Effect of elevated ambient CO2 concentration on water use efficiency ofPinus sylvestriformis

Pinus sylvestriformis is an important species as an indicator of global climate changes in Changbai Mountain, China. The water use efficiency (WUE) of this species (11-year old) was studied on response to elevated CO₂ concentration at 500±100 μL·L⁻¹ by directly injecting CO₂ into the canopy under natural condition in 1998–1999. The results showed that the elevated CO₂ concentration reduced averagely stomatal opening, stomatal conductance and stomatal density to 78%, 80% and 87% respectively, as compared to normal ambient. The elevated CO₂ reduced the transpiration and enhances the water use efficiency (WUE) of plant. The project was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Response of seedlings growth of Pinus sylvestriformis to atmospheric CO_2 enrichment in Changbai Mountain

IntroductionGIobaIchangehasbeenoneoftheimpoFtantis-suesandscientistspaycIoseattentiontoit.ThegreatimportanceofforestecosystemisreflectednotonlybytheirhUgebiomass,butaIsobytheirsignifi-cantroIeintheglobaIcarbonbaIance.Howtreesrespondtoclimaticchangesmightbeofgreatsig-nificance.ManystudiesindicatethattherisingatmosphericCo,leveIscanmakeasubstantialeffectonplantgroWthanddevelopment.SomeonethinkcommonlythattherisingCo,levelscanstimuIatepIantgroWthandbiomassproduction,sincephotosynthesisofC…     

Photosynthetic response of Pinus sylvestriformis to elevated carbon dioxide and its influential factor analysis

IntroductionOur world is changing in the way and at the speedthat are describable, but we are unable to predictthese changes with any degree of accuracy. Radioactive and chemical properties of the atmosphere,global climate, and global ecology are dynamic andmeasurable, but they also linked to each other incomplex and poorly understood ways (Rayal andRamanathan 1989). While many of the physical andbiological sub-processes are understood and modeled in detail, predictive capabilities are poor i…     

四个生长季高浓度CO_2处理长白松的气孔响应(英文)

在长白山站以开顶箱方式对4 年生长白松连续4 个生长季进行CO2 处理,包括700 和500 μmolmol-1 高浓度CO2,以及接受空气CO2的对照箱和不扣箱的裸露地条件(约350 μmolmol-1 CO2),通过测定气孔导度(gs),ci/ca比及气孔数量等指标评价气孔对高浓度CO2的响应。气孔导度及ci/ca比的转换实验表明,在各自生长CO2下和在相同测定CO2 下进行比较时,生长在高浓度CO2 下植株的气孔导度要高于空气CO2 下对照组植株的气孔导度(除700 μmol mol-1 CO2 下的植株在生长CO2 浓度下及在350 μmol mol-1 CO2 下测定时的气孔导度低于裸地植株外)。在各自生长CO2浓度下测定时,高浓度CO2下植株的ci/ca比低于对照组植株,但在相同测定CO2浓度下比较时,却是高浓度CO2下植株的ci/ca高于对照组植株的ci/ca比。高浓度CO2下植株与对照组植株在每单位长度气孔数量上无明显差异,但高浓度CO2通过降低气孔线数使长白松当年生针叶的总气孔数量降低,并且改变了气孔在针叶上、下表面的分配模式。表4 参18。     

CO_2浓度升高对长白山三种树木幼苗光合、呼吸及酶活性的影响(英文)

以开顶箱的方式研究了长白山两年生红松、长白赤松、水曲柳幼苗,经过从1999年9月到2001年9月两个生长季高浓度CO2处理后,在700、500 L·L-1高浓度CO2和大气CO2条件下的净光合、暗呼吸速率,RuBP羧化酶活性及叶绿素含量变化。结果表明:红松、长白赤松和水曲柳幼苗在高浓度CO2下RuBP羧化酶活性增加;除500 L·L-1 CO2下的长白赤松幼苗外,高浓度CO2促进净光合速率;700 L·L-1 CO2使红松和长白赤松的暗呼吸速率升高,而水曲柳的暗呼吸在700、500 L·L-1CO2下降低。高浓度使水曲柳幼苗的叶绿素含量降低。     

长白赤松和红松土壤微生物活性对高浓度CO_2的响应(英文)

