甘肃省食物消费结构的变化对虚拟水消耗的影响

本研究对甘肃省2000-2014年居民人均食物虚拟水消耗进行计算。结果表明,甘肃省人均食物虚拟水消耗量从2000-2014年呈上升趋势,很大程度上是因为动物产品的消费量在总的食物消费结构中比重增加。2014年甘肃人均食物虚拟水消耗量是481.83 m3,低于同期的全国人均水平。未来随着经济的发展和居民收入的提高,动物产品消费增加,导致虚拟水消耗增加。若达到《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》要求的膳食平衡标准,未来甘肃省居民年人均食物虚拟水消耗量将增加133.42~423.85 m3,这给原本水资源短缺的甘肃地区带来了重大挑战。基于研究结果,本研究提出通过加强水资源的管理、倡导健康消费和运用虚拟水战略等方式缓解地区水资源压力。     

The ratio of the water and food consumption of chickens and its significance in the chemotherapy of coccidiosis

An investigation was made of the relationship between the water and food consumption of healthy and sick chickens. Using coccidiosis as a disease model, and uninfected chickens as healthy controls, male birds of an egg-production breed and males and females of a meat-production breed were found to have simultaneously reduced water and food intakes 4 days after infection with Eimeria acervulina or E. maxima, and from 4 to 6 days after infection with E. tenella. This phenomenon was associated with reduction of weight gains and poor food conversion ratios. Whether birds were healthy or sick, and regardless of the degree of reduction of dietary intake, there was a more or less constant relationship between their food and water consumption. The ratio of the weights of water and food consumed had a value of about 1.9, with a range of 1.1–2.4. It is concluded that neither water nor food has an advantage over the other as a vehicle for chemotherapy. However, other factors, such as ease and speed of administration, and avoidance of adsorption onto food particles, favour the drinking-water route.Abbreviations FCR food conversion ratio - WFR water-food intake ratio     

Effect of dietary protein and environmental temperature on growth performance and water consumption of male broiler chickens

1. Male broilers were reared in individual cages from 23 to 44 d of age. The effect of 2 temperatures (22° and 32°C) and 2 crude protein (CP) levels (160 and 200 g/kg) were studied. The low protein diet was supplemented with lysine, methionine, arginine, threonine and valine in order to meet requirements.

2. At 22°C, a reduced CP content did not affect growth rate and breast muscle but slightly increased adiposity and food to gain ratio (FCR). Water consumption was reduced.

3. High temperature reduced growth rate and absolute and proportional breast muscle weight, and increased adiposity and FCR. These effects were more pronounced with the low CP diet. Water consumption was also reduced.

4. It was concluded that reducing CP content did not seem a good way to help broilers to withstand hot conditions. This experiment suggests that amino acids other than lysine, methionine and cystine are probably involved in the detrimental effect of high temperature.     

Changes in feed consumption and water intake among broiler chickens subjected to melatonin treatment during the hot-dry season

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The experiment was conducted to evaluate changes in feed consumption and water intake among broiler chickens subjected to melatonin treatment during the...     

Food intake and growth in chickens given food in the wet form with and without access to drinking water

1. Individually caged growing chickens were offered a commercial grower food mixed with 1–5 to 2^‐25 times the weight of water and the effects, compared to giving the same food in air‐dry form, on food intake, body weight gain and carcase composition were investigated.

2. Male broilers (24) were given either a grower food in the air‐dry form with access to drinking water or the same food mixed with 2–0 parts of water (700 g water/kg of mixed food) with no drinking water from 28 to 49 d of age. From 49 to 63 d all birds were given dry food and drinking water and were then killed for carcase analysis. Food intake and weight gain were significantly increased during the wet‐feeding period, as was carcase protein but not abdominal or carcase fat at the end of the experiment.

3. Five male broilers were given each of 5 dietary treatments containing 0 (control), 1.5, 1.75, 2.0 and 2.25 times added water (640, 673, 700 and 723 g water/kg) from 28 to 49 d. Food intakes, body weight gains and carcase weights were significantly increased for all water additions compared with dry food, but there were no significant differences between different water additions.

4. Female broiler chicks responded to wet feeding (700 g water/kg) in a similar manner to males and the dry matter approximate digestibility was increased from 0.65 for the dry food to 0.73 for the wet.

5. Cockerels of an egg‐laying strain did not increase their intake of dietary dry matter when it was fed in the wet form (700 g water/kg), but there was a significant increase in body weight gain.

