施用钾肥对叶菜产量和品质的影响

Over a period of two years, field experiments were conducted on four silty loam soils grown with foliar vegetable crops including Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr., cv.Lu-Bai 3), autumn greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Piao-Geng-Bai), winter greens (B. var.rosularis Tsen et Lee, cv.You-Dong-Er), and summer greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Zao-Shu 5), respectively. Each experiment included one CK treatment without K, N and P fertilizers applied, and four treatments with from low to high doses, 0~300 kg hm^-2 for Chinese cabbage, 0~150 kg hm^-2 for autumn and winter greens and 0~180 kg hm^-2 for summer greens, of K fertilizers in the form of sulfate of potash (SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash (MOP) applied at high levels (150 or 180 kg hm^-2) together with N and P fertilizers was included in the experiments of autumn, winter and summer greens, respectively, in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP. The market yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application. The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application. K fertilization increased not only K contents but also the amounts of N, P and K absorbed in shoots of autumn, winter and summer greens, which were statistically significantly correlated to their yields. It can also be found that potassium improved the quality of the foliar vegetable crops as their dry mater contents were generally increased and Vc contents obviously increased and nitrate contents markedly decreased. As compared to MOP, SOP was more effective on the yields and quality of autumn, winter and summer greens at the high levels of fertilization.     

施钾对有些茄科作物产量和品质的影响

Over a period of two years,field experiments were conducted on wto silty loam soils grown with four solanaceous vegetable crops of geggplant(var.serpentinum Bailey),tomato(var.commune Bailey),sweet pepper(var.grossum Bailey) and chilli (var.lengum Bailey),respectively,Each experiment included four treatments with from low to high doses,0-450 kg ha^-1 for eggplant ,tomato and sweet pepper,and 0-270 kg ha^-1 for chilli,of K fertilizers in the from of sulfate of potash(SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One CK treatment without K,N and P fertilzers applied and one treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash(MOP) applied at the high level(450kg ha^-1) together with N and P fertilizers were included in the experiments of eggplant,in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP,The fruit yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application.The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The dry matter and vitamin C contents in fruits of tomato,sweet pepper and chilli,and the sugar content and the titratable acidity level of tomato fruits were increased,and the S/A ratio( ratio of sugar content to titratable acidity) of tomato fruits were decreased by K fertilization,indicating that K fertilization could improve the fruit quality of the solanaceous vegetable crops.However,the high rate of Kfertilizer might lower the dry matter and vitamin C contents of tomato fruits and sewwt pepper fruits.SOP was more effective than MOP in increasing the yield and quality of eggplant fruits at the high fertilization rate;therefore,the choice of applying SOP may be better for high levels of K fertilization.     

施用氮钾肥对设施蔬菜产量和品质影响的研究

The application of large amounts of fertilizers, a conventional practice in northern China for the production of vegetable crops, generally leads to substantial accumulation of soil nutrients within a relatively short period of time. A fixed field experiment was designed to study the effects of nitrogen （N） and potassium （K） fertilizers applied to optimize the yield and quality of typical vegetable crops. Application of N and K fertilizers significantly increased the yields of kidney bean. The largest yields were obtained in the first and second years after application of 1 500 kg N and 300 kg K20 ha^-1. In the third year, however, there was a general decline in yields. Maximum yields occurred when intermediate rates of N and K （750 kg N and 300 kg K20 ha 1） were applied. However, no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of vitamin C （VC） in kidney bean among different years and various rates of fertilizer treatments. Yields of tomato grown in rotation after kidney bean showed significant responses to the application of N and K in the first year. In the second year, the yields of tomato were much lower. This suggested that the application of N fertilizer did not have any effect upon tomato yield, whereas application of K fertilizer did increase the yield. Application of K fertilizer was often associated with increased sugar concentrations.     

Nutrient Balance in Relation to High Yield and Good Quality of Potato on an Acid Purple Soil in Chongqing,China

