Variability of the seeds and cones and key taxonomic charactersselection of Larix in Northeast China

IntroductionLarisoIgensiSHenryandLarisgmeIinii(Rupr.)Rupr.areboththenativetreespeciesinChina,buttheirdiStributingcentersarenotwithintherangeofChina.LarisoIgen$isismainlydistributedinNoFthKoreaandadjacentNortheastChinaandRussia(Dylis1961).lnChina,itsdistributingcenterisintheChangbaiMountains.Nevertheless,LarisgmeliniiismainlydistributedintheFar-EastandEastSiberiaofRussiaandNortheasternChina.ItsdistributingcenterinChinaisintheDaxing'anMountains.Thecharac-tersofthesexuaIreproduction…     

A study on the geographic variation and selection of the best provenance ofLarix olgensis

On the basis of the results from the geographic provenance test of nine years oldlarix olgensis in Liangshui Natural Reserve of our university, a study on the geographic varition and the primary selection of the best provenance ofLarix olgensis was carried out. The main results are as follows: I.The different provenances ofLarix olgensis have rich and wide genetic variation, and exist a linear correlation with latitude and longitude in collection area. General trends are enumerated below: Provenances at lower latitude and more west longitude have lighter thousand seed weight, short growth period, higher increment, wide branches, rich leaves and crown as well as worst adaptabillity. It is a dual-way variation along with two directions of latitude and longitude, and also embodies a change gradually in climate condition from south to north. The temperatures in seed production site, especially the mean temperature in January and ≥10 °C accumulated temperature, are important factors that produce geographic variation forlarix olgensis. 2. The variation of different provenances in periodic biological phenomena and growth rhythm trends are that: 1 both of the provenances from Changbai Mt. (III) and Dashitou(IV) at low latitude belong to the centralized growth type, and have shout growth period, the difference between these two provenances is that the provenance from Changbai Mt. grows well in all time, Dashitou provennce is well only in later period; 2 the provenance from Baidao Mt. (II) at middle latitude belongs to even growth type and has longer grpwth period, this provenance has higher increment in early and later periods relatively; 3 Xiaobeihu provenance at high latitude is a growth type among II. III and IV provenances and has a general growth period, the provenance grows better in middle time and worse in later time. 3. The best provenance in Liangshui Natural Reserve and its meighbourhood is Dashitou Procenance, which growth in height, diameter and volume has exceeded 16. 28%, 46. 27%, 30. 58%, 78. 20, 82. 00% as well as 392. 00% by comparison with the mean value of the contrast and the worst provenance respectively, The result from the height growth of three, five, seven and nine years oldLarix olgensis by using the method of order correlation analysis demonstrates that it is possible to make early selection of the provenance. Meanwhile, data from juvenile and mature oflarix olgensis plantation also prove the reliability of the early selection. 4. The provenance heritabilities of nine years oldlarix olgensis in Liangshui Natural Reserve are follows: The heritability of the height growth (h²) is 0.79; The heritability of the diameter breast height (h²) is 0.791; The geretic gain is 24.5% and 40.36% respectively.     

The relationships between the number of seeds in the cones of Abies alba Mill. and their damage by spermatophagous insects

A study was conducted on the relationships between the total number of seeds in cones of Abies alba Mill. and the number of seeds that were viable, infertile, infested with the larvae of Megastigmus suspectus Borr. or damaged by Resseliella piceae Seitn. The seeds were obtained from cones collected in southern Poland in the Gorce National Park in both partial and strict reserves during 1996–1998. A total of 54,958 seeds extracted from 217 cones were used in the study. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Spearman rank correlation coefficient was computed. A correlation was found between the total number of seeds and each of the groups mentioned above except seeds infested with M. suspectus. An appropriate test was also used to compare the proportions of each of the groups. It was found that the proportions differ from year to year, and for the different sites, except the proportion of viable seeds. No correlation was found between the numbers of seeds infested with M. suspectus and the number of seeds damaged by R. piceae.     

