用简化配方的人工卵连代饲养中华草蛉

作者曾报导用啤酒酵母、大豆、牛肉水解物为主的饲料,制成人工卵饲养中华草蛉幼虫。本文进一步研究用简化配方的人工典连代饲养草蛉。 新配方(IIB)制成人工典养幼虫和用啤酒酵母干粉饲料养成虫,一年内连续饲养10代,结果证明;对幼虫、蛹的发育历期和成虫的产卵前期均无明显影响。茧和成虫的获得率、茧重、30天产卵量,和卵孵化率也都没有降低。10代的后裔,再用蚜虫和米蛾卵等天然猎物饲养,草蛉幼虫取食和发育正常。 因此,用上述人工饲料连续饲养草蛉,至少在10代以内,不致影响其生活力和生殖力。     

人工卵饲养中华草蛉幼虫研究初报

用啤酒酵母、大豆、牛肉水解物为主的饲料,制成蜡壳人工卵饲养中华草蛉(Chrysopa sinica)幼虫可以完成发育,但与用米蛾卵饲养的处理比较,幼虫历期延长,茧重减轻;对蛹历期、成茧率、羽化率、性比、产卵前期均无显著影响。将饲料制成人工卵的饲养结果比用泡沫塑料吸附法显著为好。部分龄期喂人工卵的比全幼虫期喂人工卵的影响为轻,一、二龄喂米蛾卵,三龄喂人工卵的处理,虽然对蛹重仍有影响,但在幼虫发育历期和成虫获得率上与全幼虫期喂米蛾卵的差异不显著。全幼虫期或部分龄期喂人工卵和全幼虫期喂米蛾卵饲养出来的草蛉成虫用啤酒酵母干粉作成虫饲料,30天内的产卵量差异不显著。据生防室以前的试验,三龄幼虫取食的米蛾卵量占全幼虫期总取食量的76%,因此一、二龄喂米蛾卵,三龄喂人工卵既不影响草蛉的繁殖力,又可节省大量米蛾卵,在生产实践上有应用价值。     

非昆虫源人工饲料对异色瓢虫生物学特性的影响

为明确一种非昆虫源人工饲料对异色瓢虫的饲养效果,以豌豆蚜为对照,研究了该人工饲料对异色瓢虫生长发育和生殖能力的影响。结果表明,取食人工饲料的异色瓢虫从卵到成虫的累计存活率达到82.2%,饲喂蚜虫的对照组为71.1%;与对照组相比,取食人工饲料的异色瓢虫幼虫总历期延长(人工饲料16.24 d,对照12.47 d),蛹重减轻(人工饲料27.74 mg,对照33.93 mg),成虫寿命延长(人工饲料雌虫103.6 d,雄虫82.9 d;对照雌虫85.7 d,雄虫77.1 d),10 d累计产卵23.5粒,约为对照组的5%,但人工饲料对异色瓢虫的羽化率和后代卵的孵化率无显著影响;幼虫期饲喂人工饲料、成虫期改喂蚜虫的异色瓢虫10 d产卵量352.1粒,约为对照组的80%。本研究所用人工饲料能提高异色瓢虫幼虫存活率和成虫寿命,且幼虫期取食人工饲料对成虫期产卵量影响较小,因此适于作为异色瓢虫人工饲养中幼虫阶段的食物。     

泉州地区丽绿刺蛾的生物学特性及其综合防治措施

本文对农林作物重要害虫丽绿刺蛾在泉州地区的生物学特性及其防治措施进行了研究。通过室内饲养和野外调查相结合的方法,明确了丽绿刺蛾在泉州地区1年发生2代,以老熟幼虫在茧内越冬。第一代幼虫从5月下旬始见,直至7月下旬,老熟幼虫在7月中旬以后陆续结茧化蛹;成虫7月下旬开始羽化、产卵,直至9月中旬。第二代幼虫8月上旬开始孵化,老熟幼虫在10月上旬以后陆续结茧,并在茧内越冬;翌年4月下旬老熟幼虫(越冬代)化蛹,成虫从5月中旬至6月下旬羽化、交配、产卵。结合防治实践,探讨了人工、物理、生物、药物方法相结合的丽绿刺蛾害虫综合防治措施。     

