高粱属研究进展

高粱属研究进展黎裕（中国农科院作物品种资源研究所１０００８１）１高粱属的现行分类高粱属（ＳｏｒｇｈｕｍＭｏｅｎｃｈ）属禾本科Ａｎｄｒｏｐｏｇｏｎｅａｅ族Ｓｏｒｇｈａｓｔｒａｅ亚族。此属下分５个区组（ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ）：Ｓｔｉｐｏｓｏｒｇｈｕｍ，Ｐａｒａ...     

散穗高粱和红壳苏丹草杂交F2代群体农艺性状的相关和聚类分析

[目的]探究高丹草主要农艺性状间的关系.[方法]以散穗高粱(母本)和红壳苏丹草(父本)进行杂交后自交获得的F2代群体为材料,对该群体200个单株的9个主要农艺性状进行变异、相关和聚类分析.[结果]各农艺性状间表现出明显的变异(10.00％～63.07％),总分蘖数和单株鲜穗重的变异系数最大,分别是63.07％、52.0...     

高粱中脉颜色和籽粒颜色的遗传

高粱中脉颜色和籽粒颜色的遗传Ｒ．Ｓａｒａｓｗａｔｈｉ等通过对７个高粱纯合易位测验种与地方栽培品种ＣＯ２２之间的杂交风代的研究，探讨高粱中脉颜色和籽粒颜色这两个质量性状的遗传和连锁关系。本研究所用的易位测验种是得克萨斯州Ｓｃｈｅｒｔｚ（１９７０）选育出...     

研究效益的未来经济分析：高粱晚施氮素的原因

研究效益的未来经济分析：高粱晚施氮素的原因——（Ｐ．Ｄ．Ｃｈｕｄｌｅｉｇｈ等），ＩｎＰｒｏｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｓｏｆｔｈｅＳｅｃｏｎｄＡｕｓｔ－ｒａｌｉａｎＳｏｒｇｈｕｍＣｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ，Ｇａｔｔｏｎ，４ｔｏ６Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ１９９２，Ｖｏｌ．２，Ｎｏ...     

苏丹草与栽培高粱群体生物学性状的相关和主成分分析

察和分析4个苏丹草品种和6个栽培高粱品种的64个生物学性状。利用性状间的相关关系和系统聚类结果,探讨了在田间种植环境条件下生物学性状的分类学意义;利用主成分分析法确定出6个主分量,其中主成分Ⅰ、Ⅱ在苏丹草和栽培高梁2类群演化过程中起着决定性作用,被称作苏丹草分化主因子和高粱分化主因子。以6个主成分的回归因子得分值对10个品种进行聚类分析,结果将苏丹草和栽培高粱划分成两大类。      

植株密度对热带玉米饲料产量,形态和营养价值的影响

在美国东南部饲养动物的乳农和生产者们在一年生冬型禾草的双作制中有生产高品质暖季青贮饲料的需要。习惯上，饲用和粒用高粱〔Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ（Ｌ．）Ｍｏｅｎｃｈ〕、苏丹草（Ｓ．ｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ）和晚植温带玉米（ＺｅａｍａｙｓＬ．）已被用作夏季青贮...     

中部大平原高粱和苏丹草天然异型杂交的研究

种间天然异型杂交量是选择育种方法的主要决定因素之一。对于异型杂交率高的物种轮回选择方式是最实用的，但对于象高粱这样的物种就得利用雄性核不育基因人工进行异型杂交才能进行（Ｒｏｓ，１９７３）。相反，系谱法是先选择个体杂交，再自交，产生遗传分离，从而选株进...     

高粱胞质遗传雄性不育保持系组织培养的植株再生

高粱胞质遗传雄性不育保持系组织培养的植株再生ＳｕｍａｎｇａｌａＢｈａｔ，Ｍ．Ｓ．ｋｕｒｕｖｉｎａｓｈｅｔｔｉ自Ｈｅｉｎｚ等（１９８７）对甘蔗（ＳａｃｃｈａｒｕｍｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍＬ．）和Ｓｈｅｐａｒｄ等（１９８０）在马铃薯（Ｓｏｌａｎｕｍｔｕｂｅ...     

草高粱高产生理基础研究

通过对草高粱的生理性状和生物产量研究,证明草高粱前期要重视下数第四叶的生长发育,后期上三叶更重要,其中剑叶和倒三叶功能最强;生物产量主要决定品种本身遗传特性、气候环境适宜、光合效率高、呼吸消耗少、生长势旺、再生力强、干物质积累多的综合作用,而与生长日数长短在一定条件下不呈正相关;本研究中生理性状好、生物产量高的品种是晋草5号、龙草0402、晋农大甜饲杂1号。     

高粱的DNA随机扩增多样性标记

高粱的ＤＮＡ随机扩增多样性标记Ｓ．Ｐａｍｍｉ等由栽培种和野生种组成的高粱属，具高度多样性，属内许多种都互交可育。双色高粱亚种（Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍｂｉｃｏｌｏｒｓｓｐ．ｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ，２Ｎ＝２０）是最重要的农艺分类单位，其中包括栽培的粒用高粱族，它高度自花...     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.