A field experiment was carried out to study nutrient balance among N,P,K and Mg in potato cultivation on an acid purple soil in Chongqing,China,The experiment included 8 treatments with equal P rate of 120 kg P2O5 hm^-2 :N0K2,N1K2,NK2K2,N3K2,N2K0,N2K1,N2K1Mg and N2K3,where N0,N1,N2 and N3 stand for the N rates of 0,75,150 and 225 kg N hm^-2 ,and K0,K1,K2 and K3 for the K rates of 0,165,330 and 495kg K2O hm^-2,respectively,Among the treatments designed ,Treatment N2K2 with a nutrient suply ration of N:P2O5:K2O:MgO=1.25:1.275:0.28 gave the highest tuber yield nd dry matter ,highest starch and Zn and lowest NO3^- contents in tuber,and high N,P and K use effciency with and uptake ratio of N:P:K:Mg=11.38:1:13.32:0.33 by tuber,Yield and starch and protein contents of tuber were the lowest in Treatment N0K2.Dry matter was the highest N,P and K utilization rates .Statistical analysis showed that yields of tuber and starch were in a positive linear correlation with the uptake amount of various nutrients and protein of the potato tuber was in a significantly positive linear correlation with tuber N content and in a singificantly negative linear correlation with tuber K and Mg contents .Balaced application of N,P,K and Mg fertilizers(Treatment N2K2)was recommended for realiztion of high yield and good quality in potato cultivation.     

Assessing Nitrogen Fertilization Strategies in Winter Wheat and Cotton Crops in Northern Greece

The management of fertilizer application is crucial for agricultural production and environmental safety.The objective of this study was to assess the effciency of different fertilization strategies,applying fertilizers with and without nitrification inhibitors(NIs) in split application,in Greece.The assessment criteria used were based on crop yield,soil nitrogen(N)concentrations and economic effciency.For this purpose two crops(winter wheat and cotton)were seffected in order to explore the optimum fertilization strategy for each crop.Three treatments combining fertilizers with NIs were tested compared with conventional fertilization(CF).Slight differences in the quantity and the combination of fertilizers with NIs applied resulted in variable effects on crop yield,soil N and economic return.Split N application of 102 kg ha^-1,with half of the total amount applied at seeding,resulted in higher grain yield of winter wheat,lower NO₃^--N in soil and higher economic return.This result reveals the importance of N application at seeding in wheat crop.Fertilization strategy with 109.5 kg N ha^-1 and split P application resulted in higher cotton yield and higher economic profit.Split P application seemed to increase yield,even though it is not a common practise in the area.     

Effects of Green Manures and Zinc Fertilizer Sources on DTPA-Extractable Zinc in Soil and Zinc Content in Basmati Rice Plants at Different Growth Stages

Rice is very sensitive to low zinc(Zn) supply in submerged paddy soils and Zn deficiency is one of the major limiting factors in determining rice production in India. A field experiment was conducted during the summer-rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to determine the effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA)-extractable(available) Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in Basmati rice cultivar Pusa Basmati 1 at periodic intervals. Summer green manure crops included Sesbania aculeata(Dhaincha),Crotalaria juncea(Sunhemp), and Vigna unguiculata(Cowpea) and the Zn fertilizers used were ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA)-chelated Zn, ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnO, and ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO. Beneficial effects of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers on DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil and total Zn content in dry matter of Basmati rice at periodic intervals were observed, with significant increases in all the determined parameters, in comparison with those in the control(no Zn application or summer fallow). The rate of increase varied among summer green manure crops and Zn fertilizers during both years. Among the summer green manures, incorporation of S. aculeata led to a significant increase in mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw when compared with C. juncea, V. unguiculata, and summer fallow treatments. Among the Zn fertilizers, significant increases in Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter and DTPA-extractable Zn concentration in soil during various growth stages of the plant were recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application, followed by the application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O, ZnSO_4·H_2O, ZnSO_4·7H_2O + ZnO, ZnO,and no Zn. The highest mean Zn content in Basmati rice grain and straw was recorded with EDTA-chelated Zn application in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The application of ZnSO_4·7H_2O was the second best treatment after EDTA-chelated Zn; however, it was statistically inferior to EDTA-chelated Zn. The lowest values were recorded with the control(no Zn application) during both years of study. The amount of Zn concentration in soil was found to be significantly positively correlated with the Zn content in Basmati rice dry matter during both years. Significantly higher levels of residual fertility in soil after the harvest of Basmati rice were observed with application of EDTA-chelated Zn and incorporation of S. aculeata when compared with those of other Zn sources and summer green manures.     

过量施用磷肥对红壤发育的水稻土化学性质的影响及其与水稻生长的关系

A filed experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejing Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some important characteristics of soil properies and its relation to nutrient status and grain yields of rice crops.The experimental results indicated that adequate fertilizer P(15 kg P hm^-2)could increase the content of soil available P at the tillering stage of early rice,the contents of N,P and K in the shoots of early rice at primary growth stages,and the grain yield of early rice by increasing valid ears per hectare and weight per thousand grains,which,was mainly related to the higher contents of reduced,non-reduced and total sugar in the shoot at the heading stage, And early rice supplied with excessive P could not yield more than that applied with adequate, P de to the reduction in the valid grain percentage and weight per thousead grains. In addition,one-time excess P supply at a rate as high as 90 kg P hm^-2 could not improve the soil P fertility in case the soil available P content was lower than the initial(3.74mg kg^-1 soil) after an early rice-late rice rotaion,and made a decline in the grain yield increased by per kilogram fertilzer P.Thus,one-time excess P supply should not be adopted for soils with a large P fixation capacity like the paddy soils derived from red soils.     