一种半固体人工饲料连代饲养日本通草蛉幼虫

以棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover饲养日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nippoensis(Okamoto)作为对照,用一种半固体人工饲料连续饲养10代日本通草蛉,对日本通草蛉各生长阶段的生长和发育指标进行观测。结果显示,用人工饲料饲养的日本通草蛉的幼虫历期为13～15d,蛹期为8d,较对照组的7d和6d分别延长6～8d和2d;用棉蚜饲养的对照组日本通草蛉幼虫累计存活率为94%,成虫获得率为87%,而人工饲料饲养连续10代的幼虫累计存活率为81%～89%,成虫获得率69%～79%。取食人工饲料的日本通草蛉成虫,在产卵前期、产卵量、产卵期及寿命方面与对照组存在显著的差异,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵前期为5.07～5.22d,而对照组草蛉的产卵前期为4.12d,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵量为190～390粒,对照组的单雌产卵量为667.2粒,人工饲料组草蛉的寿命为36～38d,对照组成虫寿命52d。以上结果表明,这种半固体人工饲料可以满足日本通草蛉幼虫生长发育基本需要,可用于日本通草蛉的室内继代饲养,但需要进一步优化配方。     

玉米螟人工大量繁殖研究: Ⅰ.一种半人工饲料及其改进

本文是报道1962～78年我国玉来螟半人工饲料的研究。新7号饲料配方为大豆糁15克,玉米糁19克,啤酒酵母粉9克,多维葡萄糖7.5克,山梨酸0.5克,甲醛0.2毫升,琼脂2克,水120毫升。山梨酸用直接加入沸腾琼脂液的方法以完全消除溶剂的不良影响。玉米糁能显著提高蛹重。卵块接种于饲料在28～30℃,70～90%相对湿度下初孵幼虫经21天左右不用加添或更换饲料即发育至老熟。雌蛹平均体重105毫克,从卵到羽化的平均得蛾率为34.4%,单雌平均产卵量10块左右,与美国用麦胚饲料饲养欧洲玉米螟的结果相似或略佳。但百克饲料的得蛾率只及美国的1/2弱。卵块质量良好,已在玉米品种抗螟性鉴定中推广应用。F_(17)的未交尾雌蛾性诱物在田间条件下对自然雄蛾有强烈引诱力。玉米螟人工大量繁殖技术的研究成功对开展多途径的防治研究创造了有利条件。     

麦秆蝇的研究(一)发生规律

麦秆蝇在内蒙一年发生两代。以幼虫在禾本科宿根杂草中越冬,在中滩地区现己肯定的越冬寄主共有五种,而以披硷草(Clinelymus dahuricus(Turcz.)Nevski)中越冬虫口密度最大。翌年春越冬幼虫化蛹,越冬代成虫于5月下旬至6月初开始盛发,此时是开始药剂防治适期。盛发期的早晚与4月及5月份月平均气温具有强负相关,试以4月1日起至成虫开始盛发前一日止,日平均温度总和至760日度,预测越冬代成虫开始盛发,有相当的准确性。越冬代蛹期平均为15.33天。成虫羽化以上午6至8时最多。羽化后至开始产卵的历时平均为5.35天。每雌虫产卵量平均为11.8粒,最多41粒。产卵期间平均为11.1天,最长22天。越冬代雌成虫寿命平均为16.24天,雄虫为12.28天。越冬代成虫在麦苗上产卵,卵散产,大多产于麦叶正面近基部4毫米范围内。成虫对产卵地位具有明显的选择性,以第三及第四叶片上着卵最多,成虫喜产卵于具有4至6个叶片(拔节到孕穗期)尤其是拔节期的麦茎上。由于小麦生育期的不同,不仅着卵密度不同,幼虫入茎为害率也有差别,麦茎生育期愈近老熟,着卵愈少,幼虫入茎为害率愈低。第一代卵盛期在6月上、中旬,孵化盛期在6月中、下旬,至6月末己全部孵化。卵期平均为5天。幼虫孵化后从小麦叶基叶鞘与茎间蛀入为害。第一代幼虫于6月下旬后半期开始化蛹,化蛹盛期在7月上旬至7月中旬初期,7月中旬末基本上己全部化蛹,蛹期平均为9.9天。7月下旬为羽化盛期,麦收愈早,麦秆中遗留麦秆蝇蛹愈多,但内蒙西部地区大部分在7月下旬进行麦收,此时第一代成虫已大部羽化飞出,部分转向田间落粒自生麦苗上产卵,大部分第一代成虫转移到附近杂草、糜子、马铃薯、蔬菜或其他茂密的作物田中,除杂草外,未发现卵粒,仅系暂时潜藏处所。第一代成虫在越冬寄主上产卵,卵期平均为6.38天。幼虫孵化后入茎寄生生长发育直至越冬。     

