Understanding the impact of mountain landscapes on water balance in the upper Heihe River watershed in northwestern China

Estimating the impact of mountain landscape on hydrology or water balance is essential for the sustainable development strategies of water resources.Specifically,understanding how the change of each landscape influences hydrological components will greatly improve the predictability of hydrological responses to mountain landscape changes and thus can help the government make sounder decisions.In the paper,we used the VIC(Variable Infiltration Capacity)model to conduct hydrological modeling in the upper Heihe River watershed,along with a frozen-soil module and a glacier melting module to improve the simulation.The improved model performed satisfactorily.We concluded that there are differences in the runoff generation of mountain landscape both in space and time.About 50% of the total runoff at the catchment outlet were generated in mid-mountain zone(2,900-4,000 m asl),and water was mainly consumed in low mountain region(1,700-2,900 m asl)because of the higher requirements of trees and grasses.The runoff coefficient was 0.37 in the upper Heihe River watershed.Barren landscape produced the largest runoff yields(52.46% of the total runoff)in the upper Heihe River watershed,followed by grassland(34.15%),shrub(9.02%),glacier(3.57%),and forest(0.49%).In order to simulate the impact of landscape change on hydrological components,three landscape change scenarios were designed in the study.Scenario 1,2 and 3 were to convert all shady slope landscapes at 2,000-3,300 m,2,000-3,700 m,and 2,000-4,000 m asl respectively to forest lands,with forest coverage rate increased to 12.4%,28.5% and 42.0%,respectively.The runoff at the catchment outlet correspondingly declined by 3.5%,13.1% and 24.2% under the three scenarios.The forest landscape is very important in water conservation as it reduced the flood peak and increased the base flow.The mountains as "water towers" play important roles in water resources generation and the impact of mountain landscapes on hydrology is significant.     

Impact of land use chanse on water resource allocation in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin in northwestern China

In recent decades, China has been experiencing rapid economic development, population growth and urbanization. These processes have stressed the shortages of water resources in China, especially in the arid re- gions of northwestern China. In order to sustain the expanding cropland, people increased groundwater exploitation in these regions. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively analyze the changes in land use and water re- sources, and their relationship in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, a typical inland river basin in northwest China. The data of land use change were interpreted using aerial photographs(1965) and Landsat TM images(1986 and 2007). The data of irrigation water volume in the irrigation districts were spatialized in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin. The spatial variation of the groundwater depth was interpolated using the geo- statistical method. The results showed that the cultivated cropland area along oasis fringe increased by 15.38% and 43.60% during the periods 1965–1986 and 1986–2007, respectively. Surface water amount for irrigation had almost doubled from 1956 to 2010. The decrease of grassland area mainly occurred at the alluvial fan in front of the Qilian Mountains, with 36.47% during 1965–1986 and 38.56% during 1986–2007, respectively. The groundwater depth in front of the mountain constantly increased from 1986 to 2007. We found that the overuse of surface water and overexploitation of groundwater had direct consequences on the natural environments. We suggests that the efficiency of surface water resources use among different irrigation districts needs to be improved, which will sig- nificantly ease the conflicts between increasing water demand for irrigation and a shortage of water resources in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin.     

Impact of land use change on water resource allocation in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin in northwestern China

In recent decades, China has been experiencing rapid economic development, population growth and urbanization. These processes have stressed the shortages of water resources in China, especially in the arid re- gions of northwestern China. In order to sustain the expanding cropland, people increased groundwater exploitation in these regions. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively analyze the changes in land use and water re- sources, and their relationship in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, a typical inland river basin in northwest China. The data of land use change were interpreted using aerial photographs(1965) and Landsat TM images(1986 and 2007). The data of irrigation water volume in the irrigation districts were spatialized in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin. The spatial variation of the groundwater depth was interpolated using the geo- statistical method. The results showed that the cultivated cropland area along oasis fringe increased by 15.38% and 43.60% during the periods 1965–1986 and 1986–2007, respectively. Surface water amount for irrigation had almost doubled from 1956 to 2010. The decrease of grassland area mainly occurred at the alluvial fan in front of the Qilian Mountains, with 36.47% during 1965–1986 and 38.56% during 1986–2007, respectively. The groundwater depth in front of the mountain constantly increased from 1986 to 2007. We found that the overuse of surface water and overexploitation of groundwater had direct consequences on the natural environments. We suggests that the efficiency of surface water resources use among different irrigation districts needs to be improved, which will sig- nificantly ease the conflicts between increasing water demand for irrigation and a shortage of water resources in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin.     

