中华草蛉对棉蚜与棉铃虫的捕食作用研究

中华草蛉捕食棉蚜、棉铃虫卵或幼虫,其功能反应的类型均属HollingⅡ型反应。温度对寻找效应有明显的影响,在35℃条件下,中华草蛉对猎物寻找效应比15℃时高出7倍,比20℃时高8倍。这说明,掌握适宜温度释放草蛉,可提高其捕食作用。根据食性选择试验:中华草蛉最喜食棉蚜,次为棉铃虫卵,其喜食程度并不因猎物数量的增加而转移。     

中华草蛉幼虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应

中华草蛉是蓟马的重要天敌,为探明其对西花蓟马的控制效能,在室内开展了中华草蛉幼虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应研究。结果表明,在供试温度下,该捕食功能反应符合HollingII型方程。在相同温度下,中华草蛉幼虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增大,搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低。在18～26℃范围内,随着温度的升高,中华草蛉幼虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食量增加,而在26～34℃范围则有相反的趋势。26℃时捕食数量最大,捕食上限达163.9头。在相同猎物密度条件下,捕食作用率与中华草蛉幼虫密度的关系为E=0.3284P-0.4467,分摊竞争强度与中华草蛉幼虫密度的关系为I=0.8203lgP 0.0038。     

叶色草蛉对棉铃虫幼虫的捕食效应研究

1987—1989年,在河南省新乡棉区研究了叶色草蛉自然种群动态及其对棉铃虫的捕食效应。叶色草蛉在新乡棉区一年可发生4—5个世代,与棉铃虫卵至一龄幼虫期跟随效应较好,是当地捕食性天敌中的优势种。叶色草蛉整个幼虫期平均可捕食棉铃虫一龄幼虫488.1头,日捕食量随龄期增大而上升。温度对其捕食效应有影响,30℃时捕食量最大,15℃以下、35℃以上捕食量显著下降。叶色草蛉对棉铃虫一龄幼虫的功能反应属 Holling Ⅱ型反应,6日龄草蛉幼虫对其自身密度的功能反应可用 Watt 模型拟合,其捕食作用率与个体间相互干扰作用的关系呈幂函数下降,可以 Hassell 模型模拟。食性选择性试验表明:叶色草蛉最喜食棉铃虫一龄幼虫,其次为棉蚜,再次为棉铃虫卵,对棉叶螨的选择性最差。在棉铃虫一龄幼虫与棉蚜间存在转换效应。     

大草蛉幼虫对不同寄主植物上烟粉虱卵的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应

为了研究不同寄主上大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)幼虫对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)卵的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应,在室内条件下评估了大草蛉捕食功能反应模型,并研究了大草蛉3龄幼虫对棉花、烟草和辣椒上烟粉虱卵的搜寻效应和控害潜能。结果显示,在3种寄主植物上大草蛉3龄幼虫捕食量均随猎物密度的增加而升高,在烟草、棉花、辣椒上的捕食量分别为7.6~28.4、5.4~23.2、6.0~18.8粒;3种寄主植物上的大草蛉捕食功能反应均拟合Holling II、III功能反应模型;在烟草上大草蛉的瞬间攻击率最大,为0.470,处理时间最短,为0.021;在3种寄主植物上大草蛉3龄幼虫搜寻效应均随猎物密度的增加而下降,当猎物密度相同时,在烟草上的搜寻效应高于棉花和辣椒。研究表明,不同寄主植物能够影响大草蛉3龄幼虫对烟粉虱卵的瞬间攻击率及其搜寻效应。     

大草蛉对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能评价

为评价大草蛉Chrysopa pallens对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda低龄幼虫的捕食功能,在室内条件下观察大草蛉对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食行为,并设置不同密度的草地贪夜蛾1～3龄幼虫供大草蛉成虫取食,测定其对草地贪夜蛾1～3龄幼虫的捕食效能。结果表明,大草蛉成虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling-模型,对草地贪夜蛾1、2和3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率分别为1.023、0.618、0.313,处理时间分别为0.070、0.097、0.305 d,日最大捕食量分别为14.37、10.31、3.28头;大草蛉成虫的搜寻效应随着草地贪夜蛾幼虫密度的增加而降低,干扰作用随着大草蛉自身密度的增加而加强,且在草地贪夜蛾幼虫不同龄期,大草蛉自身密度对其捕食能力的干扰作用不同,幼虫为1龄时,大草蛉自身密度对其捕食能力的干扰作用最大,幼虫为2、3龄时的干扰作用次之。表明大草蛉成虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫具有较好的捕食作用,可作为有效防控草地贪夜蛾的备选天敌资源。     

