榆木蠹蛾性诱剂的合成及林间诱蛾试验

利用毛细管气相色谱分析榆木蠹蛾处女雌蛾性腺体提取物、化学合成相应的标准化合物并通过触角电位分析及林间诱蛾试验,旨在找到一种对榆木蠹蛾成虫具有强引诱活性的性诱剂.结果表明:提取物中存在反-3-十四碳烯醇(E3 - 14∶OH)、顺-3-十四碳烯醇(Z3 - 14∶ OH)、反-3 -十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(E3 - 14∶Ac)、顺-7-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z7-14∶ Ac)和顺-3-反-5-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z3E5 -14∶ Ac).榆木蠹蛾雄蛾对Z7-14∶ Ac产生最强的触角电位(EAG)反应,为4.95 mV,极显著高于其他化合物,其他依次是E3 - 14∶Ac、Z3E5 -14∶Ac、E3E5 -14∶ Ac、Z3 - 14∶Ac、腺体提取物、E7 - 14∶Ac,其中乙酸酯化合物EAG值极显著高于其相应的醇(P＜0.01).林间诱蛾活性试验表明:Z7- 14∶ Ac有诱蛾活性,E3 - 14∶Ac和Z3E5 - 14∶ Ac有显著的增效作用,Z7-14∶ Ac、E3 - 14∶Ac和Z3E5 - 14∶ Ac按10∶ 4∶4的比例配成每个含900 μg性诱剂的诱芯具有很好的诱蛾活性,单诱芯日平均诱蛾数达11.02头.     

沙蒿木蠹蛾性诱剂的分析合成与生物活性

采用毛细管气相色谱(GC)和触角电位测定(EAG)技术分析沙蒿木蠹蛾雌蛾性信息素腺体提取物.结果表明:在提取物中存在有顺-5-十二碳烯乙酸酯(Z5-12∶Ac)、顺-5-十四碳烯乙酸酯(Z5-14∶Ac)和顺-5-十二碳烯-1-醇(Z5-12∶OH)3种主要成分.通过人工合成得到相应的标准化合物,林间诱蛾试验结果显示:Z5-12∶Ac和Z5-14∶Ac 2种组分的组合具有很高的诱蛾活性,且具有专一性,当加入反-3-顺-5-十二碳二烯乙酸酯(E3,Z5-12∶Ac)时诱蛾活性增加.将3种化合物按10∶6∶0.5配成性诱剂制成诱芯(825 μg·个-1),诱蛾效果最佳,日平均诱蛾7.2头.此性诱剂可用以田间诱捕和虫情监测,为沙蒿木蠹蛾的综合防治提供一条新的方法和技术.     

沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素的合成与林间诱蛾活性试验

利用气相色谱和触角电位初步确定沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素的主要组分为顺-7-十四碳烯醇(Z7-14:OH)、顺-7-十四碳烯基乙酸酯(Z7-14:Ac)和反-7-十四碳烯基乙酸酯(E7-14:Ac).应用本实验室人工合成的标准化合物在不同地点进行2年的田间试验,结果表明:以Z7-14:Ac、E3-14:Ac和E7-14:Ac 3种化合物按10:10:1配成含量为500 μg·个-1的诱芯,其诱蛾效果最好,诱蛾量能准确反映林间沙棘木蠹蛾发生与消长的情况.     

沙柳木蠹蛾性诱剂的化学合成与林间生物活性评价

采用气相色谱仪分析,发现沙柳木蠹蛾雌虫性信息素腺体中存在顺-7-十四碳烯醇(Z7-14:OH)、顺-5-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z5-14:Ac)、顺-7-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z7-14:Ac)和顺-9-十六碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z9-16:Ac)4种成分。通过化学合成获得相应的化合物,对这些标准品进行室内触角电位测定和林间生物测定,评价其对沙柳木蠹蛾的生物活性。结果表明:Z7-14:Ac和Z5-14:Ac按一定比例复配后有明显的引诱活性,在此二者的复配物中加入少量Z7-14:OH,诱蛾量稍有增加;将Z7-14:Ac,Z5-14:Ac和Z7-14:OH以10∶8∶1的比例配制成总含量为760μg的诱芯,与三角形诱捕器结合可用于对沙柳木蠹蛾进行诱杀。     

黄斑卷蛾性诱剂的合成与田间诱蛾活性试验

黄斑卷蛾（Acleris fimbriana Meyrick)性诱剂的主要成分为（反）－11，13－十四碳双烯醛（简式E11，13－14：Ald)。从易得的原料出发，通过Wittig反应合成了这种性诱剂及其类似物。田间诱蛾试验结果表明，E11，13－14：Ald对黄斑卷蛾具有强烈的引诱作用，最佳剂量为1．0mg。单一的（反）－11，13－十四碳双烯－1－基醋酸酯对黄斑卷蛾没有引诱作用，但对E11，13－14：Ald的诱蛾活性有明显的增效作用。而（反）－11，13－十四碳双烯－1－醇和（反）－11－十四碳烯－1－醇，（反）－11－十四碳烯醛对E11，13－14：Ald的诱蛾活性有抑制作用。     

沙棘木蠹蛾性诱剂在林间监测中的应用

为了解右玉沙棘木蠹蛾成虫种群动态变化现状,利用沙棘木蠹蛾性诱剂在林间开展监测试验,并与2006年至2009年间的监测数据相比。结果表明,2006年至2009年沙棘木蠹蛾发生程度大幅度上升,而到2019年沙棘木蠹蛾的发生程度明显降低。沙棘木蠹蛾性诱剂在林间的监测和诱集效果明显,优势突出,具有推广价值。     

应用性诱剂与川硬皮肿腿蜂协同防治小木蠹蛾效果研究

进行了对比单一用性诱剂防治小木蠹蛾成虫试验,单一使用川硬皮肿腿蜂防治小木蠹蛾幼虫试验,综合性诱剂与川硬皮肿腿蜂协同防治小木蠹蛾试验。结果表明:性诱剂与肿腿蜂协同防治小木蠹蛾效果显著。     

槐小卷蛾性诱剂的合成与林间诱蛾活性试验

槐小巷蛾（ＣｙｄｉａｔｒａｄｉａｓＭｅｙｒｉｋ）性诱剂的主要成分为（反、反）－８，１０－十二碳双烯－１－醇（简式ＥＳＥ１０－１２：ＯＨ）。从两个易得的Ｃ６原料出发，通过Ｇｒｉｇｎａｒｄ偶联反应合成了这种性诱剂。林间诱蛾试验结果表明，ＥＳＥ１０－１２：ＯＨ对槐小卷蛾具有强烈的引诱作用，诱蛾量的变化能及时而准确地反映林间槐小卷蛾的发生与消长情况，从而为进行适时而有效的防治提供科学依据。     

油松球果小卷蛾性诱研究

通过林间测试,筛选出了油松球果小卷蛾（Ｇｒａｖｉｔａｒｍａｔａｍａｒｇａｒｏｔａｎａ）性诱剂的最佳配方、使用剂量和林间设置方式。利用人工合成的性诱剂进行了雄蛾昼夜反应节律、发生期、生发量和防治等方面的研究。     

金钱松小卷蛾性信息素的合成及诱芯的制备

采用Wittig反应合成了金钱松小卷蛾性信息素活性成分Z10-12Ac.含量为60%的粗产物未经纯化直接用于配制诱芯，野外试验时剂量为10～15μg用于大量诱捕，剂量为100～150μg用于干扰交配，效果明显.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.