6. Male broilers were offered wet food (700 g water/kg) with or without access to drinking water. There was equal stimulation of food intake, growth and carcase weight with both wet‐feeding treatments.

7. Providing food mixed with sufficient water to give a porridge‐like consistency significantly increased weight gains in each of the five experiments and significantly improved food conversion efficiency in three of the five. It is not necessary to withold drinking water in order to obtain this effect.     

紫花苜蓿的需水量、耗水量、需水强度、耗水强度和水分利用效率研究

为明确紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa的需水量、耗水量、需水强度、耗水强度和水分利用效率的影响因子和范围,对其进行了较为详尽地探讨.不同气候区域和年份紫花苜蓿的需水量和耗水量不同;增加刈割次数可降低需水量;在一定范围内耗水量随着灌溉量的增加而提高,不同灌溉模式耗水量不同.紫花苜蓿全生长季需水量和耗水量的范围分别为400～2 250和300～2 250 mm.不同气候区域、气候年份、刈割茬次及生长发育阶段紫花苜蓿的需水强度和耗水强度不同;需水强度与大气蒸发力成正相关,耗水强度与土壤含水量成正相关;增加刈割次数可降低需水强度;在一定范围内耗水强度随着灌溉量的增加而提高,不同灌溉模式耗水强度不同.紫花苜蓿全生长季需水强度和耗水强度的范围分别为3～7和2～7 mm/d;短期极端最高需水强度为14 mm/d.不同气候区域、气候年份、灌溉量、灌溉模式、施肥量、施肥模式及刈割茬次紫花苜蓿的水分利用效率不同;建植2年及以上高于建植当年;不同品种差异不显著.在相对正常的田间栽培管理条件下,建植当年紫花苜蓿的生物产量和经济产量(含水量14%)水分利用效率的范围分别为8～12和9～14 kg/(mm·hm2),建植2年及以上者分别为12～25和14～29 kg/(mm·hm2).     

Inhalation of water during electrical stunning in chickens

Twenty live hens were subjected to electrical stunning using a waterbath containing a solution of technetium99 (99Tc), and 12 hen carcases were injected intratracheally with different doses of the same solution. The respiratory tract was dissected from the carcases and samples were assessed for the presence of radioactivity. Thirty-five per cent of the electrically stunned birds had 99Tc in their tracheas and 15 per cent had 99Tc in the lungs. From the dose response study it was estimated that the birds with radioactivity in their lungs had inhaled between 0.5 and 1 ml of water. In commercial slaughterlines this may be a hazard to meat hygiene.     

Epizootiology of Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens]

The incidence of S. typhimurium infections among fowl increased in thr region of Potsdam in general, and on various big farms in particular, 1976 and over the first half of 1977. The outbreaks included subclinical infections and clinically manifest diseases which caused remarkable loss of broilers from the affected stocks (up to 15.92 per cent). Parent stocks contaminated with S. typhimurium were to be the sources of infection in all cases. A total of 1,220 Salmonella strains were isolated from fowl and its environment, with 1,151 of them being S. typhimurium (2.98 per cent of all samples tested). The following amounts of S. typhimurium strains were isolated from different types of samples which had been collected from infected broiler stocks: 8.10 per cent from dead broilers, 5.86 per cent from dead broiler parents, 2.11 per cent from pulp linings of transport cages for day-old chicks, 1.23 per cent from litter, 1.0 per cent from hatching material (eggs or dead and jammed embryos, and 0.12 per cent from swabs used in hygiene supervision). No Salmonellae were isolated from feedstuff. The transmission of S. typhimurium, therefore, is though to have taken the route via the hatching egg and via congenitally infected chicks traded between breeders and propagation farms. The control and prophylaxis of S. typhimurium infections, therefore, should be based primarily on action in the centralised breeding stocks. Specific steps of such action are proposed. Fifty-three strains were biochemically and lysotypically analysed, with the following types being determined: ut/Ph 30 BT b, ut/Ph 30 BT c, n.c. 1/72/n.c. BT b, 2 n.c. BT a, and 1A/6 BT a. The first two types covered 84.9 per cent of all strains isolated from the fowl. All lysotype ut/Ph 30 strains isolated from fowl fell under the copenhagen variant which had rarely been isolated from man in the past. These results are likely to support the demand for a joint control programme for enteritis Salmonellae, with particular emphasis on S. typhimurium, for implementation in human and veterinary medicine.