杨树与落叶松原木中应力波的不同传播速度

通过应力波测试仪对健康的杨树和落叶松原木试件进行检测试验,研究应力波在这2种原木试件中径向、弦向和纵向(原木心材和边材)传播速度之间的关系以及径向传播速度和直径、弦向传播速度和检测角之间的相关关系.结果表明:在这2种树种中,应力波径向传播速度和原木直径呈正相关,原木纵向边材传播速度比相应心材中的要大,弦向传播速度与检测角呈现二次函数关系.通过试验分析得出应力波在原木纵向心材和边材传播速度与径向传播速度比的域值.     

基于应力波的活立木力学特性无损检测研究进展

活立木力学特性无损检测是科学评价森林质量的基础,为合理制定采伐作业时间、原木分级和木材高效利用提供有效依据.介绍应力波无损检测的基本原理以及基于应力波的活立木力学特性无损检测的研究进展,分析影响应力波在活立木中传播的因素,在此基础上阐述木材力学特性变化的原理以及基于应力波技术的木材力学特性季节动态变化检测的现状和意义,提出应力波检测活立木性质存在的问题,针对其存在的问题提出几点建议.     

含水率对原木孔洞缺陷应力波检测效果的影响

应用微单元分析模型,在实验室条件下研究含水率对原禾内部孔洞缺陷检测效果的影响。在不同含水率状态下测试原木内应力波传播速度,分析应力波传播速度与含水率的相关性,得出原木孔洞缺陷识别质量系数。结果表明,在较低的含水率状态下原木孔洞缺滔检测效果较好。     

弦向角对应力波在原木横截面传播速度的影响

为了研究应力波在原木横截面上传播时应力波波速的变化规律及其影响因素,选择柞木、红松、臭冷杉和大青杨4个树种的原木为试验材料,在原木的横截面上,测试不同弦向角所对应的应力波波速,并用MATLAB软件对弦向角和应力波波速进行曲线拟合。结果表明:1)随着弦向角的增加,应力波在柞木、红松、臭冷杉和大青杨原木横截面上的传播速度均呈3次曲线趋势增加;2)当弦向角大于36°时,应力波在大青杨原木横截面上的传播速度最快,在柞木原木横截面上的传播速度最慢;3)应力波在柞木、红松、臭冷杉和大青杨原木横截面上的径向最大传播速度分别为1109.0,1220.4,1245.8和1618.3m·s-1。     

应力波在树木径切面内的传播速度模型

【目的】研究应力波在不同树木径切面内传播速度的变化情况,建立传播速度模型,以期进一步认识应力波在树木径切面内的传播规律及其影响因素,为树木内部缺陷的三维成像技术提供理论依据。【方法】首先通过理论分析,建立应力波在树木径切面内的传播速度模型;然后以浙江农林大学植物园内8类有代表性的树种(香樟、枫香、乐昌含笑、鹅掌楸、响叶杨、悬铃木、松树、白杨)为试验材料,在样本径切面上,采用Arbotom应力波木材无损检测仪测量与径向成不同角度方向的应力波传播时间,计算不同角度方向上的应力波传播速度,并对健康样本径切面内沿方向角θ的应力波速度vθ和径向应力波速度v0的比值vθ/v0与方向角θ之间的关系进行回归分析。【结果】应力波在健康香樟样本径切面内的传播速度随方向角的增大而增大,径向传播速度最小,其原因是当应力波在树木内部沿径向传播时,传播方向与树木纤维方向垂直,受到细胞壁边界的阻碍较多,传播速度较慢;而随着方向角的增大,应力波传播方向与树木纤维方向逐渐平行,受到细胞壁边界的阻碍变少,传播速度逐渐增加。枫香、乐昌含笑、鹅掌楸、响叶杨4种树种的健康样本在相同方向角上的应力波传播速度大小不同,但其变化规律与香樟活力木相同。对健康样本试验数据的拟合结果为vθ/v0≈kθ2+1(0≤k≤1),k值取决于被测树木的物理力学参数。在所建立的回归模型中,决定系数R2均大于0.92,表明模型具有较高的拟合优度。在有缺陷的悬铃木样本试验中,径切面上方向角为-20°~-50°的应力波传播路径经过缺陷区域,其余传播路径均位于健康区域内。当应力波传播路径位于径切面的健康区域时,传播速度随方向角的变化趋势满足一元二次函数模型;但当应力波经过径切面的缺陷区域时,传播速度明显降低,不再符合正常情况下的传播速度模型。针对松树和白杨原木试样,人工设计了空洞缺陷,并对产生空洞前后的原木径切面的应力波传播速度进行了对比。最后,基于建立的径切面内应力波传播速度模型,设计了一种树木内部缺陷四向交叉检测方法,该方法能够较准确地检测木材内部缺陷的位置。【结论】在健康树木的径切面上,方向角θ与vθ/v0之间满足一元二次函数关系vθ/v0≈kθ2+1(0≤k≤1),对不同树种的检测结果均表明了该模型的有效性;进一步的试验证明了该速度模型对于树木内部缺陷检测具有很好的指导作用。     

