长期轮作与施肥对农田土壤磷素形态和吸持特性的影响

通过对黄土旱塬地区长期定位施肥(26a)条件下的不同轮作系统的土壤磷素形态和吸持参数的测定,研究了轮作和施肥对土壤磷素吸持特性和磷素形态的影响,以及土壤磷素吸持参数与磷素形态之间的关系。结果表明,长期轮作与施肥都可以减低土壤磷素的最大吸附量（Qm）,相对于其它轮作和连作,在氮磷（NP）施肥下,小麦-玉米-豌豆轮作可以减低土壤的Qm,在氮磷有机肥（NPM）施肥下,小麦-玉米轮作可以减低土壤的Qm。在施肥相同的条件下,小麦-玉米轮作和小麦-豌豆轮作可以显著增加土壤中各形态无机磷的含量,长期轮作比连作可以增加土壤中的有效磷养分,尤其对Ca2-P的提高效果更为显著。相关分析表明,Qm和磷吸持指数（PSI）与全磷（T-P）、Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Fe-P、Ca10-P和有机磷呈极显著负相关（p＜0.01）,与闭蓄态磷（O-P）呈显著负相关（p＜0.05）,与Al-P关系不显著。土壤有机质（SOM）与Qm、PSI和磷最大缓冲能力（MBC）之间存在极显著负相关关系,与磷吸持饱和度（DPSS）存在显著正相关。通径系数和逐步回归分析表明,在石灰性黑垆土土壤的无机磷形态中,Ca2-P对Olsen-P的贡献最大。     

长期不同施肥对黄壤磷素吸附–解吸特性的影响

[目的]磷吸附–解吸特性对土壤磷素有效性和环境流失风险有重要影响.研究长期不同施肥对黄壤旱地磷吸附–解吸特性的影响,可为黄壤区合理施用磷肥提供理论依据.[方法]供试黄壤肥力长期定位试验位于贵阳,始于1995年.设有对照(CK)、施氮钾肥(NK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)和有机肥化肥配施(MNPK)5个处理...     

夏玉米和冬小麦秸秆对石灰性土壤磷吸附特性及磷素形态的影响

本文对夏玉米秸秆(MR)和冬小麦秸秆(WR)单施或者与P肥混施(在等P量条件下)对石灰性土壤P的吸附特性及其形态转化进行了为期15周的室内模拟培养研究,结果表明,无论是MR和WR单施,还是秸秆与P肥混施,都可以减少土壤对P的吸附量,提高土壤P的活性,其中秸秆单施处理的活性无机磷(Pi)和有机磷(Po)(NaHCO3-P或者NaOH-P)提高较大,夏玉米秸秆单施时,比对照(CK)增加Pi、Po的量分别达6.0、5.6mgkg-1(NaHCO3-P),增加NaOH-Po为12.7mgkg-1。并通过Langmuir方程求得P的最大吸附量(b)、P吸附结合能常数(k)、P素最大缓冲量(MPBC)、标准需P量(SPR)的值,进一步说明了两种秸秆均可使土壤对P的吸附能力降低,增加土壤中P的活性。     

长期施肥条件下石灰性潮土磷的吸附解吸特征

采用Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程及其扩展形式对长期施肥土壤磷的吸附和解吸特征进行了研究。结果表明,双面Langmuir方程和三种Freundlich方程能较好描述石灰性潮土壤对磷的吸附,方程决定系数r2均接近0.99。长期施用有机肥能减少土壤对磷的吸附,表现在土壤对磷的理论最大吸附量（Qm）降低以及吸附结合能常数K值下降。与长期施用化肥相比,长期施用有机肥土壤新吸附的磷也更容易解吸,土壤磷的解吸率从化肥处理的15%左右提高到20%以上。钾肥的施用增大了石灰性潮土对磷的吸附容量,磷的吸附结合能明显提高,意味着化肥钾的施用可能导致土壤磷向作物难利用方向转化,但有机肥与钾肥配合施用,钾肥的这种不良作用得到明显的改善。     