施用控释肥提高直播水稻氮的利用率

Field trials on a silt-loamy paddy soil derived from shallow-sea deposit in direct seeding rice fields were conducted in Zhejing ,China,in 1996 to compare N efficiency of controlled release fertilizers (LP fertilizers) with the conventional urea.Six treatments including CK (no N fertilizer),conventional urea and different types of LP fertilizers at different rates were designed for two succeeding crops of early and late rice.A blend of different types of LP fertilizers as a single preplant “co-situs“ application released n in a rate and amount synchronizing with uptake pattern of direct seeding rice.A single preplant application of the LP fertilizers could meet the N requirement of rice for the whole growth period without need of topdressing,Using LP fertilizer blends ,equivalent grain yields could be maintained even if the N fertilization rates were reduced by 25%-50% compared with the conventional urea .Agronomi efficiency of the LP fertilizers was 13.6%-86.4% higher than that of the conventional urea in early rice and 100%-164.1% in late rice,depending on the amounts of the LP fertilizers applied.N fertilizer recovery rate incereased from 27.4% for the conventional application of urea to 41.7%-54.1%,for the single preplant “co-situs“ application of the LP fertilizers,Use of the LP fertilizers was promising if the increse in production costs due to the hihg LP fertilizer prices could be compensated by increase in yield and N efficiency,reduction in labor costs and improvement in environment.     

集约化管理的温室土壤养分现状研究

Nine districts covering the main greenhouse vegetable areas in Tianjin Municipality of the North China Plain were selected for the soil investigation in 2010 to survey the current soil nutrient status (soil available N, P and K), acidification and salinization due to excessive input of fertilizers in greenhouses in Tianjin. The study showed that, in particular, soil available P content increased with the age of greenhouses. In contrast, our results did not reveal higher K accumulation and lowered pH in the greenhouse soils compared with cultivation in open fields. Over-fertilization, causing high NO 3 accumulation, most likely resulted in salinity problems in the greenhouses. Ninety percent of the investigated greenhouse soils had electrical conductivity values of saturated paste extracts of 2-10 d S m-1 , which might affect the yields of vegetable crops like green bean, pepper, cabbage, carrot, eggplant, lettuce, spinach, celery, cucumber and tomato. The findings of our survey of the current fertility and salinity problems in greenhouse soils suggest that there is an urgent need to improve the farmers’ practices and strategies in fertilization management in greenhouses of China. Because education and the agricultural technical extension services may play a more important role in avoiding overuse of fertilizers, we suggest that current nutrient management practices should be improved in the near future through training of local farmers in farmers’ schools and through strengthening the agricultural extension services with practical techniques.     

海河流域合理生态用水比例的确定

Winter wheat-maize rotations are dominant cropping systems on the North China Plain, where recently the use of organic manure with grain crops has almost disappeared. This could reduce soil fertility and crop productivity in the long run. A 20-year field experiment was conducted to 1） assess the effect of inorganic and organic nutrient sources on yield and yield trends of both winter wheat and maize, 2） monitor the changes in soil organic matter content under continuous wheat-maize cropping with different soil fertility management schemes, and 3） identify reasons for yield trends observed in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, over a 20-year period. There were eight treatments applied to both wheat and maize seasons： a control treatment （C）; three inorganic fertilizers, that is, nitrogen （N）, nitrogen and phosphorus （NP）, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium （NPK）; and addition of farmyard manure （FYM） to these four treatments, that is, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK. At the end of the experiment the MN, MNP, and MNPK treatments had the highest yields, about 7 t wheat ha^-1 and 7.5 t maize ha^-1, with each about 1 t ha^-1 more than the NPK treatments. Over 20 years with FYM soil organic matter increased by 80% compared to only 10% with NPK, which explained yield increases. However, from an environmental and agronomic perspective, manure application was not a superior strategy to NPK fertilizers. If manure was to be applied, though, it would be best applied to the wheat crop, which showed a better response than maize.     

