硬粒小麦与普通小麦杂种F1的花药培养

对硬粒小麦(T.durum)×普通小麦(T.aestivum)F_1进行花药培养,成功地诱导出小麦种间杂种花粉植株,处于单核中晚期的小麦种间杂种花粉适合于诱导形成花粉愈伤组织,不同的培养基在出愈率和绿苗率上的差异是显著的.小麦种间杂种F_1基因型不同,其花培效果也不同,即使在同一种培养基上,不同基因型间的出愈率和绿苗率也不一致.植株生长环境、供体植株的生理状态对其花培效果有较大的影响.     

水稻披垂叶突变体及其杂交后代耐冷性的鉴定与评价

在云南高海拔冷凉自然条件下对两个粳型水稻披垂叶突变体品系（MR304、MR312）及其与常规品种的杂交后代（F1、F2）进行了苗期耐冷性鉴定,在抽穗期对突变体及其杂交后代的花粉育性类型进行了分析,并在成熟期进行了相关经济学性状和生物学性状的考察。结果表明,在苗期的耐冷性鉴定中,突变体及杂交亲本均为抗型(R);杂交后代F1中南40/MR312、滇粳优5号/MR304、Ansanbyeo/MR304为中抗型（MR）,滇粳优5号/MR312为感型（S）,其余均为抗型（R）。抽穗期亲本银光花粉可育率最高,为88.9%;杂交后代F1组合中只有银光/MR304的花粉可育率最高,为94.5%,超过对照（92.5%）,组合Ansanbyeo/MR304的花粉可育率最低。亲本银光的结实率超过对照（70.9%）,达到82.4%,突变体MR304、MR312的结实率低,分别为26.2%和5.0%;F1中两组合（银光/MR304、银光/MR312）的结实率均超过对照或亲本。该研究揭示了利用水稻披垂叶突变体产生的F1杂种优势可以增强杂交稻在高海拔冷凉条件下的耐冷性优势;抽穗期的花粉育性大小是鉴定杂交后代（F1）植株耐冷性强弱的重要指标。     

影响籼粳稻杂交F1花药培养效果的因素分析

以津稻291/IRBB60籼粳杂交F1、反交F1及其亲本的花药为外植体,对诱导和分化培养基、激素配比及有机附加物和高温预培养时间等影响花药培养效果的因素进行研究。结果表明,在SK3基本培养基中添加2 mg/L 2,4-D,1 mg/L NAA和1 mg/L KT比只添加2 mg/L 2,4-D的愈伤诱导率高0.67～2.78个百分点;在诱导培养基中添加水解酪蛋白能明显提高正交F1的愈伤诱导率;MS 1 mg/L NAA 2 mg/L 6-BA 0.5 mg/L KT分化培养基得到了较高的绿苗分化率;正交F1的愈伤诱导率、绿苗分化率和花培力显著高于反交F1;30℃高温预培养36 h,正交F1花培力达到最高值。     

1B/1R与非1B/1R小麦K型雄性不育系比较研究

利用非1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系及保持系与1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系及保持系进行农艺性状、抗病性、光合速率及SOD活性的分析比较。结果表明,T.spelta1BS染色体导入使非1B/1R类型小麦比1B/1R类型不易产生单倍体,农艺性状中除株高具明显优势外,其他性状均不存在显著差异,两类不育系及保持系的抗病性也无明显差异;非1B/1R的K型不育系光合速率高于1B/1R类K型不育系;1B/1R和非1B/1R类型不育系的SOD活性的变化差异较小,均呈下降趋势,保持系差异较大。非1B/1R类型和1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系花粉败育的关键时期均为二核期到三核期。     

小麦不同杂种世代花药脱分化特性研究

对5个小麦不同组合基因型的F1，F2，F3花药进行培养，结果表明：不同组合基因型在同一杂种世代的花药愈伤组织诱导率、愈伤组织鲜重和绿苗分化率等方面存在较大差异，而同一组合基因型在不同杂种世代的花药愈伤组织诱导率、愈伤组织鲜重和绿苗分化率等方面差异较小。花药愈伤组织诱导率与绿苗分化率具有显著的相关性。以石4185为亲本配制的两个组合基因型，在F1，F2，F3都表现出较高的花药愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率，说明石4185是理想的花培育种桥梁亲本。     

