品种、施氮量及其互作对烤烟经济效果指数的影响

为探索清镇烟区不同烤烟品种的适宜施氮量,采用2因素随机区组试验设计,研究品种、施氮量及其互作对烤烟经济性状的影响。结果表明:1)南江3号、贵烟2号经济效果指数较高,分别较K326高3.23、2.61;2)产量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势,而均价、上等烟率、产值均呈先上升后下降趋势,施氮量为105 kg/hm~2时烤烟经济效果指数最高,分别较施氮量75、135 kg/hm~2的处理高7.88、10.58;3)南江3号×施氮量135 kg/hm~2、K326×施氮量105 kg/hm~2、贵烟2号×施氮量105 kg/hm~2组合的经济效果指数较高,K326×施氮量135 kg/hm~2组合较低;4)对产量贡献率最大的是施氮量,其次是品种,品种与施氮量互作最低;而对产值、均价、上等烟率贡献率最大是品种与施氮量互作,其次是施氮量,品种最低。清镇烟区烤烟品种南江3号以施氮量135 kg/hm~2为宜,贵烟2号、K326以施氮量105 kg/hm~2为宜。     

不同施氮量及氮磷钾配比对烤烟产量与质量的影响

为了确定湖南茶陵烟区种植烤烟的适宜施氮量及氮钾比例,2010年在茶陵腰陂镇芙冲村进行了不同施氮量及氮钾比的小区对比试验。结果表明,不同的氮肥用量对烤烟的生长发育有明显的影响,随着氮肥用量的增加及氮钾比例的升高,烟株的茎围、株高、有效叶数、腰叶的长宽、产量均随之增加,但当施氮量超过180 kg/hm^2,氮钾比例（N∶K）超过3后,烤烟的产值、上中等烟比例及内在化学成分的协调性均有所下降。综合结果表明,施纯氮180 kg/hm^2、N∶P∶K=1∶0.8∶3的处理烤烟产量和质量处于最佳效果。     

FG-1烤烟新品系配套栽培技术研究

[目的]研究烤烟新品系FG-1的栽培特点,形成其配套栽培技术。[方法]在贵州省设置不同施氮量与不同密度试验,探讨烤烟新品系FG-1的最佳种植密度与最佳施氮量。[结果]不同密度、施氮量对该品种大田生育期影响不明显;施氮量在112.5kg/hm2田间长势最好、产量最高;密度13 000株/hm2,施纯氮量105.0 kg/hm2的处理下,产量适中,上等烟率、上中等烟率、产值明显高于其他处理;综合表现最好的是密度13 000株/hm2,施氮量105.0 kg/hm2的处理。[结论]FG-1烤烟新品系最佳种植密度为13 000株/hm2,最佳施氮量为105.0 kg/hm2。     

中烟103与中烟104品种区域适应性研究

【目的】筛选出产量高、质量优、适应性广的烤烟新品种,为品种合理布局提供科学依据。【方法】以K326为对照,在建阳特色烟区进行了2个烤烟品种的区域适应性对比试验,分析中烟103与中烟104品种区域适应性。[结果】在田间长势、主要经济性状（均价、产量、产值、中上等烟比例）等方面,中烟103、中烟104相比于对照品种K326均表现出了较好的优势。【结论】可以通过进一步的研究,在实际生产中引入烤烟新品种中烟103与中烟104。     

肥料增效剂对浏阳烟区烤烟生长发育与产量产值的影响

以烤烟品种K326为材料,通过大田试验研究了肥料增效剂对湖南浏阳烟区烤烟生长发育、产量与产值的影响。结果表明：施N 120 kg/hm2条件下,增施肥料增效剂能推迟烤烟成熟期,改善烤烟株高、茎围、节距等农艺性状,显著提高烤烟最大叶面积;肥料增效剂能使烤烟产量与产值显著提高,增幅分别达8.57%和5.43%,但施N 120 kg/hm2＋肥料增效剂处理的产量与产值达不到施氮150 kg/hm2处理的水平。     

不同烤烟品种农艺性状与经济性状的差异研究

为了筛选特定生态条件下最适宜种植的烤烟品种,于2014年在湖南芷江对毕纳1号、云烟87、NC71、NC297、红花大金元、0508、K326等7个烤烟品种进行了比较试验。结果表明:供试7个烤烟品种中,K326与云烟87的综合农艺性状表现较好;0508和云烟87两个烤烟品种的主要化学成分含量较适宜;上等烟比例以毕纳1号最高(大于50%)。供试7个烤烟品种的产量依次为云烟87、0508、K326、NC71、毕纳1号、NC297,产值依次为云烟87、毕纳1号、K326、0508、NC297、NC71。综合经济性状各指标以云烟87最好,毕纳1号次之,NC71的最差。综合7个供试烤烟品种各性状分析结果,以云烟87与毕纳1号的表现最好。     

潍坊烟区烤烟品种NC55适应性研究

为研究烤烟品种NC55在潍坊烟区的适应性,在潍坊市临朐县开展了针对烤烟NC55品种不同移栽期、不同施肥量、不同移栽密度等方面的研究。结果表明:烤烟品种NC55在潍坊烟区适宜的移栽时间为5月10日左右;在中等肥力地块,施肥量以每公顷75 kg氮时达到优质适产的目标;移栽密度达到每公顷16 500株以上,烟株长势呈现"中棵烟"长相,烟叶质量较好,以上部烟叶质量提高最为明显。     

移栽密度和施肥量对烟叶产质量的影响

在湘南浓香型烟区,以K326为对象,研究了在不同密度和施氮量水平下烟株的长势和产质量.结果表明,低施氮量时,密度不同对烟株生长和产质量影响较小,施氮量增加时密度影响开始显现,尤其施纯氮180kg/hm^2时表现明显;施纯氮135kg/hm^2 时烟株落黄情况好,但产值并不高,上等烟比例也较低;施纯氮157.5kg/hm^2,行株距1.2m×0.4m和1.1m×0.5m时产量和产值较高,其中行株距1.1m×0.5m时上等烟比例较高,值得推广.     

巢湖市单季稻“3414”肥料效应研究

[目的]探索单季稻高产栽培的N、P、K肥料效应模型,完善巢湖市测土配方施肥应用指标体系。[方法]通过对巢湖市典型土种湖泥田进行单季稻“3414”肥料效应试验,获得肥料效应函数及有关施肥参数,得出三元二次方程拟合的氮、磷、钾肥最佳施用量。[结果]拟合的氮、磷、钾肥最佳施用量分别为：纯N232．4kg/hm^2．P2O5 91．2kg／hm^2,K2O142．3kg／hm^2。结合巢湖市农业生产实际情况,得出巢湖市湖泥田土种单季稻推荐施肥为纯N210．0-240．0kg／hm^2、P20575．0-90．0kg／hm^2、K2O 120．0-150．0kg／hm^2。[结论]研究结果为巢湖市单季稻生产配方施肥提供了科学依据。     

玉米新品种绵单581高产栽培技术研究

通过五因素二次回归正交旋转组合试验,建立了玉米新品种绵单581籽粒产量与种植密度（X1）、施氮量（X2）,施磷量（X3）,施钾量（X4）,施锌量（X5）的数学模型。经用计算机进行因子水平寻优,得出产量在8550kg／hm^2以上的栽培模式为：密度45850—47538株／hm^2,施纯氮260．7～272、3kg／hm^2,施用P205为112．45—122、1kg／hm^2,施用K20为98．3～106．6kg／hm^2,施用ZnO为7．7～9.5kg／hm^2。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.