History,current status and prospects of sturgeon aquaculture in Russia

Since natural sturgeon populations have drastically declined, aquaculture of these valuable fish is important to meet the ever‐increasing demand for meat and caviar, thereby reducing the pressure on natural sturgeon resources. There are two directions in sturgeon aquaculture: controlled propagation for release and commercial farming. The controlled propagation supports the conservation of natural fish populations, while the commercial cultivation of sturgeons supplies the needs of the consumer market with the delicacy production of caviar (mainly). This review deals with the current status of the controlled propagation and stocking in the Volga‐Caspian basin and the commercial farming of sturgeons in Russia. The article also investigates the management of farmed broodstocks of sturgeons, which are used for obtaining seedlings and caviar. It is for sure that the active and continuous development of the two directions of sturgeon aquaculture will allow preserving these unique ancient fish on our planet until natural populations can be re‐established by self‐sustaining populations.     

水产养殖活动中N2O的排放研究进展

本文分析了养殖水体氮转化过程中可能产生N_2O的环节,总结了关于水产养殖活动中N_2O排放量的相关研究进展。结果表明,养殖过程中的N_2O排放系数总体上低于废水处理过程中的N_2O排放系数;不同的养殖模式氮的利用效率及未被利用的氮的去向有较大差别,其中循环水养殖模式的氮处理过程最接近于废水处理厂中的处理途径,但循环水养殖产量占全球水产养殖产量的比例较低,且现有水产养殖总产量中约有一半的渔获物不需要投饵,因此,基于废水处理厂的N_2O排放系数和总养殖产量的N_2O排放量的估算会明显高于实际排放量。目前尚缺乏关于水产养殖N_2O产生的基础性研究,本研究未进行相关估算。应尽快开展水产养殖活动中产生N_2O的系统性研究,为客观评估养殖活动N_2O的排放提供理论支撑。     

Shrimp farming in Latin America: Current status,opportunities, challenges and strategies for sustainable development

Abstract

Shrimp farming in Latin America and the Caribbean (hereinafter, LA&C) is a complex, diverse and dynamic activity, occurring in 22 out of 36 countries, producing 231,000 tons, valued at US$ 1.2 billion in 2002¹. Farmed shrimp represents 52% of all shrimp volumes produced regionally, and almost 18% of all shrimp and prawn (S&P, hereinafter) cultivated worldwide. Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) constitutes 91% of all shrimp farmed in LA&C and five nations, led by Brazil ‐formerly by Ecuador‐, comprise 82% of farmed production. Over 90% of LA&C shrimp production is exported (230,000 tons of end products from both aquaculture and wild origin valued at US$ 1.36 billion), generating a trade surplus of US$ 1.28 billion (2002).

Farmed shrimp could easily surpass 513,000 tons by 2030, more than doubling current regional figures (2.9% annual growth rate, compounded). However, competition with Asian countries, anti‐dumping accusations and other factors might limit the expansion process, which is increasingly determined by strategically important matters rather than by physical production constraints. Here, a ‘production‐driven’ process of past decades is being replaced by a ‘demand‐led’ situation, where market and marketing issues will increasingly influence the outcome of shrimp farming.

Growing market competition will continue to press prices down and industry will be forced into a permanent process to improve competitiveness. Here, development strategies include actions by governments and producer associations, promotional and marketing campaigns and the application of good management practices across the production and distribution chains.     

Growth and feeding of Patagonian pejerrey Odontesthes hatcheri reared in net cages

An experiment was performed to evaluate the performance of Patagonian pejerrey during net cage rearing in the oligomesotrophic reservoir Exequiel Ramos Mexía. Survival, growth, nutrition and reproduction were evaluated for two lots of pejerrey, initial weights 4.0 and 2.5 g, reared in net cages for 22 and 14 months respectively. Fish were stocked at 29 and 48 individuals m^?3 densities and fed with an experimental pejerrey feed. During the experiment, temperature fluctuated between 6.6 and 19.6 °C. The two lots did not show substantial differences in survival (pooled survival at the end of the experiment >80%) and the thermal‐unit growth coefficient (TGC), daily feed intake and feeding efficiency were 0.43±0.19, 1.70±0.80 and 53.6±9.9 respectively. Digestive tract analysis showed that caged pejerrey can consume substantial quantities of natural food, taking advantage of its planktivorous condition. Pejerrey showed high percentage survival, slow growth and early sexual maturation in captivity. The use of the TGC is proposed as a model for describing the growth pattern of this species and other pejerrey under culture conditions.     