红树林植物无瓣海桑主要害虫迹斑绿刺蛾生物学特性研究

为了明确无瓣海桑主要害虫迹斑绿刺蛾的生活史和各虫态生活习性,通过室内饲养、林间套笼观察和野外调查相结合的方法对迹斑绿刺蛾的生物学特性进行了系统研究。该虫在广西钦州红树林自然保护区1年发生4代,有世代重叠现象;以蛹在茧内越冬,翌年4月中旬成虫开始羽化,第1代幼虫为害期发生在4月下旬到6月下旬;第4代幼虫11月上旬开始结茧化蛹越冬。成虫具有较强趋光性,成虫夜间羽化率达到98.6%,以晚上24:00前居多。成虫羽化后第2天交尾,雌虫产卵量为35～183粒,雄虫平均寿命6.7d,雌虫平均寿命8.1d。本研究明确了迹斑绿刺蛾生物学特性,为该虫的预测防治工作提供基础。     

小菜蛾半合成饲料研究

用83-28号半合成饲料配方,在实验室连续大量繁殖小菜蛾已获得成功。在温度23±1℃,相对湿度60-70％条件下,初孵幼虫至成虫的历期为14.7天(幼虫10.2天,蛹4.5天),得蛹率为54.1％,蛹重平均达101.8毫克/20头,羽化率为95.0％。成虫行为正常,雌虫平均寿命15.0天,雄虫为21.5天。每雌产卵量104粒(89—199粒)。该饲料成本低廉,配制简单,饲养管理方便,在22×15×5厘米的塑料饲养盒中1次平均可得蛹1669头。已在实验室连续饲养6代。     

稻茎毛眼水蝇生物学特性研究

稻茎毛眼水蝇是一种水稻害虫。为阐明该虫的发生特点,为防治提供依据,作者采用室内饲养观察和田间定期调查相结合的方法,对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:稻茎毛眼水蝇在江西1年发生7代,以幼虫越冬。成虫羽化、交配、产卵均在白天进行。羽化高峰在7:30~10:00之间。1对成虫一生平均交配7.83次,交配持续时间平均4分48秒,经过交配的成虫比未交配的成虫每雌产卵量多10.77粒,产卵前期和寿命分别缩短68.2小时和42小时。成虫产卵喜选择矮秆品种。卵大多数产在叶片下部,单粒产,卵全天24小时均可孵化,孵化盛期在22:00至次日4:00。幼虫取食叶肉和幼穗,在叶鞘内化蛹。     

Screening of weed extracts for antifungal properties against Colletotrichum lagenarium,the causal agent of anthracnose in cucumber

The antifungal activity of the leaf extracts from 203 weed species was investigated by performing a bioassay using cucumber plants and Colletotrichum orbiculare. The leaf extracts from four families, namely, Urticaceae, Onagraceae, Commelinaceae, and Solanaceae, showed a relatively stronger inhibition of the anthracnose lesions in cucumber plants when compared with the other families investigated in the study. A remarkable inhibition of anthracnose infection in cucumber leaves was observed with the extracts from the following 19 weed species: Boehmeria nipononivea and Boehmeria longispica, Persicaria scabra, Ranunculus japonicus and Ranunculus sceleratus, Cardamine flexuosa, Oenothera biennis, Aeschynomene indica, Indigofera pseudo‐tinctoria, Torilis scabra, Calystegia japonica, Solanum americanum, Bidens pilosa, Gnaphalium japonicum, Kalimeris yomena, Bromus catharticus, Cynodon dactylon, Alopecurus aequalis, and Scirpus tabernaemontani. In particular, it is noteworthy that the extracts from C. dactylon, K. yomena, and S. americanum completely inhibited anthracnose infection in cucumber.     

7种林木植物对华北大黑鳃金龟取食和繁殖的影响

为明确华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita(Faldermann)的嗜食植物,优化其室内人工饲养技术及为诱虫植物提供候选材料,以花生叶片为对照,研究了7种林木植物叶片对华北大黑鳃金龟取食和繁殖的影响。结果表明,华北大黑鳃金龟对8种植物日均取食量由高到低依次为金叶女贞、刺槐、核桃、榆树、花生、柳树、香椿、毛白杨,其中金叶女贞、香椿和毛白杨与花生间有极显著差异,金叶女贞与刺槐、核桃、榆树间无显著差异;单雌产卵量由高到低依次为金叶女贞、柳树、核桃、香椿、花生、榆树、毛白杨、刺槐,其中金叶女贞、柳树、核桃、刺槐与花生间有极显著差异,而金叶女贞与柳树间无显著差异。研究表明,饲养华北大黑鳃金龟成虫适宜饲料植物为金叶女贞,日均取食量最高为4.70 g,产卵期最长为56.00 d,单雌产卵量最多为58.88个,其次为核桃和柳树。     

