黄土塬区土地利用方式对土壤主要理化性质的影响

通过对陕西长武4种典型土地利用方式下0~500 cm土层土壤主要理化性质分析,以明确土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：农田、果园土壤有机质、全氮含量显著高于荒地和刺槐林地,土壤粘粒含量与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系,与土壤饱和导水率呈显著正相关关系;农田0~100 cm土层土壤容重达1.44 g·cm^-3,显著高于同深度荒地（1.27 g·cm^-3）、果园（1.38 g·cm^-3）、刺槐林地（1.32 g·cm^-3）土层;400~500 cm土层土壤含水量为刺槐林地（86 g·kg^-1）<果园（113 g·kg^-1）<荒地（152 g·kg^-1）<农田（165 g·kg^-1）;果园和刺槐林地0~500 cm土层土壤平均饱和导水率分别为0.37、0.36 mm·min^-1,显著高于农田（0.25 mm·min^-1）和荒地（0.23 mm·min^-1）。退耕还林（草）导致土壤容重降低、饱和导水率增加,有助于降水入渗,但退耕后深层土壤有干燥化的倾向。     

坡度图在黄土高原土地利用遥感信息提取中的应用

黄土高原地形破碎,基于地物光谱特征的计算机分类往往不能满足精度需求,必须依靠由地理信息系统提供的辅助数据来提高分类精度。本文在遥感图像处理软件ERDAS IMAGINE的支撑下,利用监督分类方法研究了坡度图在土地利用信息提取中的应用。结果表明,坡度图辅助土地利用信息提取能获得较好的效果,其总精度提高了16．41％。     

西北农林科技大学资源环境学院，陕西 杨凌 712100

在宁夏固原上黄试验区，对灌木林地、农地、天然草地、果园和人工草地5种利用方式土壤的化学性质、颗粒组成与其分形特征之间的关系进行了分析和研究。结果表明：①土壤砂粒含量与土壤分形维数存在一定的相关性；粘粒含量与土壤分形维数表现出极显著正相关，即粘粒含量越高其分形维数越大；②灌木林地随着种植年限的增长，粘粒含量增多，分形维数也增加；而果园随种植年限的增长，粘粒含量减少，分形维数降低；不同利用方式土壤颗粒分形维数变化趋势为天然草地〉农地〉灌木林地〉果园〉人工草地；③影响土壤颗粒分形维数的因素主要有砂粒含量、粘粒含量以及阳离子交换量等，土壤粘粒含量、颗粒分形维数及阳离子交换量三者存在极显著相关，土壤颗粒组成的分形维数可以作为表明土壤发育状况的一个重要指标。     

Changes in soil properties and erodibility of gully heads induced by vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau,China

Soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China is effectively controlled due to the implementation of several ecological restoration projects that improve soil properties and reduce soil erodibility. However, few studies have examined the effects of vegetation restoration on soil properties and erodibility of gully head in the gully regions of the Loess Plateau. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of vegetation restoration on soil properties and erodibility in this region. Specifically, a control site in a slope cropland and 9 sites in 3 restored land-use types(5 sites in grassland, 3 in woodland and 1 in shrubland) in the Nanxiaohegou watershed of a typical gully region on the Loess Plateau were selected, and soil and root samples were collected to assess soil properties and root characteristics. Soil erodibility factor was calculated by the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator method. Our results revealed that vegetation restoration increased soil sand content, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, organic matter content and mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregate but decreased soil silt and clay contents and soil disintegration rate. A significant difference in soil erodibility was observed among different vegetation restoration patterns or land-use types. Compared with cropland, soil erodibility decreased in the restored lands by 3.99% to 21.43%. The restoration patterns of Cleistogenes caespitosa K. and Artemisia sacrorum L. in the grassland showed the lowest soil erodibility and can be considered as the optimal vegetation restoration pattern for improving soil anti-erodibility of the gully heads. Additionally, the negative linear change in soil erodibility for grassland with restoration time was faster than those of woodland and shrubland. Soil erodibility was significantly correlated with soil particle size distribution, soil disintegration rate, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, water-stable aggregate stability, organic matter content and root characteristics(including root average diameter, root length density, root surface density and root biomass density), but it showed no association with soil bulk density and soil total porosity. These findings indicate that although vegetation destruction is a short-term process, returning the soil erodibility of cropland to the level of grassland, woodland and shrubland is a long-term process(8–50 years).     