Diffuse-Reflectance Mid-infrared Spectral Properties of Soils under Alternative Crop Rotations in a Semi-arid Climate

We carried out mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral interpretation of soils 0–5 and 5–15 cm deep in selected alternative crop rotations (ACR) treatments and an adjacent native prairie soil. Ashing and spectral subtraction shows that absorbance at 3700–2850 and 1700–1550 cm^?1 indicates organic absorbance. Prairie soils, with their greater carbon (C) content, have different spectral properties from the cropped soils. Prairie soils have greater absorbance at the 2950–2870 cm^?1 and the 1230 cm^?1 CH bands. The soils from the different depths had different spectral properties, with the soils 0–5 cm deep having stronger absorbance at the 1055 cm^?1 carbohydrate band, at 1270–1460 cm^?1, and at the 1730 cm^?1 ester band. The soils 5–15 cm deep are characterized by greater absorbance at the clay band. Soil C and nitrogen (N) correlated negatively with the 3700 cm^?1 clay band and the 1830 cm^?1 quartz band and correlated positively with the 2920 cm^?1 because of aliphatic CH absorbance.     

Challenges and constraints of conservation agriculture adoption in smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa:A review

Common farming practices in sub-Saharan Africa(SSA)such as intensive and repeated tillage,complete crop residue removal,and biomass burning create risks of soil degradation.To reduce these risks,con-servation agriculture(CA)uses minimal soil disturbance,crop residue retention,and crop rotation in order to reduce soil erosion,improve soil quality and crop production,and facilitate climate change mitigation and adaptation.Nevertheless,CA adoption in SSA is extremely low.This paper aims to review current practices,challenges,and constraints to the adoption of CA in SSA.Our analyses show that CA is practiced in only about 1.25％of the total cultivated area in SSA,despite two decades of efforts to promote CA adoption among smallholder farmers.Specific difficulties in CA adoption by smallholder farmers in SSA may be attributed to ⅰ)lack of locally adaptable CA systems,particularly those integrating the needs of livestock production;ⅱ)lack of adequate crop residues for surface mulch;ⅲ)inconsistent and low crop yields;ⅳ)lack of smallholder CA equipment for direct sowing;ⅴ)limited availability,high cost,and inadequate knowledge associated with the use of appropriate fertilizer and herbicides;and ⅵ)lack of CA knowledge and training.Other problems relate to the management of specific soil orders,e.g.,CA implementation on steeply sloping land and poorly drained soils such as Vertisols.CA adoption by smallholder farmers is also obstructed by socio-economic factors due to smallholder farmers'focus on short term yield increases and their lack of access to markets,loans,and education.To facilitate wider adoption by smallholder farmers in SSA,CA approaches should be downscaled to fit the existing tillage tools and the specific agroecological and socio-economic farm settings.     

Effect of rotation, nitrogen fertilization and management of crop residues on some chemical, microbiological and biochemical properties of soil

A long-term experiment, which started in 1971 near Perugia, central Italy, was performed to investigate the effect of different crop residue management practices and rotation systems on some soil properties. Twenty years after the beginning of the experiment, chemical (organic C, total N, humified organic C, humic and fulvic acids), microbiological and biochemical parameters (microbial biomass, global hydrolase activity, dehydrogenase and catalase activities) were investigated. Two crop residue management practices were used in the experiment, i.e. removal (RCR soils) and burial (BCR soils). These treatments were factorially combined with eight rotation systems, i.e. five maize-wheat rotations of different lengths (M-1W, M-2W, M-3W, M-4W and M-5W) and three continuous wheat systems with different fertilization inputs, from 150 to 250 kg N ha^–1. Soil samples were collected in the spring of 1991 for chemical determinations, and in the spring and autumn of 1992, 1993 and 1994, for microbiological and biochemical determinations. All soil chemical, microbiological and biochemical parameters investigated showed significant differences depending on the management of the crop residues. The BCR soils showed more favourable characteristics. In contrast, few significant effects were observed in relation to rotation and N-fertilization treatment. Significant correlations were found between organic-C content and all microbiological and biochemical parameters, as well as between the microbiological and biochemical parameters themselves, indicating that organic-C content plays an important role in determining the level of soil enzyme activity and, consequently, of soil fertility. This experiment showed that burying crop residues in soil can be considered good agronomic practice, which may help limit the gradual depletion of soil organic matter and improve the chemical properties of the soil. Received: 11 January 1996     