研究了2003 年夏季长白赤松和红松土壤微生物活性对高浓度CO2的响应规律。结果表明,长白赤松和红松土壤细菌数量受高浓度CO2影响显著(p < 0.05)减少;与对照箱(350 μmol ·mol-1 CO2)和裸地(350 μmol ·mol-1 CO2)相比,红松土壤淀粉酶和转化酶活性降低,而长白赤松土壤淀粉酶和转化酶活性却表现为增加;同时发现受700 μmol ·mol-1 CO2处理的红松和长白赤松土壤微生物生物量碳均表现为显著降低。DGGE 结果表明:受高浓度CO2 的影响,长白赤松和红松土壤细菌群落结构发生了明显的变化。研究结果表明土壤微生物对高浓度CO2的响应规律与所研究的的树种有关。图2 表2 参29。     

长白赤松和红松土壤微生物活性对高浓度CO2的响应

Responses of soil microbial activities to elevated CO₂ in experiment sites ofPinus sylvestriformis andPinus koraiensis seedlings were studied in summer in 2003. The results indicated the number of bacteria decreased significantly (p<0.05) under elevated CO₂ forPinus sylvestriformis andPinus koraiensis. Amylase and invertase activities in soil increased forPinus sylvestriformis and decreased forPinus koraiensis with CO₂ enrichment compared with those at ambient (350 μmol·mol⁻¹). The size of microbial biomass C also decreased significantly at 700 μmol·mol⁻¹ CO₂. Bacterial community structure had some evident changes under elevated CO₂ by DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) analysis of bacterial 16S rDNA gene fragments amplified by PCR from DNA extracted directly from soil. The results suggested that responses of soil microorganisms to elevated CO₂ would be related to plant species exposed to elevated CO₂. Foundation item: The study was supported by Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (2002CB412502) and the Knowledge Innovation Project from Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX1-SW-01-03). Biography: JIA Xia (1975), female, Ph. D. candidate of Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

高浓度CO2下红松幼苗根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献

本文于2003年5月至10月在长白山森林生态系统定位站内研究了高浓度CO2(500和700靘olmol-1)对红松幼苗土壤呼吸以及根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献。经过4个生长季高浓度CO2的处理,利用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室对红松幼苗土壤总呼吸和根系呼吸进行了测定。为了区分根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献,本文采用了PVC管断根法,即每种处理下将三根PVC管插入土壤中30cm以切断根系,从而终止了植物冠层对根系碳水化合物的供应。分别于6月16日、8月20日和10月8日对管内外土壤呼吸进行了测定。结果表明大气和土壤5cm温度都存在明显的日变化,但不同处理之间没有显著差别(P>0.05)。土壤总呼吸和断根土壤呼吸也有明显的日变化和季节变化。不同处理之间土壤总呼吸和断根土壤呼吸差异显著(P<0.01)。6月16日、8月20日和10月8日不同处理下土壤总呼吸和根系呼吸的贡献的平均值分别为3.26、4.78和1.47靘olm-2s-1以及11.5%、43.1%和27.9%。图5表1参38。     

天然长白松干形的研究

长白松是我国特有的松科松属植物,仅见于长白山海拔630~1 400 m之间,因其特殊的分类地位和优良的遗传性而受到普遍关注。本文对第一代天然长白松林的干形进行了分析研究,结果表明:正形数的变动系数最小,相对比较稳定;从正形率系列看,q0.7以下的变动系数均小于10%,随着直径上移,变动系数增大;形数随形率增大而增加,且相关关系紧密;利用样条函数理论,拟合出长白松干形曲线的样条函数方程组,利用计算机程序可容易地计算出立木材积,与实测值相比较80%样木的误差小于3%,精度较高。海拔700 m处的长白松立木干形优于海拔1 100 m处的干形,尖削度小,干形圆满,出材率高。     

长期高浓度CO_2处理对长白赤松土壤硝化酶、反硝化酶和固氮酶活性的影响(英文)

在吉林省长白山地区模拟检测了大气CO2浓度升高对土壤氮循环关键过程的影响。试验采用完全随机区组设计的开顶箱系统模拟环境CO2和高浓度CO2,起始于1999年春。选取长白山特有树种长白松(Pinus sylvestris var.sylvestri-formu),种子播种于1999年5月份,萌芽后开始CO2熏蒸处理。CO2熏蒸处理始于每年4月末止于10月末。分别在2006年6月、8月和2007年6月采集土壤样品,并检测土壤硝化酶(NEA)、反硝化酶(DEA)和固氮酶活性。结果表明,高浓度C02使土壤硝化酶(NEA)活性显著提高,提高幅度2006年6月为30.3%,2006年8月为30.9%,2007年6月为11.3%;土壤反硝化酶活性(DEA)在2006年6月份(P<0.012)和2006年8月份(P<0.005)被C02浓度升高显著抑制;在整个研究过程中没有发现C02浓度升高对固氮酶活性产生显著影响。因此,本研究认为C02浓度升高显著影响了土壤硝化酶(NEA)和反硝化酶活性(DEA)。图3表1参44。     