黄土高原南部坡地土地生产力衰退过程和恢复途径研究

使用PI模型对黄土高原坡地生产力的自然衰退过程,以及在水土保持和施肥管理措施下土地生产力的变化趋势进行了模拟,结果显示:在自然侵蚀环境中,土地生产力的衰退速度很快,平均每年以0.25%到0.5%的速度衰减,若采取水土保持措施则其衰退速度较自然侵蚀下年均减缓0.07%(水平梯田)、0.15%(坡式梯田)和0.21%(等高带状种植),而采用水土保持措施并结合施肥管理措施则可使土地生产力得到明显恢复;水土保持措施可以减缓土地生产力衰退的速度,但不能使其生产力得到有效恢复,只有采用水土保持措施并结合合理的施肥管理措施才能使土地生产力水平得到恢复和提高.     

土地利用变化对土壤水补给来源影响研究

为探究不同植被类型深剖面土壤水补给来源,以黄土区长武塬为研究区,采集两种土地利用方式(农地、18 a苹果园、26 a苹果园)下20 m深土壤剖面,测定土壤水及其稳定性和放射性同位素含量,基于同位素方法对不同土地利用类型下不同深度土壤水来源进行溯源分析。研究表明：(1)苹果园土壤水含量明显低于农地,说明果园耗水强度更大,对深层土壤水影响更为显著。(2)农地、18 a和26 a苹果园下降水偏移量分别为-22‰、-20‰和-6‰,说明降水补给土壤水后受到蒸发作用影响,且农地土壤水比果园受到的蒸发效应更强。(3)该区土壤水补给主要以活塞流为主;对于补给不同深度土壤的可能水源,6 m以下补给水的同位素组成(δ²H=-83.8‰,δ¹⁸O=-12.1‰)较0～6 m (δ²H=-68.8‰,δ¹⁸O=-10.1‰)更为贫化,且6 m以下补给水的氢氧稳定同位素组成与日降水量≥50 mm·d^-1的降水更相似。与农地(δ²H=-70.6‰,δ¹⁸O=-...     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用的土壤养分特征

以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区第3副区典型流域为研究区,采用实地调查、土壤采样分析和数理统计相结合的方法,基于33个样点的土壤养分数据,研究了林地、草地、果园、梯田、坡耕地5种土地利用的土壤养分特征。结果表明：土地利用方式对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型流域土壤有机质、全N和速效P含量的影响达到显著水平,对其他养分指标影响不明显。土壤有机质和全N含量从高到低依次为：林地＞坡耕地≈梯田＞果园＞草地,林地明显高于其他土地利用类型,而草地土壤养分最差。速效P含量从高到低依次为：果园、坡耕地、梯田、林地和草地,农业耕作植被下的速效P含量明显高于自然生态植被。研究表明：梯田作为传统的水土保持措施,在研究区具有良好的土壤保肥作用,而分布于陡坡的草地,养分保持效果在5种土地利用中最差。     

The impact of land use change on soil organic carbon and labile organic carbon stocks in the Longzhong region of Loess Plateau

Land use change (LUC) is widely recognized as one of the most important driving forces of global carbon cycles. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and labile organic carbon (LOC) stores were investigated at arable land (AL), artificial grassland (AG), artificial woodland (AW), abandoned arable land (AAL) and desert steppe (DS) in the Longzhong region of the Loess Plateau in Northwest China. The results showed that conversions from DS to AL, AL to AG and AL to AAL led to an increase in SOC content, while the conversion from DS to AW led to a decline. The differences in SOC content were significant between DS and AW at the 20-40 cm depth and between AL and AG at the 0-10 cm depth. The SOC stock in DS at the 0-100 cm depth was 39.4 t/hm 2 , increased by 28.48% after cultivation and decreased by 19.12% after conversion to AW. The SOC stocks increased by 2.11% from AL to AG and 5.10% from AL to AAL. The LOC stocks changed by a larger magnitude than the SOC stocks, which suggests that it is a more sensitive index of carbon dynamics under a short-term LUC. The LOC stocks increased at 0-20 cm and 0-100 cm depths from DS to AW, which is opposite to that observed for SOC. The proportion of LOC to SOC ranged from 0.14 to 0.20 at the 0-20 cm depth for all the five land use types, indicating low SOC dynamics. The allocation proportion of LOC increased for four types of LUC conversion, and the change in magnitude was largest for DS to AW (40.91%). The afforestation, abandonment and forage planting on arable land led to sequestration of SOC; the carbon was lost initially after afforestation. However, the carbon sink effect after abandonment may not be sustainable in the study area.     