Increase in milt production by hormonal treatment in the pejerrey fish Odontesthes bonariensis (Valenciennes 1835)

In spite of interest in the cultivation of the pejerrey fish Odontesthes bonariensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes 1835), there are few studies on subjects required to advance this activity. One of the problems is the synchronization of female and male maturation to provide eggs and sperm for larval production. The low volume of expressible milt, either in wild or culture fish, is a major problem. The aim of this work was to study the effectiveness of the administration of different hormones on sperm production in pejerrey. Milt production was enhanced by the injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (16.7‐fold increase, 625 IU kg^?1), carp pituitary extracts (13.5‐fold increase, 30 mg kg^?1), salmon pituitary extracts (12.8‐fold increase, 30 mg kg^?1), salmon‐type gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogue (GnRH) (16.7‐fold increase, 10 μg kg^?1) and mammalian‐type GnRH analogue (10.8‐fold increase, 20 μg kg^?1). Sperm concentration, motility and the fertilization rate were not statistically different compared with control groups. It was also demonstrated that sperm could be obtained off‐season. Taken together, hCG is recommended to stimulate pejerrey spermiation because it is effective in low doses is inexpensive and is widely available.     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

我国鲟鱼类养殖现状及发展前景

我国鲟鱼类天然资源数量稀少，难以满足市场巨大需求，近年来鲟鱼养殖在我国各地快速发展。本文总结了我国鲟鱼养殖的主要种类史氏鲟、俄罗斯鲟、西伯利亚鲟、匙吻鲟等生物学特性．鲟鱼养殖的主要方式网箱养殖、池塘养殖和工厂化养殖．并且阐述了目前我国鲟鱼养殖的规模和发展前景．预计鲟鱼可能是我国海水网箱养殖的优良新品种。     

Diversity,conservation status and threats to native oysters (Ostreidae) around the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts of South America

• 1. Despite the extensive literature on the ecology, systematics and culture of oysters worldwide, an assessment of their diversity, distribution and conservation status for the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts (i.e. depth <50 m) of South America is lacking. Such information is crucial because of the increasing coastal development that threatens most nearshore habitats throughout the region.
• 2. The available information on oysters on Atlantic and Caribbean coasts is reviewed with a focus on identifying regional conservation priorities based on ecological and socio‐economic importance, as well as the magnitude of current or potential threats faced by oyster populations. The current status of α‐ taxonomy within the Ostreidae was also examined.
• 3. Ten species of native Ostreidae (plus three introduced species) inhabit the coastal waters of the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts of South America.
• 4. Oyster species were ranked according to their biological/ecological and socio‐economic value and conservation status within 10 distinct ecoregions. Crassostrea gasar in the Eastern Brazil ecoregion, C. rhizophorae in the Central Caribbean ecoregion and Ostrea puelchana in the North Patagonian Gulfs ecoregion should receive the highest priority for immediate conservation action due to extensive loss of mangrove habitat in the two former regions and evidence of decline of one of the most important populations for the latter. The need for a standardized methodology to assess the status of oyster populations throughout the ecoregions is identified.
• 5. On a local scale, the allocation of territorial use rights for fisheries under a collaborative/voluntary community framework is strongly advocated to fulfil management, conservation and poverty alleviation goals in these developing countries.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天津海水工厂化养殖发展历程与现状分析

天津是国内工厂化海水养殖发展最快的区域之一,近几年随着天津滨海新区地下水的限采以及环保部门对养殖尾水排放的严格控制,海水工厂化养殖面临新的挑战。天津海水养殖发展一直受到土地和海水资源短缺因素的制约,天津海岸线为浅滩泥底潮汐带,海水比较浑浊,且工业污水和城市污水排放以及渤海和黄海较低的海水交换率造成海水富营养化。天津的气温变化大,适合室外露天养殖的时间短,但天津周边鲜活海产品巨大的市场需求和其丰富的地热资源及盐田卤水条件,促进了天津集约化的工厂化海水养殖的发展。回顾了天津海水工厂化养殖的发展历史,介绍了工厂化养殖设施装备的主要特点,分析、提出了海水工厂化养殖存在的问题及发展对策。     