Effects of elevated CO2 on net photosynthetic rate of trees in Changbai Mountain

lntroductionAtmosphericconcentrationofCo2isrisingdra-maticaIIyandadoubIingofthepresentconcentrationwouIdoccurinmidnextcentury,duetoburnoffossilfuelanddestroyofforest(Gates1983,Tauszetal.1996).EIevatedatmosphericCO2willchangeitsgradientdistributioninforestecoboundary,andwillproduceagreateffectontreesandthewholeforestecosystem.Atpresent,studiesoneffectsofelevatedCozonplantshavebeenapopuIartopic,especiallyoncropsrice(BateretaI.199o).HaveIkaetal.(1984)hasgainedmanyachievementsonsoybean.How-e…     

CO_2浓度升高对落叶松针叶质膜过氧化物产量的影响

以10 a生落叶松幼树为试验对象,在CO_2浓度升高和对照处理的开顶式气室(OTC-Ⅰ型)内,研究分析高浓度CO_2对其针叶质膜过氧化物产量的影响,结果表明:短时间(60 d)高浓度CO_2处理条件下,MDA含量降低,细胞质膜过氧化程度减轻;但长时间(超过70 d)处于高浓度CO_2条件下则会严重损伤细胞,导致植物体受害。MDA与O2-·产生速率存在正相关关系,但并不显著,在短时间(60 d)CO_2浓度升高条件下,O2-·产生速率与H2O2含量降低;长期高浓度CO_2处理下,O2-·产生速率与H2O2含量略有上升。     

Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on growth course of tree seed-lings in Changbai Mountain

One-year-old seedlings of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis, Phellodendron amurense were grown in open-top chambers (OTCs) with 700 and 500 mmol/mol CO2 concentrations, control chamber and on open site (ambient CO2, about 350 mmol/mol CO2) respectively at the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the growth course responses of three species to elevated CO2 and temperature during one growing season was studied from May to Oct. 1999. The results showed that increase in CO2 concentration enhanced the growth of seedlings and the effect of 700 mmol/mol CO2 was more remarkable than 500 mmol/mol CO2 on seedling growth. Under the condition of doubly elevated CO2 concentration, the biomass increased by 38% in average for coniferous seedlings and 60% for broad-leaved seedlings. With continuous treatment of high CO2 concentration, the monthly-accumulated biomass of shade-tolerant Pinus koraiensis seedlings was bigger in July than in August and September, while those of Pinus sylvestriformis and Phellodendron amurense seedlings showed an increase in July and August, or did not decrese until September. During the hot August, high CO2 concentration enhanced the growth of Pinus koraiensis seedlings by increasing temperature, but it did not show dominance in other two species.     

樟子松、长白松、赤松和黑松的引种研究

以樟子松7个种子源的种子和长白松，赤松和黑松的种子在北京地区做引种试验，并以油松做对照。试验结果表明，长白松生长的表现较好，优于油松。赤松和黑松表现一致，不如油松。樟子松生长表现更差。但从樟子松不同种源来看，呼伦贝尔、大兴安岭南部和小兴安岭的种源生长表现要优于大兴安岭北部的种源。     

Stomatal response ofPinus sylvestriformis to elevated CO2 concentrations during the four years of exposure

Four-year-oldPinus sylvestriformis were exposed for four growing seasons in open top chambers to ambient CO₂ concentration (approx. 350 μmol·mol⁻¹) and high CO₂ concentrations (500 and 700 μmol·mol⁻¹) at Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences at Antu Town, Jilin Province, China (42°N, 128°E). Stomatal response to elevated CO₂ concentrations was examined by stomatal conductance (g _s), ratio of intercellular to ambient CO₂ concentration (c _i/c _a) and stomatal number. Reciprocal transfer experiments of stomatal conductance showed that stomatal conductance in high-[CO₂]-grown plants increased in comparison with ambient-[CO₂]-grown plants when measured at their respective growth CO₂ concentration and at the same measurement CO₂ concentration (except a reduction in 700 μmol·mol⁻¹ CO₂. grown plants compared with plants on unchambered field when measured at growth CO₂ concentration and 350 μmol·mol⁻¹CO₂). High-[CO₂]-grown plants exhibited lowerc _i/c _a ratios than ambient-[CO₂]-grown plants when measured at their respective growth CO₂ concentration. However,c _i/c _a ratios increased for plants grown in high CO₂ concentrations compared with control plants when measured at the same CO₂ concentration. There was no significant difference in stomatal number per unit long needle between elevated and ambient CO₂. However, elevated CO₂ concentrations reduced the total stomatal number of whole needle by the decline of stomatal line and changed the allocation pattern of stomata between upper and lower surface of needle. Foundation Item: This research was supported by National Basic Research Program of China (2002CB412502), Project of Key program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90411020) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (30400051). Biography: ZHOU Yu-mei (1973-), female, Ph. Doctor, assistant research fellow, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