黄土高原土壤干旱异常阶段特征

为揭示黄土高原严重土壤干旱的时空特征,主要使用EOF,REOF、CEOF和小波分析等方法,研究了该区域近40a(1961～2000年)的土壤干旱变化。结果表明：黄土高原土壤干旱变化以全区一致为主,干旱趋势趋干加重,20世纪90年代干旱加剧最为明显;干旱存在2～4a和7～9a左右的年际振荡．以2～4a为主;干旱最容易在7～10月发展到最重,其间干旱信息由高原中部向西、向东、向北传播;7～10月干旱变化存在3个敏感区,划分了3个次区域,各次区域间干旱强度、频次差异较大。     

黄土高原沟壑区土地结构与土地资源的合理利用研究

从土地类型数量结构、土地质量结构、土地空间结构和土地利用现状结构入手,对黄土高原沟壑区的土地结构及特征进行了分析.结果表明:土地类型以梁峁坡地、沟坡地和沟谷底为主,三者占总土地面积的75.16%;土地总体质量不高.宜草地、宜农地、宜林地面积分别占土地总面积的44.45%、23.47%和18.51%.土地类型的空间分布表现出明显的层状、镶嵌状和空间上的不均匀性;农林牧用地结构为1.5:1:2.农地后备资源不足,出现林地退化,草地沙化等现象,土地结构处于极不稳定状态.应通过调整土地利用结构、因地制宜、合理开发等措施,以保证土地结构向好的方向发展.     

荒漠绿洲区不同土地利用方式下土壤养分差异分析

以塔里木盆地北缘荒漠绿洲区(渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲)为研究对象,对耕地、林地、荒漠灌丛和盐碱草地利用方式下的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾进行了测定及统计分析。结果表明:土壤各养分元素的空间变异性由强到弱的顺序依次为有效磷碱解氮速效钾全氮有机质;不同土层深度有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量在不同土地利用方式之间表现出显著的差异(P0.05),土壤碱解氮含量无显著差异(P0.05);不同土地利用方式有机质与全氮、碱解氮之间的相关性较强,有效磷与速效钾之间的相关性相对较弱。     

土地利用方式对东祁连山土壤表层有机碳的影响

在祁连山东段高寒地区,选取天然草地、退耕自然恢复地、坡耕地和人工草地4种土地利用方式,研究了土地利用方式对土壤表层有机碳含量和有机碳密度的影响.结果表明:在4种土地利用方式中天然草地土壤表层有机碳含量最高,坡耕地和退耕自然恢复地土壤表层有机碳含量较低;土壤表层有机碳密度整体上随着土层加深而逐渐降低,在0～30cm土层土...     

Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess Plateau,China

Comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services in environments under the influences of human activities and climate change are critical for sustainable regional ecosystem management. Therefore, integrated interdisciplinary modelling has become a major focus of ecosystem service assessment. In this study, we established a model that integrates land use/cover change (LUCC), climate change, and water retention services to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of water retention services in the Loess Plateau of China in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050). An improved Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model was used to simulate land use/land cover patterns, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to simulate and assess water retention services from 2000 to 2050 under six combined scenarios, including three land use/land cover scenarios (historical scenario (HS), ecological protection scenario (EPS), and urban expansion scenario (UES)) and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP is the representative concentration pathway). LUCCs in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050) are dominated by transformations among agricultural land, urban land and grassland. Urban land under UES increased significantly by 0.63×10³ km²/a, which was higher than the increase of urban land under HS and EPS. In the Loess Plateau, water yield decreased by 17.20×10⁶ mm and water retention increased by 0.09×10⁶ mm in the historical period (2000-2015), especially in the Interior drainage zone and its surrounding areas. In the future (2020-2050), the pixel means of water yield is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (96.63 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (95.46 mm), and the pixel means of water retention is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (1.95 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (1.38 mm). RCP4.5-EPS shows the highest total water retention capacity on the plateau scale among the six combined scenarios, with the value of 1.27×10⁶ mm. Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have enhanced soil and water retention. However, more attention needs to be paid not only to the simultaneous increase in water retention services and evapotranspiration but also to the type and layout of restored vegetation. Furthermore, urbanization needs to be controlled to prevent uncontrollable LUCCs and climate change. Our findings provide reference data for the regional water and land resources management and the sustainable development of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau under LUCC and climate change scenarios.     