长期施肥对塿土磷素状况的影响

利用塿土12年长期肥料定位试验,研究了不同施肥方式对耕层土壤全磷(TP)、有机磷(OP)与有效磷（Olsen-P）的影响。结果表明,施用化学磷肥提高了耕层土壤TP、Olsen-P含量,但并未提高OP含量;对照与磷钾处理的OP含量有降低趋势。当基于含氮量施有机肥时,土壤TP和Olsen-P含量大幅度提高,也提高了OP含量,但OP/TP比率在降低到一定程度后维持在一个较为稳定的水平;即使施用有机肥的处理,磷素也主要以无机形态累积。土壤Olsen-P与TP或两者的增加量都呈显著的线性相关,塿土TP每提高100 mg/kg,Olsen-P增加量约为20.8 mg/kg,且单位土壤全磷增加带来的Olsen-P增加有随施肥时间降低的趋势。在土壤Olsen-P含量达到一定水平时应考虑减少磷肥用量。基于有机肥中磷素含量来推荐有机肥施用或延长其施用的时间间隔,将有助于减少由于有机肥施用带来的磷素大量快速累积。     

施肥对马尾松土壤磷形态的影响

采用室内盆栽试验研究了不同施肥处理下马尾松土壤磷形态,结果表明:施入P肥后土壤中无机磷的含量产生了变化,施入PK后根际土和非根际土土壤中的速效磷含量都有增加;除施入K、PK外,施肥后根际土和非根际土中Al-P的含量都比未施肥的高;施肥后Fe-P的变化比较大,而Fe-P的减少是由于南方土壤中的铁大多是以高价存在,易发生氧化还原反应;O-P是一种无效磷,施肥后土壤中的O-P含量均沉积于土壤而比对照的高;施入N、P、K、PK、NK、NPK后降低了两种土壤中Ca-P的含量。因此,为了促进马尾松的生长发育,可以给马尾松增施NP、PK、NPK肥。     

麦季不同施磷量对麦玉和麦豆轮作体系作物产量及磷效率的影响

[目的] 为研究麦季不同施磷量对陕西关中地区不同轮作体系作物产量和磷肥效率的影响,明确实现不同轮作体系作物高产高效的适宜麦季磷肥施用量。[方法] 以麦玉和麦豆2个轮作体系为研究对象,设置0,75,150,225,300 kg/hm² 5个施磷(P₂O₅)水平,分析2021—2022年和2022—2023年轮作周年作物产量、磷肥利用效率、土壤有效磷及其与施磷量之间的关系。[结果] 与不施磷处理(0 kg/hm²)相比,试验2年仅麦季施磷处理显著增加麦玉和麦豆轮作体系小麦、玉米、大豆和周年产量(p＜0.05),且轮作周年产量和磷肥效率均达到较高水平。2个轮作体系的周年产量均在施磷150 kg/hm²处理最高,麦玉轮作体系显著高于施磷75 kg/hm²处理(p＜0.05),但麦豆轮作与施磷75 kg/hm²处理间差异不显著;麦玉和麦豆轮作体系获得最高小麦产量的土壤有效磷分别为20.07,16.15 mg/kg。2个轮作体系的磷肥农学效率、磷肥偏生产力、磷肥回收效率、磷效率指数(PEI)均随施磷量的增加而降低;施磷75 kg/hm²麦玉和麦豆轮作体系的PEI分别为施磷150 kg/hm²处理的1.24,2.02倍,麦豆的PEI降低更显著。综合考虑粮食安全、环境安全和肥料利用率,以95%的小麦最高产量为实际目标,对应的麦玉和麦豆轮作体系施磷量分别为115,95 kg/hm²,可实现磷肥回收效率及较低的磷盈余,保证麦玉和麦豆轮作体系周年产量分别达到最大产量的96.23%和95.43%;麦豆轮作体系具有较低的施磷量需求。[结论] 对不同轮作体系应从作物丰产、肥料高效利用和基于零盈余的管理政策考虑,进行合理的磷肥施用,以在满足作物-土壤磷养分的协调供应、保证作物高产的同时,提高磷效率。     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on the Form of Inorganic Phosphorus and the Characteristic of Adsorption and Desorption in Black Soil