西北内陆盆地地下水功能特征及地下水可持续利用

在地下水功能评价和区划的基础上,详细总结了我国西北内陆盆地地下水资源功能-生态功能-地质环境功能的区域分布与组合特征,提出了西北内陆盆地地下水功能宏观分布模式,划分出山前洪积扇地下水功能区、细土平原绿洲带地下水功能区和下游荒漠带地下水功能区,针对不同分区地下水功能组合和脆弱性特征提出了地下水可持续利用方略。     

Simulation of groundwater table dynamics based on Feflow in the Minqin Basin,China

As groundwater table declination is an important factor resulting in degradation of eco-environment in the Minqin Basin,China,it is significant to investigate and understand the groundwater table dynamics in this area. According to the physical and geographical conditions of the Minqin Basin,a hydrogeological conceptual model and a mathematical model were established,and the mathematical model was figured out by using Finite Element subsurface Flow system(Feflow).Accurate hydrogeological parameters were acquired,and the spatio-temporal distribution dynamics of groundwater table for 1983–2001 were also simulated.The model performed well with a correlation coefficient of 0.977 and a mean error of 0.9768 m.The inflow and outflow of the groundwater system were predicted by time series analysis,and the groundwater table dynamics for 2011 were further acquired.Generally the groundwater table in the Minqin Basin would continue to decline.The groundwater table would decline during spring and summer irrigation,while it would rise during autumn-winter irrigation.The groundwater depression cones would expand with the increase of center depths.Therefore,regulatory measures should be taken to prevent the declination of groundwater table and improve the eco-environment of this area.     

Transformation among precipitation,surface water,groundwater, and mine water in the Hailiutu River Basin under mining activity

Coal mining has changed the hydrogeological conditions of river basins, and studying how the relationship among different types of water body has changed under the influence of coal mining is of great significance for understanding the regional hydrological cycle. We analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of hydrochemical properties and environmental isotopes in the Hailiutu River Basin (HRB), China with a mixed model. The results showed that: (1) human activity (e.g., coal mining and agricultural production) causes considerable changes in the hydrochemical properties of surface water in and around the mining areas, and leads to significant increases in the concentrations of Na⁺ and SO2- 4; (2) precipitation is the main source of water vapour in the HRB. The transformation between surface water and groundwater in the natural watershed is mainly affected by precipitation; and (3) in the mining areas, the average contribution rates of precipitation to the recharge of surface water and groundwater increased by 2.6%-7.9% and 2.7%-9.9%, respectively. Groundwater in the Salawusu Formation constitutes up to 61.3%-72.4% of mine water. Overall, this study is beneficial for quantifying the effects of coal mining on local hydrological cycles. The research results can provide a reference for local water resources management and ecological environment improvement.     

酒泉盆地地下水系统水资源评价

在系统分析研究区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,确定了研究区范围和边界条件,借助GIS技术与FEFLOW建立了研究区地下水系统概念模型和数学模型及相应的地下水系统数值模型。以2001~2003年地下水动态观测井的地下水动态观测资料,对建立的模型进行了多次求解与识别,结果表明:建立的模型能够较好的反映研究区水文地质条件空间分布及组合方式,具有一定的代表性可以用来对研究区地下水资源进行定量评价与预测。运用识别后的模型评价和预测了在P=50%、75%、95%不同地表径流条件下研究区地下水系统水资源量,与其对应的补给量分别为7.7346亿m3/a、7.1663亿m3/a、6.3610亿m3/a,排泄量分别为:8.7208亿m3/a、8.3789亿m3/a、7.8477亿m3/a,总均衡分别为:-0.9862亿m3/a、-1.2126亿m3/a、-1.4867亿m3/a。结果表明在上述三种不同典型年情况下,研究区地下水系统长期处于负均衡状态,为了改善该区域脆弱的生态环境,地下水开采前应进行可开采量论证,并制定合理的地下水开采方案。     