小麦花药培养的基因型差异与亲本选配分析

对104份不同基因型材料进行花药培养,结果表明：F1代愈伤组织诱导率为13.28%,高于F3代的6.02%; 绿苗产率F1代为2.88%,F3代为1.10%,F1相当于F3的2.6倍。同样的培养条件下,不同基因型材料间花药培养力差异很大,愈伤诱导率在 0～111.43% 之间、绿苗产率在 0～49.29% 之间;愈伤诱导率、绿苗分化率与绿苗产率三者之间成正相关关系。同时筛选出了一批如宁春4号等具有高培养力、高产和优质基因的花培桥梁亲本,为有目的配制杂交组合提供依据。     

不同世代小麦花药培养的遗传效应分析

实验用4个小麦杂交组合的6个不同世代群体为材料分别进行花药培养,对各材料出愈率、绿苗率、白苗率和白苗/绿苗比4个性状的世代平均值进行多元回归分析。结果表明:各组合出愈率存在明显的显性效应和显性×显性互作;绿苗率以加性效应和显性效应为主;白苗率则主要受上位性效应的影响.从而提出在小麦花药培养中注意利用杂种优势可以提高出愈率和绿苗率;选择一般配合力高的亲本杂交可以提高绿苗率,但对白苗率无多大影响。本文对同一性状不同组合、同一组合不同性状的遗传构成以及遗传因素对花粉白苗的影响等问题进行了讨论。     

Triticum spelta 1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系花粉发育的影响

利用非1B/1R与1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系及保持系, 对2类K型不育系及其保持系花粉发育过程中丙二醛含量、花粉细胞膜透性、SOD活性、花粉发育形态等几个方面进行比较研究。结果表明,2类型小麦不育系花粉丙二醛含量和花粉提取液电导率从减裂期到散粉成熟期变化趋势基本一致,都呈上升趋势,而保持系在花粉发育全过程中2项指标都基本保持平稳。2类型不育系SOD活性从单核期到三核期都一直呈下降趋势。与保持系相比, 2类不育系的SOD活性从单核期到二核期均显著高于其相应的保持系,三核期均低于其相应的保持系,且呈继续下降趋势。推断2类不育系的败育过程和败育时期基本一致,花粉败育的关键时期可能均为单核期到三核期。但花粉发育形态的染色观察表明,非1B/1R不育系从二核期出现花粉形态异常,而1B/1R不育系到三核期才出现,似乎又反映出非1B/1RK型不育系花粉败育稍早于1B/1RK型不育系。     

由染色体重组制造小麦族的染色体组 Ⅰ.预备试验与可能性

单倍体小黑麦的不正常减数分裂将使 A、B、D、R4个染色体组的28条染色体进行随机分配,形成一系列具有不同大小、不同生活力、不同染色体数目和不同染色体组合的小孢子。对单倍体小黑麦花药培养的预备试验已经说明,如果选用具有高诱导率和绿苗高分化率的单倍体小黑麦品系或细胞系作为花药供体,由此获得大量愈伤组织和花粉植株     

小麦花培育种技术研究

对5个小麦不同组合基因型的F1,F2,F3花药进行培养,结果表明:不同组合基因型在同一杂种世代的花药愈伤组织诱导率、愈伤组织鲜重和绿苗分化率等方面存在较大差异,而同一组合基因型在不同杂种世代的花药愈伤组织诱导率、愈伤组织鲜重和绿苗分化率等方面差异较小。花药愈伤组织诱导率与绿苗分化率具有显著的相关性(r2=0.903)。以石4185为亲本配制的两个组合基因型,在F1,F2,F3都表现出较高的花药愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率,说明石4185是理想的花培育种桥梁亲本。     