Changes of inorganic phosphorus forms and the characteristics of phosphorus adsorption and desorption were studied under a long-term fertilization experiment in black soil. Results showed that the forms of inorganic phosphorus ranged as O–P < Ca₂–P < Ca₈–P < Al–P < Ca₁₀–P < Fe–P. Therefore, Fe–P was the main inorganic phosphorus form in this study. The capacity of phosphorus adsorption with phosphate treatments was higher than with no-phosphorus treatments. The optimal fitted equation was the Langmuir equation. Phosphorus desorption was related to the binding energy. Positive correlation between phosphorus adsorption and desorption without phosphorus addition was found; however, negative correlations among the phosphate treatments had been observed.     

施肥对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤理化性质和磷分级的影响

以山西省晋城市采煤塌陷区复垦土壤为研究对象,连续3年定位施肥研究施用有机肥(M)、无机肥(NPK)、有机肥+无机肥(NPK+M)对土壤理化性状、土壤磷分级的影响。结果表明:试验结束后,不同施肥处理土壤的pH、容重、全氮、全磷含量差异均不显著;单施有机肥处理的有机质含量显著高于单施化肥处理;有机肥+无机肥处理土壤速效磷含量高于其余处理,但处理间差异不显著。有机肥+无机肥处理能够明显提高土壤无机磷组分Ca_8-P含量;不同施肥处理均显著提高了Fe-P,处理间差异不显著;各处理的O-P、Ca_(10)-P增幅不明显;对照处理的不同无机磷组分含量总体保持下降趋势,其中Ca_8-P、Fe-P降幅较为明显。有机肥处理对活性、中活性组分,有机肥+无机肥处理对活性、中稳性有机磷效果明显,无机肥对有机磷组分效果不显著。相关性分析表明,Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、中活性、中稳性有机磷与速效磷均呈显著正相关性,Ca_8-P、中活性有机磷与速效磷极显著相关。     

长期施肥条件下潮土有效磷的演变及其对磷盈亏的响应

为探明土壤有效磷的演变规律与磷平衡状况,在河南潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下,于1998年始在河南省不同区域开展田间定位试验,共设置常规施肥(CF)和不施肥(CK)2个处理,对土壤全磷、速效磷累积和土壤有机质等进行监测和分析。结果表明,长期不施肥,土壤磷素常年处于亏缺状态,有效磷处于耗竭状态;长期施肥即常规施肥,有12个监测点的有效磷随年份显著上升,2个监测点显著下降,其余持平。土壤有效磷的变化量与磷的盈亏量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),不施肥条件下,土壤每亏缺100 kg P·hm-2,土壤有效磷下降2.7 mg·kg-1;常规施肥下,土壤每盈余100 kg P·hm-2,土壤有效磷可以增加1.2 mg·kg-1。土壤有机质含量与有效磷随磷盈亏的变化量呈极显著正相关(P0.01,CF的R2=0.5542,CK的R2=0.4039)。由此可见,通过施肥措施来调控土壤有效磷含量,可达到培肥地力和作物高产的效果。本研究结果为指导磷肥施用以及土壤磷素管理提供了科学依据。