锡林河流域地下水位管理阈值研究

地下水资源是维系锡林河流域社会经济发展和生态环境稳定的关键因子。立足于地下水位这一关键性指标,采用地下水可持续性评价和数值模拟模型相结合的方法,探讨地下水安全利用方式。结果表明:现状年河谷平原的地下水可持续性较强,而开采集中的城市规划区及毛登牧场可持续性一般或较差;丰沛的降水及富水性较强的含水层增强了地下水资源可持续性,但农牧业快速发展和农灌集中开采,破坏了城市规划区周边及毛登牧场的地下水均衡关系,通过设置和对比不同开采方案,限制灌溉规模成为未来解决这一危机的首要途径,即2020年应减少903.23×104m3开采量,其管理地下水位阈值为0.13~0.55 m。     

伊犁河谷地下水盐运动规律研究

根据研究区地质地貌,将整个研究区划分为三层阶地,通过对三层阶地的地下水盐动态进行实时监测,运用双因子方差分析方法,详细论述了地下水电导率随地下水位在不同时期及不同分布条件下的变化情况.结果表明,地下水电导率变化与水位变化有很大关系,且表现出很强的区域特征:各阶地电导率(EC)值均随水位的上升而增加,高EC值出现在高水位...     

玛纳斯河流域地下水氚同位素研究

氚同位素作为一种理想的示踪剂被广泛用于地下水循环研究。以玛纳斯河流域为研究区,利用1953-2003年降水氚浓度恢复结果,结合活塞与全混模型得出地下水系统的平均滞留时间,并估算地下水系统的平均更新速率。结果表明:从冲洪积扇到冲洪积平原沙漠区地下水的年龄逐渐增大,滞留时间增长,更新能力变弱。不同地下水系统其更新速率差别较大,其中平原区潜水水流系统氚值最高,地下水的年龄在30年左右,更新速率在6%左右,更新速率最大,地下水更新能力最强。     

Groundwater hydrochemistry and isotope geochemistry in the Turpan Basin,northwestern China

The Turpan Basin is located in the arid zone of northwestern China and is a typical closed inland basin surrounded by high mountains. It is one of the most arid regions in the world and, as a result, the groundwater in this area is very important for both domestic and agricultural uses. In the present study, the relationships of major elements（K＋, Na＋, Ca2＋, Mg2＋, HCO3-, SO42- and Cl-） and environmental isotopes（δ18O, δ2H and T） in groundwater were analyzed to investigate the evolution of the regional hydrochemistry within the Turpan Basin. The hydrochemistry results demonstrate that groundwater with high total dissolved solids（TDS） concentration is dominated by sodium chloride（Na-Cl） and sodium sulfate（Na-SO4） type water, whereas that with low TDS concentration（typically from near mountain areas） is dominated by calcium bicarbonate（Ca-HCO3） type water. The evolution of groundwater hydrochemistry within the Turpan Basin is a result of calcium carbonate precipitation, evaporation concentration, cation exchange and dissolution of evaporites（i.e. halite, mirabilite and gypsum）. Furthermore, evaporite dissolution associated with irrigation practice plays a key role in the groundwater salinization, especially in the central part of the basin. Environmental isotopes reveal that the groundwater is recharged by precipitation in the mountain areas and fast vertical infiltration of irrigation return flow. In the southern sub-basin the shallow groundwater and the deep groundwater is separated at a depth of about 40 m, with substantial differences in terms of hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics. The results are useful for decision making related to sustainable water resource utilization in the Turpan Basin and other regions in northwestern China.     

Partitioning evapotranspiration of desert plants under different water regimes in the inland Heihe River Basin,Northwestern China

Plant transpiration (T), soil evaporation (E), and the proportion of evaporation in evapotranspiration (ET), and their patterns of change were analyzed in a desert habitat along the middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Gansu Province, China. Typical desert plants with different life forms were selected and small lysimeter observations were conducted; various species were measured under two soil water regimes using 50% (FC 50%) and 20% (FC 20%) of field capacity in 2 years. Under the FC 50% treatment the observed ratio of T to ET of desert plants was less than one-third, making the ratio of E to ET greater than two-thirds; the proportion of T to ET of desert plants increased to above 40%, and that of E declined to below 60% under the FC 20% treatment. The lowest T of desert plants was 130–140 mm based on the plant crown projection area. The characteristic coefficient of ET of desert plants was twice that of the characteristic coefficient of transpiration. This study found that when ET was measured for the same desert plant species growing in different regions, the ET differed significantly (P < 0.05) under the same water regimes; when comparing different plant species in the same region no obvious differences in the transpiration water requirement and ET were observed. The proportion of T in ET increased significantly and E in ET decreased markedly (P < 0.05), if the soil moisture content declined to where the plants experienced water stress.     