Die Nutzung der Antherenkulturmethode im Zuchtprozeß von Winterweizen

Anther culture in the breeding process of winter wheat. I. Ability of 1B—-1R wheat-rye translocation forms for androgenesis 45 winter wheat varieties or F₁ hybrids, F₂ populations and lines with 1B—1R wheat-rye translocation were tested for their anther culture ability. A total of 48058 anthers was cultured on Potato-2 medium. When averaged over all genotypes and the two experimental years frequencies of embryoid formation of 5.4—6.8 per 100 anthers were observed. Plant regeneration efficiency from embryoids ranged from 5.3—9.1 % or a mean of 4—5 green plants per 1000 anthers plated. The results confirmed the preferential regeneration frequency of gametes with the 1BL—1RS chromosome compared to the gametes with the 1BL—IBS chromosome. Multiple peroxidase were used as marker. The effect of cold pretreatment or of media on the androgenetic response and productivity was not important. On the contrary the variability between the anther response from single ears of the same genotype was noticeable. Examples are presented for the transferability of the androgenetic ability to breeding material. Most green plants obtained were haploid or spontaneous doubled haploid. By cloning it was guaranteed, that progenies were obtained from most of the haploids after colchicine treatment.     

Die Nutzung der Antherenkulturmethode im Zuchtprozeß von Winterweizen

Anther culture in the breeding process of winter wheat. III. Ability of winter wheat F₁ populations with the two heterozygous 1AL–IAS/1AL–IRS and 1BL–1BS/1BL–IRS chromosome pairs Application of anther culture to four F₁ hybrids between the IBL–IRS (‘Amigo’) and several 1BL–IRS wheat-rye translocation forms yielded 129 green pollen plants in an average embryo induction frequency of 17.6 %. A total of 2632 anthers was inoculated. 25 % and 42 % of the regenerated plants were haploid and spontaneously doubled haploid, and 33 % had abnormal chromosomal structure. After chromosome doubling treatment 87% of all pollen plants set seeds. By means of multiple peroxidases and Giemsa C-banding patterns, the anther culture progeny could be further classified into 16 plants without the short arm of IR-chromosome of rye, 21 IAL–IRS and 50 1BL–IRS translocation lines and into 16 IAL–IRS, IBL–IRS double translocation lines according to the four possible characteristic types of F₂ gametes of the tested F₁ hybrids. Advantages of the haploid technique for the selection of desirable traits and the meaning of the IRS genes in wheat are discussed.     

Cytogenetic analysis of a spontaneous 5B/6B translocation in tetraploid wheat landraces from Ethiopia, and implications for breeding

Three tetraploid (2n= 4x= 28) wheat Triticum turgidum L. landrace morphotypes (= genotypes) from Ethiopia were found to carry a variant karyotype directly discernible under the microscope. This was possible because the rearrangement involved one of the satellited chromosomes. Giemsa C-banding revealed that the rearrangement resulted from a 5BS.6BS(5BL.6BL) centric reciprocal translation. The banding pattern on 5BL was polymorphic, suggesting that this translocation might have occurred more than once. There was little C-band polymorphism for the remaining chromosomes, except for 2A. As pure lines, all three morphotypes showed normal chromosome pairing at metaphase I (MI) in pollen mother cells (PMCs). indicating that they are genomically stable. Meiotic analyses of F₁ hybrids and F₂ segregates derived from crosses with tester varieties clearly indicated that one of them (B-l–9) carried another translocation. However, we were not successful in delecting the chromosomes involved, presumably the interchanged segments did nol include C-banding regions. By using T5BS.6BS, direct evidence for segregation distortion against translocation homozygotes in intervarietal hybrids was obtained. The distorted segregation was attributed lo zygotic selection. No aneuploid plants were obtained from the F₂ segregates. However, translocation heterozygotes resulting in unstable meiosis were abundant in the F₂ generation. The implications of the results in using the indigenous landraces in hybridization breeding are discussed.     

油菜小孢子培养和双单倍体育种研究Ⅱ. 影响甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜种间杂种胚产量的因素

对甘蓝型油菜与芥菜型油菜种间杂交F1代杂种进行离体小孢子培养研究.结果表明:(1)F1杂种胚产量受亲本基因型的影响；(2)在F1杂种花粉可育率为30%～43%的范围内，F1杂种花粉可育率对有效胚产量无明显影响；(3)供体植株年龄对高胚产量的材料无明显影响，对低胚产量的材料有明显影响.(4)提出用花药颜色来选择适合的小孢子培养的     