大草蛉对桃蚜和夹竹桃蚜的捕食作用研究

大草蛉在我国分布广泛,能捕食多种农作物害虫。本试验首先研究了大草蛉一龄幼虫对桃蚜、大草蛉二龄幼虫对桃蚜和夹竹桃蚜的捕食功能反应。三个反应的最大捕食量Namax分别为144.93、303.03和151.51(头),瞬时攻击率a分别为0.7428、0.8654和0.6644。大草蛉一龄幼虫有较强的种内干扰反应,随着捕食者密度的增加,捕食作用率(E)依次为0.2025、0.1185、0.0866、0.0694和0.0584;对桃蚜的捕食作用率(E)与自身密度(P)的函数关系式为E=0.2025P-0.7727。在桃蚜和夹竹桃蚜的混合种群中,大草蛉二龄幼虫对桃蚜的选择效应大于夹竹桃蚜。     

大草蛉幼虫捕食豆大蓟马和豆蚜的功能反应及生长发育

为了探讨大草蛉幼虫对2种豆科作物害虫的控害潜能和猎物适应性,室内研究了大草蛉幼虫对豆大蓟马和豆蚜的捕食功能反应以及两种猎物对大草蛉生长发育的影响。结果表明,大草蛉2、3龄幼虫对豆大蓟马和豆蚜的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型。大草蛉2龄幼虫对豆大蓟马2龄若虫和豆蚜成虫以及大草蛉3龄幼虫对豆大蓟马成虫、2龄若虫和豆蚜成虫的理论最大捕食量分别为555.56、416.67头和588.24、1250.00、909.09头。搜寻效应结果表明,大草蛉2和3龄幼虫对豆大蓟马2龄若虫的搜寻效应均大于豆蚜。大草蛉取食豆蚜和豆大蓟马的未成熟期发育历期(1龄至成虫)分别为18.01和19.89 d,存活率分别为96.67%和93.33%,表明豆蚜和豆大蓟马均是适宜大草蛉生长发育的天然猎物。综合分析捕食功能和生长发育各参数,表明大草蛉对豆大蓟马和豆蚜均具有良好的控害潜能。     

丽草蛉对柑橘木虱成虫的捕食功能反应及捕食偏好

为明确丽草蛉Chrysopa formosa对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri成虫的生物防控潜能,在实验室条件下测定丽草蛉1、2、3龄幼虫和成虫对柑橘木虱成虫的捕食功能、搜寻效应及其种内干扰效应,并测定其对不同猎物的捕食偏好。结果显示,丽草蛉1～3龄幼虫和成虫对柑橘木虱成虫均有捕食行为,捕食功能反应均符合Holling II模型。丽草蛉1、2、3龄幼虫和成虫对柑橘木虱成虫的瞬时攻击率分别为0.247、0.393、0.769和0.509,处理时间分别为0.228、0.048、0.015和0.013 d,理论日最大捕食量分别为4.386、20.833、66.667和76.923头,控害效能分别为1.083、8.188、51.267和39.154。各虫态丽草蛉对柑橘木虱成虫的搜寻效应均随着猎物密度的增加而降低,其中3龄丽草蛉幼虫的搜寻效应下降趋势最大。当柑橘木虱成虫密度固定时,单头丽草蛉的日捕食量随柑橘木虱密度的增加而逐渐降低,其捕食作用受到自身密度的干扰,干扰效应方程为E=0.260P-0.351。当存在柑橘木虱与豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum两种捕食对象时,丽草蛉3...     

大草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食能力评价

为明确大草蛉对草地贪夜蛾的控害潜能,本试验在室内评价了大草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食及搜寻能力,并观察总结了大草蛉的捕食行为特点。结果表明：大草蛉2龄、3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄、2龄幼虫均表现出积极的取食行为和较强的捕食能力,尤其对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日均捕食量较大,分别为78.5头、89.9头,理论条件下日最大捕食量可达125头、167头,其捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ模型。大草蛉3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食量、搜寻能力及控害效能均显著高于2龄幼虫,对猎物的瞬时攻击率更强,处理时间更短。本研究结果证实大草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫均具有较强的控害能力,这对利用草蛉类天敌持续防治草地贪夜蛾具有重要的实践指导意义。     

大草蛉对3种蚜虫的捕食能力研究

为了明确大草蛉［(Chrysopa pallens (Rambur)］对田间3种常见蚜虫,桃粉大尾蚜［Hyalopterus amygdali (Blanchard)］、绣线菊蚜(Aphis citricola van der Goot)和牛蒡长管蚜［Uroleucon gobonis (Matsumura)］的捕食能力,在室内研究了大草蛉各龄幼虫、成虫对3种蚜虫的捕食量及大草蛉3龄幼虫对3种蚜虫的捕食功能反应。结果表明,大草蛉3龄幼虫对3种蚜虫的日均捕食量最高,单头大草蛉日均捕食牛蒡长管蚜、桃粉大尾蚜和绣线菊蚜的数量分别为24.9、37.3和103.1头;大草蛉成虫期对3种蚜虫的捕食总量显著高于整个幼虫阶段,在成虫期内,单头大草蛉对牛蒡长管蚜、桃粉大尾蚜和绣线菊蚜的平均捕食量分别为208.5、632.3和766.0头;大草蛉3龄幼虫对牛蒡长管蚜、桃粉大尾蚜和绣线菊蚜的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.