基于应力波和阻抗仪技术的旱柳内部腐朽定量检测

利用应力波和阻抗仪两种仪器对旱柳行道树内部腐朽情况进行检测,应力波法每个断面采用10~12个传感器,阻抗仪法每个断面测试2~4个方向。结果表明：由应力波断层扫描得到的二维图像和由阻抗仪得到的阻力曲线均能较准确地反映活立木内部腐朽的位置、程度等状况,两者对应关系较好;阻抗仪每个测试方向的平均阻力与相应方向应力波传播速度之间呈现一定相关性,相关系数 r ﹥0.5;每个测试断面上的整体平均阻力与应力波平均传播速度之间有显著的相关性,相关系数 r ＝0.817。这为联合两种仪器的检测结果制定一个表征立木腐朽程度的量化指标奠定了基础。     

古建筑木材中应力波传播速度的影响因素

对应力波在古建筑木材中传播速度的影响因素及其影响规律进行了检测和分析,目的是找出各种因素变化与应力波扫描图像之间的关系,从而更好地判定木材内部缺陷的位置和面积。研究表明:含水率对应力波传播速度影响显著;在相同含水率下,应力波径向传播速度大于弦向,其传播方向偏离髓心越远,传播速度越小;树种和年代对应力波传播速度也有影响。     

小兴安岭天然林中冷杉立木含水率对应力波传播速度的影响

对小兴安岭天然林中30棵冷杉立木的含水率和应力波传播速度的检测结果表明:常温下,应力波纵向传播速度远大于径向传播速度；光照条件对于纵向传播速度的影响不显著；应力波纵向传播速度与含水率存在不显著的负相关性.     

应力波法检测活立木品质的研究进展

介绍了应力波无损检测方法的基本原理以及采用该方法检测活立木品质的研究进展情况,阐述了应力波检测用于活立木品质研究的趋势。     

温度和含水率对红松木材中应力波传播速度的影响

为分析应力波在木材中传播的影响因素,研究应力波传播规律,在实验室内,采用Arbotom应力波测试仪测试60个红松无疵小试件在不同含水率(从绝干到饱湿)和不同温度(-30,-20,-10,-5,0,5和20℃)下的应力波传播速度。在此基础上,分别分析应力波传播速度随含水率或温度变化的规律,探讨导致应力波传播速度变化的原因,并建立三者之间的回归模型。结果表明:含水率和温度是影响木材中应力波传播速度的2个重要因素。应力波传播速度随含水率增加或温度升高均呈逐渐下降趋势。在含水率32%(纤维饱和点附近)以下,传播速度随含水率增加下降幅度较大,反之则较小;当含水率低于50%时,传播速度随温度升高呈线性下降趋势;当含水率高于50%时,传播速度在0℃上下有一明显的跳跃。含水率、温度与应力波传播速度之间的二元线性回归模型拟合优度较高,决定系数R2均高于0.95。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.