草坪缓冲带限制斜坡上葡萄园敌草隆向地表水和地下水迁移效果的研究

Trichloroethylene (TCE), as one of the most common chlorinated organic compounds in soils and aquifers at many industrial sites, is carcinogenic and often recalcitrant in environment. TCE degradation in artificially contaminated soil samples was conducted using Fenton-like processes, i.e., by addition of excess hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ). H 2 O 2 could directly oxidize TCE without addition of ferrous iron in contaminated soil. Under the optimal condition (H2O2 concentration of 300 mg kg 1 , pH at 5.0, and reaction time of 30 min), the removal efficiency of TCE in the soil was up to 92.3%. When the initial TCE concentration increased from 30 to 480 mg kg 1 in soil, the TCE removal rates varied from 89.2% to 86.6%; while the residual TCE in soil ranged from 2.28 to 47.57 mg kg 1 . Results from successive oxidations showed that the TCE removal rate with the TCE concentration of 180 mg kg 1 increased slightly from 91.6% to 96.2% as the number of successive oxidation cycle increased from one to four. Therefore, increasing the frequency of H2O2 oxidation was perhaps a feasible way to increase TCE removal rate for TCE-contaminated soil.     

基于因子与聚类分析的不同林分土壤理化性质评价

基于对半干旱黄土地区抗旱造林示范区定位试验,筛选具有相似地形条件的10块标准地,选择9项反映土壤理化性质的定量指标,采用因子分析及聚类分析对不同配置及密度林分的土壤理化性质进行综合评价,采用系统聚类法对其进行分类。通过因子分析,将9项指标转化为4个主因子:土壤速效养分供应因子、土壤全氮及pH因子、土壤结构持水因子、土壤容重因子。因子得分结果表明:不同林分模式4个公因子差异明显,各林分对土壤理化性质改良各有侧重,落叶松油松混交得分较低,可能是深根性树种对表层土壤改良影响甚微,因子综合得分前三名均为刺槐林（林分密度1200～1700株/hm²）,依次为刺槐CH₂（1200株/hm²）>刺槐CH₁（1700株/hm²）>刺槐CH₅（1625株/hm²）,说明刺槐作为研究区优势种,在改善土壤理化性质方面优势显著,适宜密度下刺槐林对土壤理化性质的改良作用更突出。聚类分析结果表明,将改良土壤理化性质相似的林分化为一类,说明不同植被配置模式对土壤理化性质改良存在相似性,但不同类林分对土壤理化性质改良各有侧重。     

广东省酸性硫酸盐水稻土作物产量的主要限制因子分析

【目的】酸性硫酸盐水稻土(ASPS,简称反酸田)因强酸严重限制水稻生长,其产量远低于全国平均水平,是我国南方典型中低产田。为了进一步提高反酸田的水稻产量,需要对反酸田土壤的主要限制因子进行分析,以更好地对症下药,有效合理地改良土壤。本研究调查了不同产量水平下酸性硫酸盐水稻田的理化性状,探讨限制水稻生长的关键土壤化学因子,为反酸田的改良提供理论依据。【方法】 根据前期调查结果,选择3种产量水平(4500、 3000、 1500 kg/hm2)的代表性反酸田为研究对象,并以因强酸而撂荒的水稻田作为对照,于2013年6月28日在不同采样点各采集8个耕作层土壤样品,测定其有机质, 酸度, 氮、 磷、 钾养分以及微量元素含量等化学性状指标,比较不同田块间各种化学性状的差异,并通过相关分析、 主成分分析探讨影响反酸田水稻生长的关键土壤化学因子。【结果】反酸田的酸度水平极高,其pH值在3.0~4.0之间,水溶性酸、 交换性酸和吸持性酸含量分别达到0.6~5.6、 2.7~6.3和1.3~14.1 cmol/kg; 不同调查田块的酸度水平差异显著,高产田块的各种形态酸含量均显著低于低产田块,尤以水溶性酸和吸持性酸的差异更明显。随产量水平的降低,反酸田的有效磷、 速效钾含量显著降低,而水溶性硫、 交换性硫、 交换性锰、 交换性铝含量显著提高,交换性钙、 交换性锌、 交换性铜含量差异不显著,反映出缺磷、 缺钾、 硫酸盐含量过高、 铝毒、 锰毒显著限制了反酸田的水稻产量。相关分析表明,土壤有效磷、 速效钾与各种形态酸含量和硫酸盐含量显著负相关,而交换性钙、 锰、 铜、 锌、 铝与各种形态酸含量和硫酸盐含量显著正相关,表明反酸田水稻产量的主要限制化学因子受土壤酸含量及硫酸盐含量的水平影响。主成分分析表明,水溶性硫、 交换性硫、 交换性铝、 交换性酸、 交换性锰、 水溶性酸、 吸持性酸、 pH值、 有效磷、 速效钾等组成一个相对均质的变量群组,概括了64.99%的不同产量水平下反酸田理化性状的总变异度,为影响反酸田产量的主要土壤化学因子。其中水溶性硫、 交换性硫、 交换性铝、 交换性酸、 交换性锰、 水溶性酸、 吸持性酸为影响反酸田产量水平的负效应变量,而pH值、 有效磷、 速效钾为影响反酸田产量水平的正效应变量。【结论】硫酸根含量过高、 铝毒、 锰毒、 酸毒、 缺磷、 缺钾是限制反酸田产量的主要土壤化学因子。酸、 硫酸盐是反酸田的发育产物,是影响广东省反酸田水稻生长的原生及根本性障碍因素,而铝毒、 锰毒、 缺磷、 缺钾等是因土壤中酸、 硫酸盐含量较高时引起的次生障碍因素。因此,在反酸田的改良过程中需以减缓黄铁矿氧化、 促进黄钾铁矾水解,降低耕层土壤酸、 硫酸盐含量为主要目标。     