Impact of large-scale vegetation restoration project on summer land surface temperature on the Loess Plateau,China

A large-scale afforestation project has been carried out since 1999 in the Loess Plateau of China. However, vegetation-induced changes in land surface temperature (LST) through the changing land surface energy balance have not been well documented. Using satellite measurements, this study quantified the contribution of vegetation restoration to the changes in summer LST and analyzed the effects of different vegetation restoration patterns on LST during both daytime and nighttime. The results show that the average daytime LST decreased by 4.3°C in the vegetation restoration area while the average nighttime LST increased by 1.4°C. The contributions of the vegetation restoration project to the changes in daytime LST and nighttime LST are 58% and 60%, respectively, which are far greater than the impact of climate change. The vegetation restoration pattern of cropland (CR) converting into artificial forest (AF) has a cooling effect during daytime and a warming effect at nighttime, while the conversion of CR to grassland has an opposite effect compared with the conversion of CR to AF. Our results indicate that increasing evapotranspiration caused by the vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau is the controlling factor of daytime LST change, while the nighttime LST change is affected by soil humidity and air humidity.     

黄土高原坡耕地不同耕作措施对土壤温度和水分的作用效应

利用定位实时监测和数学模拟的方法,在中国北方典型的土壤水蚀风蚀区神木县选择试点,对免耕、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖等6种不同耕作措施下不同耕作层的地温和土壤含水量进行了连续测定.结果表明:起垄地膜覆盖提高地温的效果最好,在特定时间不同深度或同一深度不同时间的土壤温度都以起垄地膜覆盖最高,其在观测期内的总积温比对照高10% ;而秸秆覆盖在各个测定深度上的地温都低于对照,其在观测期内的总积温比对照低2.3%.     

Effect of pruning intensity on soil moisture and water use efficiency in jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.) plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region,China

Jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.) is a traditional economic forest crop and is widely cultivated in hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, China. However, soil desiccation was discovered in jujube plantations. Pruning is recognized as a water-saving method that can reduces soil water consumption. In this study, we monitored the jujube plots with control(CK), light(C_1), medium(C_2) and high(C_3) pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015 to explore the effect of pruning intensity on soil moisture and water use efficiency(WUE) of jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region. The results showed that pruning is an effective method for soil water conservation in jujube plantations. Soil moisture increased with increasing pruning intensity during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015. C_1, C_2 and C_3 pruning intensities increased soil water storage by 6.1–18.3, 14.4–40.0 and 24.3–63.3 mm, respectively, compared to CK pruning intensity. Pruning promoted soil moisture infiltration to deeper soil layer. Soil moisture infiltrated to soil depths of 240, 280 and >300 cm under C_3 pruning intensity, 220, 260 and 260 cm under C_2 pruning intensity, 200, 240 and 220 cm under C_1 pruning intensity, and 180, 200 and 160 cm under CK pruning intensity in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Soil water deficit was alleviated by higher pruning intensity. In 2013–2015, soil water change was positive under C_2(6.4 mm) and C_3(26.8 mm) pruning intensities but negative under C_1(–20.5 mm) and CK(–40.6 mm) pruning intensities. Moreover, pruning significantly improved fresh fruit yield and WUE of jujube plants. Fresh fruit yields were highest under C_1 pruning intensity with the values of 6897.1–13,059.3 kg/hm2, which were 2758.4–4712.8, 385.7–1432.1 and 802.8–2331.5 kg/hm~2 higher than those under CK, C_2, and C_3 pruning intensities during the jujube growing period of 2012–2015, respectively. However, C_3 pruning intensity had the highest WUE values of 2.92–3.13 kg/m~3, which were 1.6–2.0, 1.1–1.2 and 1.0–1.1 times greater than those under CK, C_1 and C_2 pruning intensities, respectively. Therefore, C_3 pruning intensity is recommended to jujube plantations for its economic and ecological benefits. These results provide an alternative strategy to mitigate soil desiccation in jujube plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region, which is critical for sustainable cultivation of economic forest trees in this region.     