中国鲟鱼产业技术研发现状与展望

2016年中国鲟鱼养殖产量89 773吨。鲟鱼种苗、饲料、养殖、加工及销售等环节的一些实用技术基本能满足鲟鱼产业的现实需要,但仍然存在不少问题,如种质退化问题、鱼子酱及鱼肉的品质问题、养殖过程中的氮磷排放问题。本文就中国已经形成的鲟鱼产业技术进行梳理、评述和展望。     

我国水产种业的发展现状与展望

水产育种是世界各国竞相发展的热点研究领域,育种技术开发和优良品种培育充分体现了一个国家的综合创新实力和市场竞争能力。开展水产养殖生物的遗传育种研究,可提高种质资源开发强度和基因资源挖掘深度,发掘我国水产种业科技潜能和增强产业化应用水平。我国水产育种涵盖了完整的品种育成和扩繁推两大系统,已经成为推动水产养殖业绿色发展的重中之重,在保障优质蛋白稳定供给、提升种业强国竞争实力和改善国民饮食消费习惯等方面展示了杰出功效。随着生命科学特别是分子生物学和基因组学的飞速发展,我国水产育种取得了丰硕的科研成果,但也遇到了诸多核心瓶颈和制约因素。本文概括性总结了开展水产育种研究的重要意义,分析了当前我国水产育种研究的整体现状,凝练了亟需突破和解决的关键问题,提出了强化种质资源挖掘与高效利用、重视基础研究开展源头创新、研发前沿技术进行重点攻关、聚焦市场需求培育优良新品种等今后研究重点任务,形成了建设种质资源保藏体系、建成创新支撑平台、推进保护政策扶持、打造新型研发主体等对策建议,以期为我国引领世界水产育种研究和新时代渔业转型升级提供参考资料。     

江苏陆上养殖池塘与南黄海绿潮源头的关系分析

根据2012年12月~2013年5月对江苏沿岸陆上养殖池塘内绿藻的调查,通过分析陆上养殖池塘绿藻成体和显微繁殖体的分布、种类组成,结合养殖池塘的社会调查结果,讨论陆上养殖池塘作为绿潮源头的可能性。结果显示:从区域分布上看,养殖池塘中出现绿藻和绿藻显微繁殖体的区域主要分布在江苏南部的南通地区。从时间上来看,蓄水河道中的绿藻出现在3月、4月以及5月;养殖池和蓄水河道的绿藻显微繁殖体出现在2~5月。在池塘养殖工艺中,进水后养殖户会对池水进行消毒,这一措施将抑制甚至杀灭绿藻显微繁殖体,显微繁殖体不会长成绿藻。养殖活动结束后,排水时养殖户在取排水的闸口处放置筛网,绿藻会被过滤在筛网上,很少被直排入海。本研究结果表明,陆上养殖池塘不可能是绿潮灾害的源头。     

纳米比亚淡水养殖业的现状、不足及发展思路

介绍了纳米比亚淡水养殖的基本现状,分析了存在的不足,并结合纳米比亚的基本国情和国际渔业环境,提出了纳米比亚淡水养殖发展的基本思路。既是纳米比亚渔业工作者的参考,也是我国对纳米比亚水产业有合作意向者的工作指南。     

Application of immunostimulants in aquaculture: current knowledge and future perspectives

Similar to other industries, aquaculture constantly requires new techniques to increase production yields. Modern technologies and different scientific fields, such as biotechnology and microbiology, provide important tools that could lead to a higher quality and a greater quantity of products. New feeding practices in farming typically play an important role in aquaculture, and the addition of various additives to a balanced feed formula to achieve better growth is a common practice of many fish and shrimp feed manufacturers and farmers. As ‘bio‐friendly agents’, immunostimulants, such as biological factors, probiotics and vitamins, can be introduced into the culture environment to control and kill pathogenic bacteria, as well as to promote growth of the cultured organisms. In addition, immunostimulants are non‐pathogenic and non‐toxic and do not produce undesirable side effects when administered to aquatic organisms. In this review, we summarize previous studies performed with both traditional immunostimulants and the most promising new generation of immunostimulants, such as polysaccharides, nutrients, oligosaccharides, herbs, microorganisms, prebiotics and different biological factors. This review primarily focuses on their protective efficacies and on what is known concerning their effects on the immune systems of aquatic organisms when delivered in vivo.     

