米自交系及其组成的双列杂交组合为供试材料，选择了１７个农艺性状进行了配合力和广义遗传力分析。提出了在选育优良玉米自交系、组配高产杂交组合时各性状的选择方式。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.