黄土高原南部地区农业用地驱动力分析与动态模拟

利用黄土高原南部地区TM和ETM+遥感影像,在获取区域农业土地利用变化及其驱动因子数据的基础上,采用Binary Logistic回归模型,定量分析区域内农业用地的动态演化特征与空间分布格局,并运用ArcGIS软件进行不同类型农业用地变化模拟与输出。结果表明:1)黄土高原南部地区耕地的分布主要受距县城中心的距离、高程、坡度、坡向、人口密度、地均GDP的影响,其中受坡度影响最大,发生比expβ是0.83130204,高于其他因子;其次是高程和人口密度,发生比expβ分别为0.99932988和1.00011472。2)林地的分布主要受坡度和坡向的影响,坡度影响最大,坡向次之,发生比expβ分别为1.09136459和0.99209087。3)草地的分布受坡度和人口密度的影响较大,发生比expβ分别为1.02784089和0.99843133。影响黄土高原南部地区农业土地利用的自然和人文因素相对集中,主要包括坡地形度和人口密度,这说明该区域农业土地利用的人为干扰较强烈,人类活动是研究区农业土地资源和土地生态系统变化速率不断加快的重要因素。     

不同施肥模式下西藏农田土壤质量的变化

依据中国科学院拉萨高原生态试验站农田长期施肥试验的监测数据,分析了不同施肥模式(空白、羊粪、羊粪+化肥(羊+化)、化肥)8年后(2008~2015)对高原农田土壤质量部分指标(机械组成、土壤容重、有机质、p H和微生物量碳)的影响。结果显示,与单纯施用化肥的样地相比,施加了有机肥的羊粪和羊+化样地的农田土壤质量表现出了显著的变化:(1)增加了0~20 cm土层中的砂粒含量,降低了粉砂粒和粘粒含量;(2)0~10cm表层土壤容重分别降低10.1%和10.0%;(3)表层土壤中的有机质含量分别增加了72.8%和65.6%,同时土壤的p H保持在一个稳定的状态;(4)显著增加了农田土壤中的微生物量,在青稞的生长期以及收获后,农田土壤微生物量碳均表现为羊粪羊粪+化肥空白化肥。因此表明有机肥可以显著改善高原农田的土壤质量,在西藏地区应加大畜禽粪便等的归田。     

CLDAS和GLDAS土壤湿度资料在黄土高原的适用性评估

本研究基于2011～2013年3～9月CMA陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS)和全球陆面数据同化系统(GLDAS) Noah陆面模式提供的表层10 cm土壤湿度数据,以国家气象信息中心提供的站点土壤湿度观测资料为参考,通过对比分析两套模拟数据在黄土高原区域的时空差异,并分别计算其与观测资料的相关系数(Corr)、平均偏差(MBE)和均方根误差(RMSE)等统计特征值,就两套模拟数据在黄土高原地区的适用性进行综合对比和评估,旨在选出一种适用于研究黄土高原地区土壤湿度时空特征的大范围、长时间序列的替代资料。结果显示:(1)两套陆面模式资料均能较好模拟黄土高原地区土壤湿度的空间变化特征,主要呈现出从西北向东南和西南增加的趋势,其中CLDAS具有较高的空间分辨率,能够较好刻画研究区细部特征;(2)从站点角度的统计特征值来看,两套资料的Corr值普遍偏高,CLDAS有71%和63%的站点分别达到极显著和显著差异水平,而GLDAS的略低,分别为70%和62%;研究区内各套资料的MBE和RMSE分布均类似;正负偏差站点个数相差不大,分布区间主要为-0.05～0.05,其中CLDAS有26和32个站点分别处于-0.05～0和0～0.05之间,而GLDAS则为28和24; GLDAS的RMSE主要集中在0.05～0.07之间,而CLDAS绝大部分低于0.05;(3)从时间序列来看,GLDAS资料与实测最为接近,但在春季存在一定程度的偏干情况,偏干程度小于CLDAS;(4)从整个研究区土壤湿度的模拟状况来看,GLDAS的Corr、MBE和RMSE值分别为0.821、0.0126和0.0221,较CLDAS资料具有更小的平均偏差、均方根误差和更大的相关系数。总体来说,两套陆面模式资料在黄土高原区域土壤湿度模拟上均存在各自的优势,均可作为土壤湿度观测的替代资料,对于土壤湿度研究和业务应用都具有积极的意义。