Physiological responses of Populus euphratica Oliv. to groundwater table variations in the lower reaches of Heihe River, Northwest China

Riparian vegetation in the lower reaches of Heihe River serves important ecological functions. However, the riparian ecosystems have been constantly deteriorating in the past 30 years simply due to water interception for oasis agricultural irrigation in the middle reaches of the river. This study pays a particular attention to Populus euphratica Oliv. forest because it is a dominant component of the riparian ecosystem in the lower reaches of Heihe River where the depth of groundwater table is the controlling factor in sustaining riparian ecosystems. To reveal leaf-related physiological responses of Populus euphratica Oliv. forest to groundwater table variations, we analyzed the relationships between the depth of groundwater table (DG) and three leaf-related parameters, i.e. leaf stomatal density (SD), specific leaf area (SLA), and stable carbon isotopic composition (δ 13 C). Our results show that the relationship between DG and leaf SD is a bi-mode one shaped by both salt stress and water stress. That is, salt stress appeared in shallow groundwater conditions and water stress happened in deep groundwater conditions, and the thin layer around 2.7 m of DG is a stress-free layer. Leaf SD fluctuated according to the DG variation, first decreased with increasing DG, then increased at depths ranging 2.7-3.7 m, and after a relatively stable plateau of SD at depths ranging 3.7-5.2 m, decreased again with increasing DG. Our results also show that SLA decreased exponentially with increasing DG and foliar δ 13 C values are also strongly dependent on DG, further demonstrating that these two parameters are sensitive indicators of water stress. The exponential curve suggests that SLA is more sensitive to DG when groundwater table is shallow and 3 m seems to be a threshold beyond which SLA becomes less sensitive to DG. Foliar δ 13 C becomes more sensitive when the groundwater table is deep and 7 m seems to be a threshold below which the δ 13 C signature becomes more sensitive to DG. These findings should be helpful in monitoring the growth and development of Populus euphratica Oliv. forests and also in providing protection measures (i.e. DG related) for Heihe River riparian forests.     

基于水资源和气候系统影响下的黑河流域生态环境变迁研究

分析了黑河流域生态环境恶化的现状和主要特征,主要表现为沙化加剧,绿洲萎缩;河水断流,湖泊干涸;地下水位下降,水质恶化等。在此基础上分析认为;水分条件是导致生态系统状态变化的主要驱动力,但气候变化在一定程度上加剧了生态环境恶化的进程和严重程度。因此,保护黑河流域本已非常脆弱的生态环境主要从研究水问题入手。除了调整种植业结构,大力发展节水农业;加强水资源管理以及普及节水意识等方面外,更重要的是要创新水问题研究思路,实行虚拟水战略。     

基于GRACE和GLDAS的西北干旱区地下水资源量可持续性评价

中国西北干旱区是典型的地下水依赖型生态系统,地下水资源是西北干旱区发展的战略性支撑,实时掌握地下水的动态变化对揭示地下水的变化特征以及区域经济发展具有重要意义。以往基于人工的传统地下水监测研究耗费巨大,难以实现大尺度长时间序列的分析,重力卫星的运用为解决这一问题提供了途径,过往研究尚未对西北干旱区地下水资源量可持续性进行量化评价,为探究近年来西北干旱区地下水资源量可持续性情况,基于GRACE重力卫星和GLDAS数据反演中国西北干旱地区2002—04—2020—09共计200个月的地下水储量变化情况,判断其趋势变化,再计算基于GRACE的地下水干旱指数获取西北干旱区地下水干旱情况,最后进一步将GGDI与可持续性指数相结合,量化地下水可靠性、回弹性、脆弱性,以此评价近年来中国西北干旱区地下水资源量可持续性。结果显示：2002—2020年,西北干旱区地下水储量大幅度减少,地下水干旱程度加深,地下水平均可靠性为0.495,回弹性0.470,脆弱性为0.404,区域的地下水资源量可持续性指数SI为0.28,属于较低的地下水资源量可持续性水平。研究揭示了西北干旱区的地下水资源量可持续性时空分布规律...     