Evaluation of crystalline components in sewage sludge

Abstract

Crystalline minerals in anaerobically digested sewage sludges were determined by x‐ray diffraction analysis. Sludge samples were prepared for x‐ray analysis by either washing with H₂O to remove soluble salts or oxidizing organic matter with H₂O. A limited number of minerals are present as crystalline materials in sludge. Even though the sludges contained appreciable concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni, no crystalline metal sulfides, phosphates, hydroxides, oxides or carbonates were found with the exception of a possible Cu, Zn carbonate hydroxide. All other crystalline components detected are common minerals such as quartz, feldspar, montmorillonite, chlorite, mica, dolomite and calcite.     

Bradford-reactive soil proteins and aggregate stability under abandoned versus tilled olive groves in a semi-arid calcisol

Glomalin, a substance produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, is reported to play a role in soil aggregation, but this role has been questioned in soils rich in calcium carbonate. We studied the relationship between aggregation stability and glomalin in a Haplic Calcisol comparing abandoned and active cultivation of olive groves. Abandonment was associated with increases in soil organic carbon, the percentage of water stable aggregates (WSA_1-2mm), and easily extractable and total Bradford-reactive soil protein. WSA_1-2mm was strongly positively correlated with both easily extractable and total Bradford-reactive soil protein. While easily extractable Bradford-reactive soil protein measured in both stable and unstable aggregates did not show any significant differences, Bradford-reactive soil protein was twice as high in stable than in unstable aggregates under both tillage and abandonment. Our results suggest that Bradford-reactive soil protein influences aggregate stability, even in soils with low organic matter and high calcium carbonate contents. However, more research is needed to elucidate the role of easily extractable Bradford-reactive soil protein in soil aggregation.     

土壤有机质测定方法述评与展望

有机质是土壤的重要组成部分,是判定土壤质量动态变化的重要标准。为了便于了解当前土壤有机质测定方法的优点和局限性,利于今后有机质研究和测定工具的开发,本文对当前测定有机质的方法,包括干烧法、湿烧法、化学氧化法、灼烧法和土壤有机质光谱测定法进行了阐述,分析了各方法的优缺点以及研究中适宜选择的方法,并对当今农业的需求和测定方法的不足,提出了研究无损、原位测量有机质工具的构想,展望了土壤有机质快速测定方法的发展趋势,以此为精准农业的实施和农业的可持续发展,提供基本的信息及建议。     

甘南高寒草甸退化过程中土壤理化性质和微生物数量动态变化

研究甘南高寒草甸退化草地土壤理化性质和微生物数量动态变化特征,为退化草地改良修复提供理论依据。于2017年5,7,10月分别采集极度(ED)、中度(MD)和轻度(LD)退化草地,以及未退化的对照草地(CK)土壤,测定其理化特性及微生物数量特征。结果表明:CK的土壤含水量在5,7月均显著小于LD、MD和ED的土壤含水量,而在10月显著大于LD、MD和ED的土壤含水量;随着退化程度的加剧,土壤pH逐渐增大,有机碳、全氮和全磷含量逐渐减小;土壤细菌数量对草地的退化反映更敏感,放线菌次之,真菌最小;CK和LD的土壤微生物数量随土层深度下降更为明显;冗余分析结合蒙特卡罗置换检验结果发现,各月份影响微生物数量的环境因子不同,显著影响5月微生物数量的是土壤全磷和土壤含水量,而7月除土壤pH外,其余指标均有显著影响,10月除土壤pH和土壤碳氮比外,植被盖度和生物量等均有显著影响。可见,甘南高寒草甸土壤理化特征和三大微生物数量对退化程度的响应具有季节差异,不同时期影响因素和权重需在草地管理中予以重视。     