中国水产养殖装备发展现状

水产养殖是我国渔业的最重要组成部分,水产养殖机械装备是现代水产养殖业发展的重要标志,绿色、高效的现代化水产养殖产业结构升级对水产养殖装备提出了更高的要求,基于装备与信息技术协同的智慧水产养殖成为现代渔业发展的新趋势。本文围绕池塘、工厂化、网箱、筏式以及底播养殖等我国主要养殖方式,梳理了当前水产养殖中常用的机械化装备和技术,并从环境监测、养殖对象感知、智能投喂、分级计数和养殖机器人等方向分析了我国水产养殖智能装备技术的研究进展,指出了制约我国水产养殖智能装备发展的关键问题。为实现我国从水产养殖大国向强国转变,融合机械装备和智能技术等两个领域的前沿技术,提出了“机械化、自动化、智能化并举”的水产养殖智能装备发展新思路。     

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal systems in the pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis (Atheriniformes)

The brain of the pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis) has recently been shown to contain three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): salmon GnRH (sGnRH), chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II) and pejerrey GnRH (pjGnRH), nevertheless neuroanatomical studies on the distribution of these peptides are lacking. In this study we investigated the distribution of immunoreactive GnRH in the brain of adult pejerrey. Four different policlonal antisera and a monoclonal antibody against different GnRH variants were applied on cryosections and visualized using the ABC method. Three antisera (PBL#49, sGnRH#2 and cII741) revealed three different immunoreactive areas: the terminal nerve ganglion (at the junction between the olfactory bulbs and the anterior telencephalon), the preoptic area just anterior to the hypothalamus and the midbrain tegmentum. Fibers immunoreactive to GnRH were detected in different brain areas: the olfactory bulbs, the ventral thelencephalon, the hypothalamus, the mesencephalic area and an important innervation entering into the pituitary gland. Two other antibodies (LRH13 and s1668) labeled the two nuclei corresponding to the forebrain but not the midbrain tegmentum. As both antibodies have low crossreactivity to cGnRH-II, the data suggest that this group of cells express cGnRH-II. In summary, three different areas with immunoreactivity to GnRH were detected in the pejerrey brain. The distribution of sGnRH, pjGnRH and cGnRH-II expressing neurons, is discussed.     

我国主要鱼类杂交种及其养殖状况

杂交是获得新品种的重要途径。迄今,我国进行了大量的鱼类杂交育种研究,其中不少的杂交种经济性状优良,已大规模应用到养殖生产中,取得了显著的经济效益。本文对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、罗非鱼(Tilapia)、鲟(Pseudoscaphirhynchu)和鳢(Channa)等我国主要淡水养殖的杂交鱼类品种进行了介绍,综述了他们目前的养殖现状,旨在为鱼类杂交育种研究和杂交种的生产与管理提供参考。     

蛸类渔业概况及增养殖研究现状与展望

蛸类具有对养殖环境高度的适应性,且分布广、生长迅速、养殖周期短、营养价值高等特性,已成为头足类中最受关注的养殖对象和研究热点。此文概括地介绍了蛸类在海洋渔业中的地位,系统地阐述了蛸类渔业概况及增养殖研究现状,并对发展前景和方向进行了分析。     

我国漠斑牙鲆养殖研究现状及展望

漠斑牙鲆Paralichthys lethostigma是一种广温广盐的海水鱼,可以在淡水中进行养殖。文章综述了我国自2001年引进漠斑牙鲆以来的研究现状,对比了国内外的研究方向,对漠斑牙鲆的广温广盐特性进行重点阐述,指出今后推广养殖过程中需要注意的问题,提出了一些参考建议,并对其在我国的养殖前景进行了展望。     

The native South American crayfishes (Crustacea,Parastacidae): state of knowledge and conservation status

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