Polyhalite as a sulfur source for fresh market tomato production in Brazil

Abstract

Polyhalite (PH), a naturally occurring multinutrient fertilizer containing potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S), has improved tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in Brazil but a specific response by tomato to the S in PH is not confirmed. We compared four S sources – PH, sulfate of potash (SOP), sulfate of potash magnesia (SOPM), and single super phosphate (SSP) – applied at a target application rate of 40?kg?S?ha^?1 to fertilizers with no S (muriate of potash, MOP), and no K or S at commercial application rates in three commercial fields in Brazil with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and K applied at recommended rates of 355, 500, and 200–300?kg?ha^?1, respectively. Consistent across locations, PH increased total yields over the control, MOP, and SSP, with SOP and SOPM higher than the control but not MOP or SSP. Only PH increased marketable yields compared to the control. Yields increased linearly with fruit numbers per plant which were higher for PH than the control or MOP, indicating higher fruit set in PH contributed to yield differences. While fertilizers increased leaf K and S concentrations and soil test K and SO₄–S, yield differences did not appear to be related solely to either K or S fertilization, nor to Mg fertilizers to which there was no response. Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were higher in PH than the control and MOP at some locations suggesting Ca improved fruit set in PH. Results suggest tomato likely responded to the multinutrient content or solubility pattern of PH.     

钾肥品种与用量对黄瓜产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验方法研究不同栽培条件下不同用量硫酸钾、氯化钾对黄瓜产量、品质和养分吸收分配的影响。结果表明,施用钾肥能提高黄瓜产量,硫酸钾增产效应比氯化钾高。设施栽培黄瓜施用硫酸钾可获得高产量效应和养分生产效率。钾肥可提高黄瓜Vc和糖分含量,氯化钾的效果优于硫酸钾;低、中量硫酸钾处理黄瓜氨基酸含量比氯化钾处理高,但必需氨基酸与营养价值低于氯化钾处理。钾肥可明显提高黄瓜果实含钾量,而降低其他养分含量;硫酸钾处理果实吸收养分的分配比例高于氯化钾处理,而氯化钾有利于黄瓜营养体养分积累。钾肥品种对黄瓜产量和品质影响的差异为硫酸钾和氯化钾混合施用提供了可能。     

POTATO TUBER YIELD AND QUALITY AS AFFECTED BY RATES AND SOURCES OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZER

Among the major nutrients, potassium (K) not only improves yields but also improves quality parameters. Field experiments were conducted to assess the comparative effect of sources and rates of K fertilizer on potato yield and quality on a sandy loam soil. Graded doses of potassium, i.e., 0, 150 and 225 kg ha^?1 K₂O from sulfate and muriate of potash were applied in triplicate. Recommended dose of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) applied uniformly. Significant increase in tuber yield was observed with 150 kg ha^?1 K₂O from both the sources over control. Increase in tuber yield with 225 kg ha^?1 K₂O was statistically non significant compared to 150 kg ha^?1. The dry matter and specific gravity were more affected with sulfate of potash (SOP) than muriate of potash (MOP). The quality parameters like dry matter, specific gravity, starch contents, vitamin C, chips color and taste were improved with K application.     

小麦和玉米中后期大量元素叶面施用的生物效应

采用盆载和田间小区试验了小麦和玉米叶面１０ｇ／Ｌ尿素、１０ｇ／ＬＫＨ２ＰＯ２和５．４ｇ／ＬＫＣｌ及其配合用一些生理效应,叶面施用尿素,尤其是Ｎ、Ｐ和Ｋ的配合施用可显著延缓两种作物在拔节后其根系活力的下降,叶面追肥增强职责上作物功能叶的生理活性,在Ｎ,Ｋ或Ｐ＋Ｋ三者之间,尿素的效果较佳。三者的配合施用是最大限度延长叶珠措施,作物后期喷尿素＋ＫＨ２ＰＯ４能显著增加小麦和玉米的籽粒产量。叶面施用Ｎ、Ｐ、     

不同钾肥对甘蓝产量、品质和营养元素形态的影响

选择重庆地区适宜栽培的甘蓝品种,采用田间小区试验,研究不同种类和用量钾肥对甘蓝产量、品质和营养元素形态的影响,为无公害甘蓝生产确定合理的施钾技术提供科学依据。结果表明,不同施钾处理甘蓝生物产量和商品产量均显著提高(增量为4.3%~20.2%),两种钾肥均以中量水平(K2)增产最显著,但相同用量下钾肥种类间增产效果无显著差异,从肥料成本看以氯化钾更优。各处理均提高甘蓝氨基酸含量,以低量硫酸钾最优,增幅达56.9%;除中量氯化钾提高甘蓝维生素C含量6.8%外,其余处理均降低维生素C含量;各处理对甘蓝硝酸盐含量以降低为主,以高量硫酸钾降幅最大达12.3%;钾肥对甘蓝还原糖含量表现为提高,且以低量氯化钾最优。各处理均在一定程度上提高甘蓝矿质元素含量(Zn除外)。甘蓝各营养元素形态中,均以非蛋白态为主。不同钾肥处理蛋白氮含量与氨基酸含量呈极显著负相关(相关系数r=-0.820),蛋白磷与氨基酸含量呈显著正相关,而非蛋白磷含量与维生素C含量呈显著正相关;与氮、磷素形态相比,不同钾素形态与甘蓝品质间关系更为密切,其中全钾、蛋白钾含量与维生素C含量均呈显著正相关。综合各指标效应看,甘蓝适宜钾肥种类为氯化钾,且以中量施钾水平最优。     