小麦花药培养在春小麦群体改良中应用的初步研究

以太谷核不育基因为桥梁选用有关亲本组配了6个春小麦轮回选择集团,经轮选过一轮后,从中选择150个优良可育株,进行花药培养,其平均花药出愈率为22.09%,绿苗诱导率9.22%,均高于同年及上年度品种间杂交 F_1的花药培养结果。白苗分化率21.93%,与上述两年的 F_1培养结果相近。说明不育基因对花药培养无不良影响。加倍花粉植株二代     

Anther Culture-Derived Regenerants from Hordeum vulgare × H. bulbosum Crosses

Hordeum bulbosum has several desirable attributes, including disease resistance, which would be worthwhile transferring to H. vulgare. Despite homoeologous chromosome pairing in the interspecific hybrids, there have been few reports of successful gene introgression between the two species. A possible explanation for this is that recombinant male gametes are at a competitive disadvantage with normal balanced gametes during post-pollination events. To circumvent this problem, the possibility of obtaining plants directly from immature pollen grains was investigated. Anthers from diploid, triploid and tetraploid H. vulgare × H. bulbosum hybrids were cultured on defined media. Only hybrids with dehiscent anthers in vivo responded in culture, and after transfer of calli and embryoids to regeneration medium, 36 albino and 12 green plants were obtained. Seven of the green regenerants survived, one of which contained 15 H. vulgare chromosomes (including one acrocentric chromosome) and one H. bulbosum chromosome. Another regenerant (Ac166) resembled a diploid H. vulgare × H. bulbosum hybrid but had partial anther dehiscence and a slightly modified chromosome constitution. Mostly normal H. vulgare progeny were obtained from crosses between H. vulgare cv.‘Emir’ and Ac166, but three plants involved chromosome additions and substitutions.     

Dosage Response of Rye Genes in a Wheat Background

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeders often utilize alien sources to supply new genetic variation to their breeding programs. However, the alien gene complexes have not always behaved as desired when placed into a wheat background. The introgressed genes of interest may be linked to undesirable genes, expressed at low levels or not at all. The short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome one (1RS) contains many valuable genes for wheat improvement. In order to study rye gene response to varying copy number, wheat lines were constructed which contained zero, two or four doses of 1RS. The meiotic behavior of rye chromosome 1R, and wheat/rye translocation chromosomes, 1AL/1RS and 1BL/1RS was studied in the F₁ hybrids between wheat lines carrying 1R or the translocation chromosomes. The IRS arm was transmitted at a very high frequency; 98 % of the F₂ plants had at least one of the chromosomes with a IRS arm. In addition, 44 % of the F₂ plants received at least one copy of the chromosomes from each parent. Analysis of the meiotic behavior of the IRS arm suggested that few euploid wheat gametes were formed. Therefore, most of the pollen must have contained IRS. It is unknown whether the lack of euploid wheat pollen could account for the high transmission frequency of the rye chromosomes. There may have been differential survival of the embryos receiving the rye chromosome as well.     

Breeding of widely compatible restorer lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through anther culture

Following anther culture of various F₁ hybrids of indica restorer (R) lines/wide compatible varieties (WCVs) and japonica R lines/WCVs, the homozygous diploid plants (2n) generated were test-crossed with indica WA type cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile (CMS) line Zhanshan 97A (WA), indica testers Nanjing 11 and Nante, japonica BT CMS line Hanfeng A (BT), and japonica testers Balilla and Akihikari to identify widely compatible restorer lines. The results of this study showed that among the diploid pollen plants generated from F₁ hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs, 36.7% and 64.7% possessed normal fertility restoration ability (rate of seed-setting > 80%) to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively. 71.3% and 32.3% had normal fertility restoration ability to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively, in diploid pollen plants derived from the japonica R lines/WCVs F₁'s anther culture. Several widely compatible R lines were selected from anther culture of F₁ hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs and japonica R lines/WCVs. These widely compatible R lines derived from diploid pollen plants showed good wide compatibility and restoration ability both to WA and BT type CMS lines. Strong standard heterosis of major agronomic traits and yield traits was observed in F₁ test-crosses of widely compatible R lines with Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A. The wide compatibility in widely compatible R lines H17, H158 and H281 was studied by a set of three-way crosses. Segregation of the fertile plants with seed-setting rate > 70% and semi-fertile plants with seed-setting rate > 69.9% agreed with a ratio of 1:1, indicating that wide compatibility in these widely compatible R lines is governed by a pair of major genes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.