大气CO2升高和气候变化对森林的影响——国内近五年研究概况

本概述了国内过去５年中,在大气ＣＯ２倍增和气候变化条件下,对树木个体,森林生产力,森植被带影响的研究。     

CO_2浓度倍增对宁夏枸杞叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了了解气候变化对枸杞光合作用的影响,以宁夏枸杞苗木为试验材料,采用开顶式气室模拟控制CO2浓度,设置倍增CO2浓度(720±20μmol/mol)和自然环境大气CO2浓度(360±20μmol/mol,对照)处理,测定2种处理下枸杞叶片叶绿素荧光参数,分析其变化。结果表明:CO2浓度倍增处理对宁夏枸杞叶片的初始荧光(F0)无显著影响,而最大荧光(Fm)、PSII的潜在光化学活性(Fv/F0)、PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、表观光合电子传递速率(RET)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(ΦPSII)均显著增加,说明CO2浓度倍增可以提高枸杞叶片的光能转化效率以及光能利用率,增强其光合能力。     

大气CO2倍增对长白山不同树种的苗木的影响

组成长白山阔叶红松林的主要树种红松、云杉、落叶松、大青杨、白桦、椴树、水曲柳和色木的幼树,盆栽于模拟自然光照和人工调节CO2浓度为700祄olmol-1、400祄olmol-1的气室内两个生长季(1998-1999),以生长在400祄olmol-1下的幼树为对照组。研究结果表明:高CO2浓度下生长的红松、云杉、落叶松、大青杨、白桦、椴树、水曲柳和色木的高生长比对照组的幼树提高10%~40%。水分利用效率均有不同程度的提高,但不同树种叶绿素含量和蒸腾速率对高CO2浓度反应不一。长期高CO2浓度环境下生长的阔叶树对大气CO2浓度升高反应较针叶树敏感,供试8个树种对CO2浓度的升高均发生光合驯化现象。图2表2参24。     

Response of seedlings growth ofPinus sylvestriformis to atmospheric CO2 enrichment in Changbai Mountain

The biomass and ratio of root-shoot ofPinus sylvestriformis seedlings at CO₂ concentration of 700 μL·L⁻¹ and 500 μL·L⁻¹ were measured using open-top chambers (OTCs) in Changbai Mountain during Jun. to Oct. in 1999. The results showed that doubling CO₂ concentration was benefit to seedling growth of the species (500 μL·L⁻¹ was better than 700 μL·L⁻¹) and the biomass production was increased in both above-ground and underground parts of seedlings. Carbon transformation to roots was evident as rising of CO₂ concentration. This project is supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on growth course of tree seedlings in Changbai Mountain

One-year-old seedlings ofPinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis, Phellodendron amurense were grown in open-top chambers (OTCs) with 700 and 500 ώmol/mol CO₂ concentrations, control chamber and on open site (ambient CO₂, about 350 ώmol/mol CO₂) respectively at the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the growth course responses of three species to elevated CO₂ and temperature during one growing season was studied from May to Oct. 1999. The results showed that increase in CO₂ concentration enhanced the growth of seedlings and the effect of 700 (ώmol/mol CO₂ was more remarkable than 500 ώmol/mol CO₂ on seedling growth. Under the condition of doubly elevated CO₂ concentration, the biomass increased by 38% in average for coniferous seedlings and 60% for broad-leaved seedlings. With continuous treatment of high CO₂ concentration, the monthly-accumulated biomass of shade-tolerantPinus koraiensis seedlings was bigger in July than in August and September, while those ofPinus sylvestriformis andPhellodendron amurense seedlings showed an increase in July and August, or did not decrese until September. During the hot August, high CO₂ concentration enhanced the growth ofPinus koraiensis seedlings by increasing temperature, but it did not show dominance in other two species. Foundation Item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystem.