新型鸭肝炎病毒的分离鉴定及VP1基因序列分析

为了解新型鸭肝炎病毒(N-DHV)的变异情况,本实验从广西、河南、山东临床发病鸭体内分离到3株病毒.通过RT-PCR检测为N-DHV.将分离株进行鸭胚传代培养,并测定鸭胚毒的ELD50为10-3.29/0.2 mL～10-465/0.2 mL.以1型和N-DHV阳性血清分别与分离株进行血清交叉中和试验,结果表明,Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒(DHV-1)阳性血清对分离株无保护性.动物回归试验表明,分离株致死雏鸭的临床症状和病变与DHV-1相同,分离株的致死率为30％～70％.将分离株接种鸡胚,不产生任何病变,在鸡胚成纤维细胞中连续传5代后,细胞产生明显、规律的病变.扩增3株分离株的VP1基因,并进行氨基酸序列比对,结果表明3个分离株与DHV-C的同源性最高,与DHV-A的同源性最低,并存在氨基酸的插入和缺失.本实验表明3个分离株与韩国N-DHV属于同一血清型.     

Isolation and characterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus from sheep and cattle in Colorado

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus was isolated from cattle and sheep in northeastern Colorado during July and August 1984. The isolates were identified as serotype 2 by plaque-inhibition serotyping, genome electropherotyping, and protein analysis.     

Isolation and identification of trout viruses in South Africa

A total of 3,257 samples of diseased rainbow trout were examined for the presence of viruses from January 1983 to December 1987. A virus closely related to the VR 299 serotype of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus was isolated from 13 cases. An additional 7,228 viscera samples from asymptomatic fish were collected during the same period and a similar virus was isolated from 2 sites. During the same period 2,892 ovarian fluid samples were collected and a similar virus was isolated from 1 site. A similar virus was also isolated from one consignment of imported trout ova. A total of 5,550 ova was examined during this period. The viruses were identified by various tests as being closely related to the VR299 serotype of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. All these samples tested negative for infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and herpesvirus salmonis.     

Detection of bluetongue virus in bovine fetuses using the avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase method

The avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase technique was adapted for use in detecting bluetongue virus (BTV) antigens in BTV serotype 11-infected bovine fetuses. Fetuses were infected with BTV serotype 11 at 120 days of gestation and then removed 20 days later by Cesarean section. Blood and tissue samples were collected from each animal and used for virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs, the immunofluorescent antibody test, and the avidin-biotin complex test. The avidin-biotin complex method successfully identified BTV antigens in both fresh and autolyzed fetal brains. Thus, the avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase method has potential as a possible procedure for diagnosing bluetongue disease in aborted bovine fetuses.     

Attenuation, safety, and efficacy of an infectious bronchitis virus GA98 serotype vaccine

In 1998, novel strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were identified in chickens from the southeastern United States and classified as a new serotype designated Georgia 98 (GA98). Because of the widespread nature of the GA98 virus in the southeastern United States and the lack of adequate protection with the DE072 vaccine, we developed a specific vaccine for the GA98 serotype. The GA98/0470/98 isolate of IBV was passaged in embryonating chicken eggs 70 times, and attenuation of the virus was determined in specific-pathogen-free chicks. Pass 70 of the GA98/0470/98 strain of IBV when given at 1 day of age by coarse spray and at 14 days of age in the drinking water at 1 x 10(4.5) 50% embryo infectious dose/bird protected against the homologous GA98 challenge as well as provided good protection against the DE072-type virus. In addition, the vaccine was shown to be adequately attenuated and safe at a 10x dosage.     

鸭肝炎病毒GD株的分离与RT-PCR鉴定分析

本研究分离了1株鸭肝炎病毒(duck hepatitis virus,DHV),并对其进行了分型研究。取广东某鸭场疑似DHV致死8日龄雏鸭肝脏,肝脏组织处理后经鸭胚接种分离纯化病毒。分离毒株经动物回归试验、ELD₅₀测定、中和试验等确定为血清Ⅰ型DHV,同时通过RT-PCR检测及序列分析,从基因分型角度也验证分离毒株为DHV-Ⅰ,并将该分离毒命名为GD株。     

Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli infection as a cause of diarrhea in young calves

A form of enteric Escherichia coli infection was identified in 60 calves from 59 farming operations. The E coli responsible for these infections principally colonized the colon, inducing a distinctive lesion described as attaching and effacing. Hemorrhagic enterocolitis or blood in the feces was observed on 40% of the farms. Of affected calves, 86.6% were dairy calves (average age, 11.8 days). Forty-four calves were infected concurrently with other enteropathogens (cryptosporidia, rotavirus, coronavirus, enterotoxigenic E coli, bovine viral diarrhea virus, coccidia). Verotoxin-producing E coli was recovered from 31 calves; 8 were serotype O111:NM isolates, 3 were serotype O5:NM, and 1 was serotype O26:NM.     