Genetic relationship between Echinochloa crus‐galli and Echinochloa oryzicola accessions inferred from internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast DNA sequences

Barnyardgrass, hexaploid Echinochloa crus‐galli, is considered to arise from the hybridization between tetraploid Echinochloa oryzicola and an unknown diploid species. The genetic relationship between E. crus‐galli and E. oryzicola was examined to investigate the position of E. oryzicola in the evolutionary process of E. crus‐galli, based on the nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the chloroplast cpDNA trnT‐L, trnL intron, and trnL‐F regions. New World E. crus‐galli was clearly separated from Eurasian E. crus‐galli and showed a close relationship to the American taxa, Echinochloa crus‐pavonis and Echinochloa walteri, in both the ITS and chloroplast DNA. The nrDNA ITS sequences indicated no differentiation between the Eurasian E. crus‐galli and E. oryzicola, in contrast to their clear divergence in the cpDNA sequence. The present results suggest that E. oryzicola is the male donor of E. crus‐galli.     

Antimycotic Screening of 58 Malaysian Plants against Plant Pathogens

Ethanolic extracts of 58 Malaysian plants belonging to 24 different families were screened for antifungal activity against seven plant pathogens using the filter paper disc diffusion technique. Two varieties of Piper betle, showed strong activity against all the pathogens tested (Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium citrinum, Phomopsis caricae-papayae and Aspergillus niger), with inhibition diameters significantly (P<0·01) bigger than 2·5 mg ml⁻¹ prochloraz or 10 mg ml⁻¹ clotrimazole. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the ethanolic extracts of P. betle against these plant pathogens ranged between 0·01 mg ml⁻¹ and 1 mg ml⁻¹. Thirty-four other plants (Kucing gala, Limau batik, Bertholletia excelsa, Bixa orellana, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Cerbera odollam (fruits and leaves), Colocasia gigantea, Curcuma domestica, Curcuma manga, Derris eliptica, Elephantopus scaber, Eleusine indica, Eugenia polyantha, Euphorbia hirta, Euphorbia tirucalli, Gardenia florida, Hedyotis auricularia, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Juniperus chinensis (three varieties), Lawsonia inermis, Lecythis ollaria, Mentha arvensis, Mimusops elengi, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus niruri, Piper nigrum, Piperomia pellucida, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Polygonum minus, Spondias dulcis, Solanum nigrum, Tinospora tuberculata) showed selective antifungal activity, while 21 species were inactive.     

Stability of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin on wheat in storage

Cypermethrin and cyfluthrin were applied to wheat, which was stored for 52 weeks at 25 or 35°C, and either 12 or 15% moisture content. Total residues and the proportions of the four pairs of enantiomers, cis I [(αR),(1R)-cis + (αS),(1S)-cis], cis II [(αR),(1S)-cis + (αS),(1R)-cis], trans III [(αR),(1R)-trans + (αS),(1S)-trans], and trans IV [(αR),(1S)-trans + (αS),(1R)-trans] for each pyrethroid were determined at five intervals during storage. For all storage conditions, the cis I isomers were the most stable, and the trans IV isomers were the least stable. Calculated half-lives (weeks) for the pairs of enantiomers at 25°C (12% moisture) and 35°C (15% moisture) were: cypermethrin, cis I, 252, 62 and trans IV 66, 27; cyfluthrin, cis I, 114, 52 and trans IV 42, 23. The results suggested that one of the enantiomers of the cypermethrin trans IV pair was degraded faster than the other.     

Description of the rusts from Kemaliye (Erzincan,Turkey)

Twenty-two rust diseases caused by Melampsora euphorbiae, M. lini var. lini, Phragmidium mucronatum var. mucronatum, Ph. sanguisorbae, Gymnosporangium cornutum, G. confusum, G. tremelloides, Puccinia acarnae, P. annularis, P. eryngii, P. heterophyllae, P. hieracii, P. jasmini, P. menthae, P. nigrescens, P. pulverulenta, P. punctata, Uromyces dianthi, U. pisi-sativi, U. polygoni-avicularis, U. striatus and Pileolaria terebinthi were identified from Kemaliye (Erzincan) in Turkey. Puccinia heterophyllae is reported for the first time from Turkey.     

Fungi as potential factors limiting natural regeneration of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) in mixed-species forest stands in Poland

Dieback of young Quercus robur seedlings can limit natural regeneration in mixed-species forest stands in Poland. The aim of this study was to examine the role of fungi in the dieback of oak seedlings in central Europe. Fungi were isolated from the stems and roots of Q. robur, from both healthy seedlings and seedlings with symptoms, that were sampled from four stands in Poland. In total, 111 distinct taxa were identified. Ascomycota was dominant, representing 95.6% of the isolates. Among the taxa identified, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum fioriniae, Colletotrichum godetiae, Coniella quercicola, Diaporthe eres, Gnomoniopsis paraclavulata, Ilyonectria rufa, Mucor genevensis, Penicillium glandicola, Tubakia dryina, and Umbelopsis changbaiensis were most frequently isolated, and were consistently found in stems and roots of both healthy and diseased plants. The community compositions of fungi in healthy and diseased stems were similar, although Fusarium species, especially Fusarium sp. 1 (FTSC 5) and F. sporotrichioides, were found mainly in seedlings with symptoms. The pathogenicity of the most consistently isolated species from stems and roots of diseased seedlings was tested on Q. robur seedlings. F. sporotrichioides caused the largest lesions on inoculated seedlings. Six weeks after inoculation, D. eres, C. fioriniae, G. paraclavulata, T. dryina, and F. sporotrichioides killed 0%–18.8% of seedlings, while I. rufa and Ilyonectria pseudodestructans did not cause any lesions or other symptoms. This study is the first comprehensive report suggesting that massive fungal attack can lead to oak seedling dieback in mixed-species forest stands in central Europe.     

A mixed function oxidase factor contributing to permethrin and dichlorvos resistance in Lycoriella mali (fitch) (diptera: Sciaridae)

Several observations suggested that enhanced mixed function oxidase (MFO) activity was one of several factors contributing to permethrin and dichlorvos resistance in the mushroom pest, Lycoriella mali (Fitch) (Diptera: Sciaridae). This was investigated using the mixed function oxidase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), in topical application bioassays with reference and field-selected resistant strains. At the LD₅₀, strains of resistant colonies (AV1, AV2, TK1) used in this study were 41-(AV1), 34-(AV2), and 62-fold (TK1) resistant to permethrin, relative to the reference strain (ONT9). Permethrin in the reference strain was only synergized 2- (ONT9) and 4- (ONT13) at the LD₅₀. Synergist ratios for resistant strains were 12 (AV1), 34 (AV2) and 94 (TK1) at the LD₅₀. Moderate dichlorvos resistance was twice documented in the AV strain. Resistance ratios of 37 (AV4) and 52 (AV9) were observed at the LD₅₀, relative to the reference strain (ONT10). Dichlorvos was synergized only 2-fold at the LD₅₀ in the reference strain (ONT10). However, PBO abolished dichlorvos resistance in the AV9 strain. The effectiveness of PBO in these studies indicated that enhanced MFO activity was present in resistant L. mali from southeastern Pennsylvania. Resistance to DDT (54-fold at the LD₅₀) was also documented. Other factors, such as an altered target site (kdr), may also have contributed to control failures with permethrin.     

Effects of three esca-associated fungi on Vitis vinifera L.: III. Enzymes produced by the pathogens and their role in fungus-to-plant or in fungus-to-fungus interactions

When the esca-associated fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), Togninia minima (Tmi) and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme) were grown in liquid stationary cultures, it was seen that they were able to live in media containing resveratrol (RES) or tannic acid (TA) as the sole carbon source and that the fungi were able to convert both compounds. Particular attention is paid here to detecting RES and TA conversion. Pch, Tmi and Fme were partially inhibited by RES or TA. Pch, Tmi and Fme produced extracellular tannase, laccase and peroxidase enzymes in liquid or agarized cultures, whether glucose was present or not. When colonies of Pch, Tmi and Fme were confronted, they showed spatially and temporally heterogeneous patterns of laccase and peroxidase activity. The results indicate the non-synergistic, competitive association of Pch and Tmi and the inhibition of Fme growth. Muconic acid, a well-known intermediate in a large number of lignin and phenol oxidative processes, can partly or completely inhibit the lignolytic agent Fme, but is tolerated by Pch and Tmi. An explanation for wood pigmentation patterns by Pch, Tmi and Fme is given.