树莓主要经济性状的主成分分析及其优种的选择

应用主成分分析法,从样本相关矩阵出发,对树莓11品系的主要经济性状(单果重,出汁率,含酸量,含糖量,花青素,VC,SOD,蛋白质,氨基酸等等)进行分析,根据累积贡献率达到85%以上,确定了反映树莓主要经济性状的3个主成分及其主成分的函数方程;并通过计算品质的主成分值,对供试的11个品系进行了比较,进而选择了综合性状优良的品系,其结果与实际相接近,表明应用主成分分析对树莓品种的选择比传统的人为打分更具有准确性和科学性,为以后树莓优良品种的选择提供了理论依据。     

中国盘腹蚁属19种蚂蚁的形态测量学研究

目的 探究形态测量学方法在蚁科昆虫分类中的应用价值。 方法 采用因子分析、主成分分析和系统聚类的统计分析方法进行中国盘腹蚁属19种蚂蚁的形态测量学研究。 结果 4个主成分胸长（MSL）、头宽（HW）、腹柄长宽比（LPI）和腹柄长高比 （DPI）有较高的载荷值,可综合反映其他14个变量,其主成分得分散点图能够明显区分该属19种蚂蚁;聚类分析可将19种盘腹蚁聚成4分支,第一支与第二亲缘关系最近,与第四支最远,其结果与主成分的分散点图的聚类情况以及形态特征分类结果基本一致。 结论 形态测量学方法对蚁科昆虫的分类学研究具有很好的应用价值,具有重要应用前景,可为物种分类鉴定提供新的方法。     

海南岛尖峰岭热带树木园主要树种的物候研究*

对海南岛尖峰热带树木园保存的降香黄檀、印度紫檀，海南石梓，黄籽孔雀豆、柚木、麻楝、细基丸、千张纸，乌墨、白格、圆果象耳豆、华楹、黑格、非洲楝和大叶档花心木１５个树种与温度、雨量、日照等的环境因子的关系进行了分析，运用多元统计分析的方法，揭示出了对主要物候期影响最大的气象因子是日平均温度、雨量和日平均日照时数，运用系统聚类的方法将１５个树种各物候期分类，其类型确定为：展叶期、开花期、果熟期和叶变色期     

Analyzing the effectiveness of alternative fuel reductions of a forested landscape in Northeastern China

Successful management of forest fire risk in the Northeastern China boreal forest ecosystem often involves trade-offs between fire dynamics, fire hazard reduction, and fiscal input. We used the LANDIS model to study the effects of alternative fuel reduction strategies on fire dynamics and analyzed cost effectiveness for each fuel reduction strategy based on cost–benefit theory. Five levels of fuel treatment area (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% for each decade) and two fuel treatment types (prescribed burning [PB] and mechanical treatments in combination with prescribed fire [PR]) under current fire suppression simulated by LANDIS were compared in a 5 × 2 factorial design over a 300-year period. The results showed that PR scenarios are more effective at reducing the occurrence and burn area of catastrophic fires than PB scenarios. In addition, area burned by high intensity fire can be tremendously reduced by increasing low intensity fires with a higher level of treatment area under the various PR scenarios. The cost effectiveness of alternative fuel reduction strategies is strongly dependent on treatment area. In general, PB scenarios will be more cost effective in larger treatment areas and PR scenarios in smaller. We recommend mechanical treatments in combination with prescribed fire, with 4% of landscape treated in each decade (PR04) to be the optimal fuel reduction strategy in the study area based on risk control and cost efficiency analysis. However, the most challenging work in China is to make local forest policy makers and land managers accept the ecological function of fire on forest ecosystems.     

中国东北地区的立木腐朽菌

简要论述了中国东北地区的立木腐朽菌,共报道危害活立木的木腐菌４９种,对每个种的寄主、腐朽类型及分布进行了报道,它们中多数造成白色腐朽,少数导致褐色腐朽,其中在我国首次报道为森林病原菌的种类有：白黄小薄孔菌Ａｎｔｒｏｄｉｅｌｌａ ａｌｂｏｃｉｎｎａｍｏｍｅａ,奥氏蜜环菌Ａｒｍｉｌｌａｒｉａ ａｓｔｏｙａｅ,亚黑管孔菌Ｂｊｅｒｋａｎｄｅｒａ ｆｕｍｏｓａ,硬栓孔菌Ｆｕｎａｌｉａ ｔｒａｇｉｉ,小孔异担     

辽东山区长白落叶松天然更新调查

调查辽东山区长白落叶松人工林的长白落叶松天然更新数量、幼苗的存活和生长状况以及其幼树出现的生境.结果表明:在结实的长白落叶松人工林内均有1年生落叶松幼苗,其数量与人工林种子库落叶松种子数量有关,其存活和生长(高生长和叶片数量)状况明显受林分开阔度、地面植被盖度和枯落物的影响.1年生长白落叶松幼苗在林内生长缓慢,一般高生长不超过6 cm,地径生长不超过0.1 cm,叶片数量不超过25针.长白落叶松天然更新幼苗4月末开始出现,6月份幼苗数量最多,9月份林内大部分幼苗死亡.这表明长白落叶松幼苗在林下不能正常存活和生长,而影响其存活和生长的主要因素是光照、草本灌木和地面枯落物.另外,长白落叶松林下很难见到幼树,只有在有种源、光照充足、草本灌木和枯落物少,以及土壤较湿润的生境中能见到其幼树.     