Effects of Integrated Nutrient Management on Plant Crop and Successive First and Second Ratoon Crops of Sugarcane in Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

Experiments were carried out with the objectives to reduce the yield gap of plant and subsequent ratoon crops, evaluate juice quality, as well as soil properties. A 3-year field experiment was utilized to assess the use of organic materials and inorganic fertilizers on plant and subsequent ratoon crops. The organic materials included press mud, farmyard manure (FYM), and green manure (GM) of Sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea); the fertilizers were urea, triple superphosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MOP), gypsum, and zinc sulphate. Farm yard manure was applied at a rate of 15 t ha^?1 accompanied with a chemical fertilizer (N₁₇₈P₅₃K₅₄S₂₆Zn_2.6kg ha^?1), which produced yield of 108.4, 96.8, and 73.5 t ha^?1 in plant cane, first, and second ratoon crops, respectively. Cane yields in the first were recorded in plant cane first and second ratoon crops, respectively. Cane yields in the first and second ratoon crops were 89.3 and 67.8% of plant crop, respectively. Juice quality parameters viz., Brix, pol and purity percent progressively increased in ratoons crops as compared to corresponding plant cane. The organic carbon, total N, and available P, K, &; S contents of soils increased slightly due to incorporation of organic materials. The result of the study revealed that 25% reduction of inorganic fertilizer with FYM or press mud at 15 t ha^?1 in plant cane and addition of 50% more N with same amount of fertilizer suggested for plant cane showed better yield and improved juice quality in first and second ratoon crops of sugarcane.     

节水控肥下有机无机肥配施对日光温室黄瓜–番茄轮作体系土壤氮素供应及迁移的影响

本试验以日光温室秋冬茬番茄-冬春茬黄瓜轮作体系为研究对象,采用田间小区试验,研究了5季节水控肥（冬春茬黄瓜和秋冬茬番茄季N-P2O5-K2O总投入量分别为600-300-525 kg/hm2和450-225-600 kg/hm2）有机无机肥配施对 040 cm（根区）土壤硝态氮供应、 40100 cm（根区以外）硝态氮残留和 0100 cm土体不同形态氮素淋失的影响,探索了设施蔬菜生产中节水节肥潜力,为构建设施蔬菜合理水肥管理下土壤肥力培育和土壤质量提升模式提供技术支持。试验结果表明, 1）农民习惯水肥管理节水节肥潜力较大; 节水控肥后0100 cm土体硝态氮积累量、 矿质氮和有机氮渗漏量均明显下降,种植蔬菜经济效益显著增加。2）商品有机肥猪粪与化肥在土壤无机氮供应方面的效果接近; 节水控肥1/41/2 猪粪氮替代1/41/2 化肥氮后,040 cm土体硝态氮供应和40100 cm土体硝态氮残留均无显著变化,但是随着猪粪氮配施比例的增加,土壤溶液渗漏量及养分淋失量呈增加趋势。3）施用秸秆促进了土壤无机氮固持,降低根区土壤硝态氮供应水平,提高土壤养分保蓄能力; 节水控肥1/2秸秆氮替代1/2化肥氮后,040 cm土壤硝态氮供应量平均下降34.3%~56.2%,40100 cm土体硝态氮残留量下降42.5%~87.8%, 0100 cm土体土壤溶液渗漏量下降65.0%,硝态氮淋失量下降 82.0%,而产量和经济收入无显著差异。根据本试验结果,对于新建温室可采用单施化肥、 化肥与猪粪配施方案,能在短时间内提高土壤无机氮供应强度,满足蔬菜氮素需求; 对于种植了一段时间的温室,可采用冬春茬黄瓜季化肥配施猪粪秋冬茬番茄季化肥配施秸秆方案,能固定积累于土壤中的无机氮,提高土壤养分容量,保证根层土壤氮素的稳定供应,降低环境风险,维护设施农业的可持续发展。