阿拉尔垦区土壤理化因子与酶活性的通径分析

土壤酶活性可以反映土壤生物化学过程的方向和强度.以新疆塔里木河上游阿拉尔垦区作为研究区域,选择8 a棉田、30 a棉田、人工林、天然林、荒草地、撂荒地及盐碱地等不同土地利用方式的样地为研究对象,综合考虑土壤理化和酶活性指标,对这两者的相关性进行深入探讨.结果表明:酶活性的较高值出现在绿洲内部的人工林、天然林和8 a棉田,较低值出现在盐碱地和荒草地.由通径分析及决定系数可知,全氮是影响该地区酶活性的主导因子;速效磷对脲酶和转化酶存在显著的直接正效应,是影响脲酶和转化酶活性的主导因子;速效钾是影响过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性的重要因素.与简单相关或多元回归分析方法相比,通径分析能对土壤理化性质和土壤酶之间的关系进行更客观、全面地解释.     

大理州植烟土壤理化性状与烟叶化学成分相关性分析

为明确大理白族自治州(简称大理州)植烟土壤理化特征与烟叶化学成分的关系,采集并分析了大理州12个植烟县(市)的土壤和烟叶样品.结果 表明:①大理州植烟土壤质地为重壤土,pH值和速效钾适宜,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、水溶性氯和有效硼偏高,其中大理市速效钾偏低,漾濞水溶性氯偏高.②大理州烟叶总糖和糖碱比偏高,其他指标适宜.其...     

不同土壤水分状况下遮蔽对棉花叶片气体交换的影响

An incubation experiment was carried out in laboratory to study the effect of temperature,moisture,phosphorus,organic matter,cropping and previous elemental sulfur application on elemental sulfur oxidation in four selected soils,fluvo-aquic soil,black soil,yellow-brown soil and red soil,In all the soils tested,sulfur oxidation rate was influenced by temperature and the temperature coefficient(Q10) values at the range from 10 to 30℃ were 4.41,,6.19 and 3.71 for the four soils,respectively.The rate of sulfur oxidation was parabolically related to soil water content.The optimum moisture content for the maximum oxiation rate was different among soils,Phosphorus increased the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur by 57.7%,33.1%,21.7% and 26.4% for the above four soils,respectively,compared with the control (no phosphorus applied).Organic material of corn straw which was gound and passed through a 0.5-mm sieve also increased th oxidation rate of elemental sulfur in the four soils by 59.8%,7.8%,39.2% and 540.4%,respectively.Elemental sulfur which was applied previously to soils significantly enhanced the oxidation of elemental sulfur subsequently added and increased sulfur-oxidizing populations such as autotrophic elemental sulfur oxidizers with pH optimum 6.8,autotrophic thiosufate oxidizers with pH optimum 6.8,heterotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers and heterotrophic sulfate producers.Cropping had little effect on elemental sulfur-oxidizing potentiality of soils.     

生物肥料磷的利用效率：生物有效性和组分

Although to date some technologies producing bio-based phosphorus (P) fertilizers have been proposed and implemented, the efficient use of the recovered products is still limited due to legislative constraints and lack of insights in the P release with time and in the corresponding mechanisms. The aim of this work was to evaluate the fertilizer performance in terms of P release and use efficiency of recovered struvite, FePO₄-sludge, digestate, and animal manure as compared to fossil reserve-based mineral triple superphosphate (TSP). First, product physicochemical characteristics and P fractions in the context of European fertilizer legislation were assessed. Next, a controlled greenhouse experiment was set up to evaluate plant reactions as well as changes of P availability in a nutrient-rich sandy soil with high P status and a nutrient-poor Rheinsand soil with low P status. Soil P fractions were determined in the extracts with water, ammonium lactate and CaCl₂, and in soil solution sampled with Rhizon soil moisture samplers. Based on all results, it is worth conducting long-term field trials to evaluate the P release effect of struvite and digestate as compared to animal manure and TSP on different soil types with varying P status. These products showed promise as sustainable substitutes for conventional P fertilizers and could contribute to a more efficient use of P in agriculture. A refined classification of P application standards/recommendations in terms of soil P status, soil texture, and fertilizer characteristics, next to the crop P demand, is recommended. Moreover, the additional use of Rhizon samplers for determination of direct available P, including dissolved organic P, is proposed for better understanding and categorization of different P fertilizers in environmental and fertilizer legislations.     