Characterisation of avian adenoviruses associated with inclusion body hepatitis

Eleven avian adenoviruses were isolated in monolayer cultures of specific pathogen free chicken kidney cells which were inoculated with suspensions of liver, intestine or bursa obtained from 15 broiler flocks experiencing outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis (10 isolates) and from five unaffected flocks (one isolate). Of the 11 isolates obtained, nine were identified by virus neutralisation tests as serotype 8, one as serotype 1 and one as serotype 12. Adeno-associated viruses were only observed in combination with adenoviral particles of the serotype 12 isolate which was derived from a relatively mild outbreak of inclusion body hepatitis. Only the serotype 1 isolate, obtained from the unaffected broiler flock, consistently caused the death of embryos with marked pathological changes. All of the isolates produced basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies surrounded by clear halos in chicken kidney cell cultures. DNA preparations, obtained from six strains of serotype 8 avian adenovirus (two New Zealand isolates, three Australian isolates and the reference strain HVI) after digestion with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and BamHI, gave electrophoretic patterns showing the New Zealand isolates to be similar to one another and to strain HVI, but quite distinct from the Australian isolates.     

Serotype 2 reoviruses from the feces of cats with and without diarrhea.

During a virus survey carried out in the period 1989-90 with 148 fecal samples collected from cats in Japan, three reovirus strains were isolated in feline cell cultures. Two strains (Nos. 114 and 140) were from 48 diarrheal fecal samples and another strain (No. 32/41) was from 100 normal fecal samples. The strains grew in feline and simian cell cultures with producing typical intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in which virus particles were densely packed. All strains, especially Nos. 32/41 and 140 strains, showed trypsin-dependent growth in vitro. Their ultrastructural and genomic properties were characteristic of genus reovirus in the Reoviridae. All strains agglutinated erythrocytes of human type O but not of bovine. Although they were identified as serotype 2 by hemagglutination-inhibition test with the hyperimmune sera against human reovirus prototype strains, No. 114 strain was typical and the other two strains were atypical serotype 2 reoviruses. Furthermore, from the reason that Nos. 32/41 and 140 strains possessed some common properties though derived from cats in distant locations, they were considered to be reoviruses having been maintained in the cat population. Seroepizootiologic survey revealed that the prevalence of serotype 3 infection was most widespread and serotype 2 was least among three serotypes of reovirus in a cat population.     

Pathogenicity of embryo-adapted serotype 2 OH strain of infectious bursal disease virus in chickens and turkeys

The pathogenicity of serotype 2 OH strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos and 2-wk-old SPF chickens and turkey poults was investigated. The virus was pathogenic for chicken embryos after five passages as evidenced by pathologic changes in inoculated embryos. The embryo-adapted virus was not pathogenic for 2-wk-old SPF chickens and turkey poults as indicated by lack of clinical signs, gross or microscopic lesions in the bursa of Fabricius of inoculated birds. Bursa-to-body-weight ratios of the inoculated chickens and turkey poults were not significantly different from those of uninoculated controls. Virus-neutralizing antibodies to serotype 2 IBDV were detected in inoculated chickens and turkeys. Results of this study indicated that the embryo-adapted serotype 2 OH IBDV isolate that is pathogenic for chicken embryos is infectious but not pathogenic in chickens and turkeys.     

Isolation of serotype 2 Marek's disease virus from birds belonging to genus Gallus in Japan

Serotype 2 of Marek's disease virus (MDV) was isolated from apparently healthy birds belonging to genus Gallus that had no history of vaccination with MDV or herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT). Buffy-coat cells from these birds were inoculated onto chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cultures for primary isolation. Thirteen isolates from one golden pheasant and three white silky fowls, three black silky fowls, three Japanese long crowers, and three Japanese bantams produced herpes-like cytopathic effects (CPE) in the CEF cultures. Using serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies to MDV and HVT, 11 isolates were identified as serotype 2 MDV by indirect fluorescent antibody tests. The other two isolates were complicated with serotypes 1 and 3 of MDV-related viruses. Of 13 isolates, three cloned by the limiting-dilution method were further characterized as serotype 2 MDV biologically, genetically, and serologically. The results showed that the birds of the genus Gallus were naturally infected with serotype 2 MDV. This is the first report ever published about the distribution of serotype 2 MDV among healthy birds of the genus Gallus.     

鹅源鸭疫里默氏杆菌的分离和鉴定

为研究鹅源鸭疫里默氏杆菌的生化特性、药敏情况、血清型和致病性,从扬州郊区发病鹅场分离到1株细菌,经分离培养、染色镜检、生化特性鉴定、玻片凝集试验,确定为Ⅱ型鸭疫里默氏杆菌。对病料进行病毒分离试验,经过血凝试验和琼脂扩散试验,没有发现鹅新城疫病毒、禽流感病毒和小鹅瘟病毒。动物致病性试验结果表明,鸭疫里默氏杆菌分离菌株可以通过静脉注射、皮下注射和滴鼻3种途径感染鹅,出现100%的死亡率,说明分离株对扬州鹅具有很强的致病性,同时提示在鹅的免疫计划中也应该充分考虑到鸭疫里默氏杆菌的致病和传播。     