黑河分水后下游地下水位和可开采储量的变化

黑河向东西居延海分水后,下游地下水位和开采储量的变化引人关注。以1990-1999年的平均地下水位代表分水前状况,以2004年代表分水后的地下水位水平,选择典型区域对狼心山以下额济纳三角洲地下水位的变化进行分析。结果表明:分水后下游三角洲的地下水位有不同程度的上升,范围在0.2~0.4 m;相应地地下水可开采储量增加约0.17×108m3,分析得出,这部分增加的可开采水储量主要由当年分水所增加的入境水量转化而来。由于黑河下游三角洲特殊的地理环境背景,决定了黑河分水是一项长期而艰巨的任务。     

维持黑河生命健康的初步探讨

21世纪实施黑河中下游分水方案,尽管恢复了下游东居延海积水,但黑河的生命仍存在着许多病患。从黑河流域水资源开发利用现状出发,提出黑河综合治理和管理的目标:以河道输水不断线、河水污染不超标、下游绿洲生态不退化和河流服务功能不打折为方向,逐步实现黑河生命健康。具体措施:控制人口增长,减小人口压力;切实加强宣传教育,普及河流生命健康知识;坚持科学发展观,实现全流域综合管理;实施全流域节水和人工影响天气工程;加大资金投入力度,加强基础理论研究。     

新疆伊犁河谷地下水循环演化特征

以区域地下水流理论为指导,采用水化学与同位素分析、地下水流数值模拟等方法,以南北向"1号水文地质剖面"为主要研究对象,对伊犁河谷地区地下水化学、同位素、地下水流系统进行研究,分析总结了地下水循环演化规律。结果表明:主要阴、阳离子自北向南呈现出同步的变化规律,由北向南水化学类型依次为HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3-SO_4-Ca-Mg、HCO_3-SO_4-Ca-Na。δ~2H及δ~(18)O自北向南沿途变化不大。"1号水文地质剖面"潜水为1952年以来补给的地下水。划分为3级循环系统,依次为局部、中间和区域地下水流循环系统。其循环周期依次为5~10 a、30~40 a以及20 000 a左右。与此相对应,划分为浅部强径流区、中部中等径流区和深部弱径流区,径流速率依次为0.5 m·d~(-1)、0.1~0.5 m·d~(-1)及0.1 m·d~(-1)。建议优先开发利用浅、中部循环地下水,保护好深部循环地下水。     

黑河中游甘州区地下水埋深变化的时空分异

根据黑河中游甘州区地下水位埋深时间变化的相似性和差异性,选择了4个典型站点,分析其地下水埋深随时间的变化趋势及产生的原因。继而基于测井埋深时间序列变化的相似性、测井位置的临近性以及地下水补给的一致性,将整个研究区分成了4个分区。第Ⅰ分区地下水总体呈下降趋势,但波动性很大,且2001年以后地下水出现上升的迹象;第Ⅱ分区地下水位呈持续下降趋势;第Ⅲ分区地下水位在分水措施实施前缓慢下降,分水后地下水位显著下降;第Ⅳ分区地下水位呈先上升后下降的趋势。并对每个分区地下水位的变化从地下水的补给和利用等方面进行了阐述。     

和田河流域生态保护红线划定初探

生态保护红线的划定对保障干旱区内陆河流域可持续发展具有重要意义,以探讨适宜于该区域的生态保护红线划定方案为目标,选取和田河流域为研究区,在分析该区天然植被分布特征的基础上将其划分为两个不同等级的生态保护红线区,同时采用潜水蒸发法及基流比例法计算从而划定了该区天然植被生态需水红线,生态流量保护红线及地下水保护红线。结果表明:(1)流域天然植被被划分为重点生态功能区和生态敏感区/脆弱区;(2)下游重点生态功能区和生态敏感区/脆弱区主要分布在距河道5~8 km和8~15 km范围内;(3)天然植被生态需水红线为8.85×10~8m~3;(4)在丰、平、枯水年,生态流量保护红线分别为13.79×10~8m~3、12.14×10~8m~3、10.68×10~8m~3;(5)天然和人工绿洲区地下水位红线分别为2.0~4.0 m和2.0~2.5 m,地下水开采量红线为6.07×10~8m~3。本研究不仅为和田河流域"社会—经济—生态"协调发展提供科学指导,也为干旱区相似流域生态保护红线划定提供借鉴。