我国东北地区木材工业发展现状与科技需求

结合东北地区木材工业现状,总结了行业的发展和科技引领取得的成就;结合东北地区木材工业存在的具体问题,分析了影响其发展的主要制约因素;结合国家林业中长期科学和技术发展规划,及东北地区木材工业发展要求,提出了“十二五”期间东北地区木材工业的科技需求和主要任务。     

美国山核桃引种栽培区划研究 I 原生境与新生境自然条件比较

生境是林木引种栽培区划的主要依据.比较分析了美国山核桃原生境和新生境的气温、降水和土壤条件.结果表明该树种原生境的气候和土壤条件与我国新生境存在较大的相似性；通过对原生境中影响美国山核桃生长发育的主要气象因子进行主成分分析，得出了引种栽培该树种的主导气象因子；根据原产地中心产区对上述主导气象因子的反应值，并结合原产地美国山核桃专家的意见，确立了该树种的现实生态位宽度为年平均温度13～20℃，1月平均温度4～12℃，7月平均温度25～30℃，极端最低温度-30～-8℃，≥10℃年积温3300～5400℃，无霜期154～245d，年降水量224～1626mm.为后期应用生物气候预测分析法进行美国山核桃引种栽培区划提供了判别依据.     

厦门城市生态风景林树种选择与景观构建技术

文章探讨了城市生态风景林的概念与内涵,分析厦门生态风景林植被现状,提出南亚热带城市厦门生态风景林的树种选择,总结了城市生态风景林景观构建技术。     

Reviewing on the Development of Forestry Sciences and Technology in China

This essay reviews and sums up about the major achievement of forestry sciences-and technology in the past 50 years in China, from 8 fields including hereditary breeding of forest, silviculture, forest ecology, forest management, forest protection, combating desertification, wood sciences and technology, and forestry chemistry and technology.     

九十年代中国景观生态学文献分析及研究进展

本文通过文献检索对90年代期间景观生态学文献及论著进行了分析。分析结果表明,景观生态学研究在过去十年中获得了突飞猛进的发展。通过不完全统计,中国研究人员在国内外发表有关文献619篇以及中、英文著作13部,其中90% 以上是在国内发表的。基础理论方面和应用方法的文献分别占39.6% (245篇)和23.6% (146篇)。依据不同的研究内容,中国90年代景观生态学研究文献被分为9类。城市景观生态学的文献数量排列第一,占全部统计文献的13.4%;其次是区域、流域景观,寒区、旱区景观,森林景观,生境与生物多样性,农业景观,湿地景观,城郊景观以及植物景观。根据分析结果,作者对中国的景观生态学研究目前存在的问题和发展趋势进行了讨论。表3参42。     

Local and regional environmental variation influences the growth of tropical trees in selection trials in the Republic of Panama

Native Neotropical trees are being increasingly planted for restoration purposes and timber production, but we lack species-specific data on growth responses to different regional climates and local environmental variation. We used regression trees and variance components to quantify the effects of within- and among-site environmental variation on the basal area (BA) of 21 Neotropical and two exotic tree species at three selection trials in the Republic of Panama. Sites represented distinct regional climates in which annual rainfall varied from 1100 to 2226 mm, with dry seasons of 4.1–6.7 months. Local environmental variables included measures of slope steepness and position, soil texture, soil color, and indicators of soil condition, such as subsoil rockiness.     