Partial least squares regression (PLSR) associated with spectral response to predict soil attributes in transitional lithologies

New techniques and improvements are required to quantify soil’s chemical and physical properties on production environment, reducing environmental impacts and minimizing soil analysis time. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility to estimate the content of silt, sand, clay, total iron and organic matter in soils formed by different lithologies in Parana State, Brazil, using VIS-NIR spectrum associated with Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR). 200 soil samples were collected in an area formed by Lixisols, Cambisols, Ferralsols, Arenosols and Nitisols in a depths of 0–0.2 and 0.2–0.8 m. Spectral readings were obtained in laboratory by FieldSpec 3 JR sensor. The spectral curves of the samples were correlated to the attributes through PLSR. The results obtained for sand in prediction were better when compared to the other attributes, presenting R² = 0.90, r = 0.95 and RPD = 2.3. Clay and total iron presented satisfactory results, mainly for RPD values, which were above 2.4. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the PLSR technique associated with the spectral response of the soils, was able to estimate sand, clay and total iron with accuracy in a region formed by reworked materials, derived from several lithologies.     

Improvement and Assessment of Soil Quality under Long-Term Conservation Agricultural Practices in Hot,Arid Tropical Aridisol

Soils in the hot, arid topical regions are low in organic matter and fertility and are structurally poor. Consequently, these soils suffer on account of poor physical, chemical, and biological soil quality traits, leading to miserably low crop yields. Long-term use of conjunctive nutrient management and conservation tillage practices may have a profound effect on improving the quality of these soils. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the key soil quality indicators, indices, and the best soil- and nutrient-management practices that can improve soil quality on long-term basis for enhanced productivity under a pearl millet–based system. The studies were conducted for the Hissar Centre of All-India Coordinated Research Project at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad. Conjunctive nutrient-use treatments and conservation tillage significantly influenced the majority of the soil quality parameters in both the experiments. In experiment 1, the key soil quality indicators that significantly contributed to soil quality in a rainfed pearl millet–mung bean system were available nitrogen (N, 35%), available zinc (Zn; 35%), available copper (Cu; 10%), pH (10%), available potassium (K; 5%), and dehydrogenase assay (5%). The three best conjunctive nutrient-use treatments in terms of soil quality indices (SQI) were T3, 25 kg N (compost) (1.52) > T6, 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) + biofertilizer (1.49) > T5, 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf manure) (1.47). In experiment 2, under a rainfed pearl millet system, the key indicators and their percentage contributions were electrical conductivity (15%), available N (19%), exchangeable magnesium (Mg; 18%), available manganese (Mn; 13%), dehydrogenase assay (19%), microbial biomass carbon (C; 5%), and bulk density (11%). The three best tillage + nutrient treatments identified from the viewpoint of soil quality were T1, conventional tillage (CT) + two intercultures (IC) + 100% N (organic source/compost) (1.74) > T3, CT + two IC + 100% N (inorganic source) (1.74) > T4, low tillage + two IC + 100% N (organic source/compost) (1.70). The findings of the present study as well as the state-of-the-art methodology adopted could be of much interest and use to the future researchers including students, land managers, state agricultural officers, growers/farmers, and all other associated stakeholders. The prediction function developed between long-term pearl millet crop yields (y) and soil quality indices (x) in this study could be of much use in predicting the crop yields with a given change in soil quality index under similar situations.     

花岗岩红壤侵蚀退化地不同治理模式土壤抗蚀性评价

为探究花岗岩红壤侵蚀退化地不同治理模式对土壤抗蚀性的影响,通过野外调查与室内外试验,以长汀县封禁（M1）、乔灌草混交（M2）、全坡面播草（M3）、低效林改造（M4）、条沟草灌带（M5）这5种治理模式的土壤为研究对象,选取开垦地（CK1）和裸露地（CK2）为对照,利用主成分分析法揭示土壤抗蚀性主要影响因子,并结合灰色关联分析和耦合分析对土壤抗蚀性进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）不同治理模式的土壤抗蚀性由强到弱依次为M5 > M2 > M3 > M4 > M1 > CK2 > CK1;（2）> 0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和有机质含量是影响土壤抗蚀性的主要因子;（3）土壤抗蚀性与土壤理化性质的灰色关联度较高（0.696）,M3的土壤抗蚀性与土壤理化性质之间系统耦合度最高（0.883）。研究结果为花岗岩红壤侵蚀退化地的水土流失治理及生态恢复提供科学依据。     

云南保山市植烟土壤养分状况与烤烟化学成分相关分析

采用描述统计和典型相关分析方法研究了保山烤烟化学成分与土壤养分状况之间的关系,结果表明:①保山土壤养分含量总体处于富足状态,但土壤养分不均匀,微量元素硼和氯含量较低,烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量较高,烟碱和总氮含量适中,钾、氯含量偏低;②在一定范围内土壤中碱解氮和有效硼含量与烟碱、总氮含量存在显著或极显著正相关,有效磷和有效镁含量与烟叶还原糖、钾氯比、糖碱比和氮碱比呈显著或极显著正相关;③控施氮肥,增施磷肥,提高烟株对土壤中钾的利用率,适当增施微肥,有利于提高保山烟叶的质量。