10日龄肉鸭混合感染新型鸭肝炎病毒和多杀性巴氏杆菌的病原学研究

对1例疑似鸭肝炎病毒和多杀性巴氏杆菌混合感染的10日龄肉鸭采用常规的病毒、细菌鉴定方法和RT-PCR、PCR方法分别进行病毒、细菌的分离与鉴定。病毒鉴定为新型鸭肝炎病毒,细菌鉴定为荚膜血清A型多杀性巴氏杆菌多杀亚种。细菌对SPF鸡的毒力试验结果显示,分离的巴氏杆菌与强毒标准株C48-1毒力相近,为强毒株。细菌对10日龄肉鸭的致病性回归试验结果表明,一定数量的该株巴氏杆菌可导致10日龄雏鸭的感染死亡。结果表明,该批肉鸭为新型鸭肝炎病毒和A型多杀性巴氏杆菌混合感染。这是国内首例从感染鸭肝炎病毒10日龄雏鸭肝脏中分离到多杀性巴氏杆菌。     

禽腺病毒的分离鉴定及LMH细胞适应毒的生物学特性研究

为了对采集自北京平谷某养殖场发病鸡中出现心包积液综合征症状的病料进行病毒分离和鉴定,将病料接种LMH细胞进行病毒分离,并在LMH上连续传代,取C5和C15代细胞毒分别接种3周龄SPF鸡进行致病性试验。根据分离病毒在LMH上的CPE特征、病毒血清中和试验、Hexon基因序列比对分析、SPF鸡致病性回归试验,表明从发病鸡病料中分离的一株病毒为血清4型禽腺病毒;病毒在LMH细胞盲传3代后,就能很好地适应细胞培养,出现禽腺病毒典型的CPE;培养至第10代,病毒在接种后72 h,病毒含量即可达到107.4TCID50/0.1m L的峰值滴度;接种细胞毒的SPF鸡出现4型禽腺病毒导致的典型临床症状和特异性剖检病理变化,两组接种鸡的死亡率分别为100%和70%。结果表明,研究分离到的4型禽腺病毒毒株对SPF鸡具有高致死率,但病毒经过细胞连续传代后对鸡的致死率降低。     

猪流感病毒H1N1分离株HA基因的克隆与序列分析

无锡某猪场发生不同程度的猪呼吸系统疾病.对发病猪采集鼻拭子,经双抗处理后,接种鸡胚,收集24 h后死亡的鸡胚尿囊液.对一株具有血凝性的病毒分离株进行RT-PCR鉴别,结果为H1亚型流感病毒.利用RT-PCR扩增尿囊液中的流感病毒HA基因.经pGEM-T easy载体克隆、序列测定和进化树分析,结果表明,在该猪群中分离获得的该株SIV为古典型H1N1.     

表达FAdV-8b Fiber蛋白重组FAdV-4的构建与鉴定

为了构建能够同时防控鸡肝炎-心包积液综合征(HHS)和包涵体肝炎(IBH)的新型疫苗,本研究利用禽腺病毒4型(FAdV-4)中国流行株CH/HNJZ/2015的反向遗传操作技术,将禽腺病毒8b型(FAdV-8b)中国流行株的全长Fiber基因插入至FAdV-4基因组中1 966 bp自然缺失区,构建感染性克隆并拯救出重组病毒rHNJZ-Fiber/FAdV8b,利用PCR、Western blot和间接免疫荧光试验对重组病毒rHNJZ-Fiber/FAdV8b进行鉴定。结果表明,FAdV-8b的Fiber基因得以准确插入,Fiber蛋白正确并稳定表达,重组病毒rHNJZ-Fiber/FAdV8b具有良好的遗传稳定性,在细胞中具有与亲本毒株相似的高滴度生长特性和复制动态。本研究构建的表达FAdV-8b中国流行株Fiber基因的重组FAdV-4将为同时研发HHS和IBH的有效疫苗提供新的思路。     

From rabies to rabies-related viruses

Antigenic differences between rabies virus strains characterized with monoclonal antibodies presently define at least four serotypes within the Lyssavirus genus of the Rhabdoviridae family: classical rabies virus strains (serotype 1), Lagos bat virus (serotype 2), Mokola virus (serotype 3) and Duvenhage virus (serotype 4). The wide distribution of rabies-related virus strains (serotypes 2, 3 and 4) and above all, the weak protection conferred by rabies vaccines against some of them (principally Mokola virus) necessitates the development of new specific vaccines. We first determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a rabies virus strain of serotype 1 (Pasteur virus) and characterized the structure of the viral genes and their regulatory sequences. We then extended this study to the Mokola virus genome. Five non-overlapping open reading frames were found in both viruses and had similar sizes and positions in both. Similarities were also found in the mRNA start and stop sequences and at the genomic extremities. Comparison of both genomes helps to analyze the basis of the particular antigenicity of these two serotypes. The sequence homology in the region coding for the viral glycoprotein was only 58% between the two viruses, compared with 94% between different rabies virus strains within serotype 1. This comparison, extended to other unsegmented negative strand RNA viruses, gives new insight into the understanding of rhabdoviruses and paramyxoviruses. Furthermore, molecular cloning provides a rationale for the genetic engineering of a future vaccine.