中国竹藤品牌建设的双元路径分析

品牌被认为是企业、行业乃至国家竞争力的体现,在行业高质量发展中发挥着关键的引领作用。中国竹藤产业总产值逐年提高,但与其他行业相比,产业基础薄弱,产品附加值不高,市场竞争力不强。品牌建设是中国竹藤产业提升市场竞争力的重要手段,也是实现提质增效的重要途径。文章从产业整体与企业个体2条路径探讨了中国竹藤品牌建设的现状,通过文献计量法提炼出中国竹藤品牌建设的整体与个体特征：在整体路径上,林业转型升级催生了竹藤品牌建设的萌芽,多产业融合推动了竹藤品牌建设的发展,多主体共建区域品牌助力了竹藤品牌建设的完善;在个体路径上,国际竹藤组织等机构在品牌建设中发挥着引领作用,竹加工产业带动着其他产业的发展,合作社模式整合了更多的竹藤资源。基于这些特征归纳出竹藤品牌建设中存在的问题：竹藤产业整体的品牌建设具有产业发展不均、品牌制度不全和品牌文化匮乏等问题,企业个体的品牌建设中存在品牌意识薄弱、品牌理念模糊和品牌培训欠缺等现象。据此文章提出促进产业协调融合发展、完善品牌标准制度体系、打造地域特色化品牌和推动品牌数字化转型的相关建议。     

Effects of selection cutting on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broa-leaved forest in northern Fujian, southern China

The short-term effects of selection cutting of different intensities on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Fujian Province were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that selection cutting of low and medium intensities caused little variation in the forest structure. After cutting, the dominant species retained their leading status in the community. However, the community structure changed significantly following selection cutting of high and extra-high intensities; the status of the dominant species of the community declined dramatically. Some tree species began to disappear from the sampling plots. Except for extra-high intensity cutting, the diversity of tree species did not change significantly for the other three cutting intensities. However, the evenness of the stands was very different among the four kinds of cutting plots. For low and medium intensity selection cutting, the evenness declined slightly. For extra-high intensity selection cutting, the evenness increased to some extent, which might be due to a more even distribution of tree species after cutting. Cutting operations resulted in some adverse reactions to development of arborous species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest, particularly serious damage to the forest canopy. But the rational selection cuttings, which may benefit the restoration and maintenance of species diversity over a long period and may come about from the variations in environmental factors such as sunlight, temperature and humidity.     

Effects of selection cutting on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Fujian, southern China

The short-term effects of selection cutting of different intensities on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Fujian Province were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that selection cutting of low and medium intensities caused little variation in the forest structure. After cutting, the dominant species retained their leading status in the community. However, the community structure changed significantly following selection cutting of high and extra-high intensities;the status of the dominant species of the community declined dramatically. Some tree species began to disappear from the sampling plots. Except for extra-high intensity cutting, the diversity of tree species did not change significantly for the other three cutting intensities. However, the evenness of the stands was very different among the four kinds of cutting plots. For low and medium intensity selection cutting, the evenness declined slightly. For extra-high intensity selection cutting, the evenness increased to some extent,which might be due to a more even distribution of tree species after cutting. Cutting operations resulted in some adverse reactions to development of arborous species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest, particularly serious damage to the forest canopy. But the rational selection cuttings, which may benefit the restoration and maintenance of species diversity over a long period and may come about from the variations in environmental factors such as sunlight, temperature and humidity.     

湖南低山丘陵区鹅掌楸纸浆林种源选择研究

采用完全随机区组设计营造了包含20个鹅掌楸种源的种源选择试验林。对13年生的种源试验林进行调查和分析,结果表明:反映纸浆林产量和质量的主要指标在种源间均存在明显的差异,方差分析显示种源间树高、胸径和材积生长量差异达到显著或极显著的水平。利用主成分分析对20个种源进行评价,结果表明贵州黎平、松桃、陌南,浙江富阳,湖北鹤峰和美国密苏里州等地的种源为湖南低山丘陵区纸浆林最佳种源。     

英国景观特征评估对我国国土空间景观风貌规划管控的启示

国土空间规划要求对全域全要素资源进行统筹规划。景观风貌是跨越行政边界的各要素资源的综合表征。对景观风貌进行评估能够为国土空间景观风貌规划管控提供依据,为各类规划管控提供景观风貌参照标准,实现国土空间全域全要素资源禀赋的原真性保护。文章通过对英国景观保护观念、保护方法和对象及管理组织和管控模式的发展转变历程进行总结,对其景观特征评估体系要点进行解读,提出在国土空间规划的背景下,我国进行景观风貌规划管控的构想:完善规划评估导向和原则,搭建规划评估流程,划分规划管控层级与重点,构建统筹管理、区域协同、多方参与的管控体系。景观风貌规划管控体系的构建可为国土空间规划体系的建立提供有力支撑。