木霉对黄瓜幼苗生理特性及枯萎病防治效果的影响

黄瓜枯萎病是一种土传真菌病害,在设施黄瓜栽培中最为常见且危害严重,应用生物防治技术防治该病害对黄瓜安全生产具有重要意义。本研究通过平板对峙试验筛选出3株对黄瓜枯萎病菌抑制率在74%以上的拮抗木霉,分别为棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886,研究了3种木霉对黄瓜生理特性和幼苗生长作用效应及对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明:3种霉与黄瓜枯萎病菌同时接种的田间防治效果均达到78%以上,其中棘孢木霉T.asperellum525的田间防效达到81.5%。与只接种枯萎病原菌的对照相比,3种木霉与黄瓜枯萎病原菌同时接种或单一接种均可以显著提高黄瓜叶绿素含量、硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、根系总吸收面积以及黄瓜株高和茎粗,其中以拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886促进效果最强,叶绿素含量、硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积和根系比表面积增加幅度分别达到38.7%~49.5%、32.1%~33.6%、29.5%~66.3%、10.8%~21.5%、19.6%~23.5%、17.9%~25.0%、4.9%~13.1%,株高、茎粗和全株鲜重增加幅度分别达到20.7%~28.8%、29.7%~35.1%、10.0%~10.70%。     

Involvement of phenol metabolism in resistance of Dianthus caryophyllus to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi

Three carnation cultivars were investigated for the effect of stem inoculation withFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi on production of phenolic compounds and on fungistatic activity. Carnation stems were characterized by a complex mixture of cell wall-bound phenolics, several of which occurred in considerable amounts. Only very low amounts of phenolic compound were present in the vacuoles.Infection withF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi induced the production and accumulation of a number of new compounds, both free in the cell sap and bound to the cell wall. In addition, the stem extracts acquired germination-inhibiting properties for conidia of the fungus. The accumulation of several phenolics and the fungistatic activity were roughly correlated to the degree of resistance of the three cultivars. Part of the differences in their resistance toF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi might be due to an inhibition of the conversion of phenolic acid-type precursors into phytoalexins in the more susceptible cultivars.Samenvatting Drie anjercultivars werden onderzocht op de effecten van stengelinoculatie metFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi op de produktie van fenolische verbindingen en op de fungistatische activiteit van stengelextracten. Anjerstengels bleken een complex mengsel van celwand-gebonden fenolzuren te bevatten, waarvan er verschillende in vrij grote hoeveelheden voorkwamen. Daartegenover waren de hoeveelheden fenolische verbindingen in de vacuole bij gezonde anjerstengels erg laag.Infectie metF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi induceerde de produktie en accumulatie van een aantal nieuwe verbindingen in het celsap, alsook gebonden aan de celwand. Tevens bleek de remming van de kieming van conidiën vanF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi onder invloed van deze stengelextracten sterk verhoogd, in vergelijking met de remming veroorzaakt door extracten van gezonde stengels. De accumulatie van een aantal fenolen en de verhoging van de fungistatische activiteit van de extracten waren in grote lijnen gecorreleerd met de uit de praktijk bekende resistentie van de drie cultivars. De verschillen in resistentie tegenF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi zouden deels kunnen berusten op remming van de omzetting van precursors (fenolzuren) in fytoalexinen in de meer vatbare cultivars.     

唐菖蒲枯萎病田间消长规律及防治技术

通过田间观察,唐菖蒲出苗后15 d出现枯萎病病株,花苞形成至初花期为发病高峰期。大棚种植和露地种植、茬口、母籽大小与发病有关。播种时用药剂浸泡母籽或处理播种沟,可减轻枯萎病的发生。     

香菇菌糠对绿色木霉防治黄瓜枯萎病的增效作用

试验以栽培香菇剩余的菌糠为原料,采用室内抑菌试验和盆栽试验相结合的方法探讨了香菇菌糠对绿色木霉防治黄瓜枯萎病的增效作用。菌糠提取液对绿色木霉菌丝生长和孢子萌发表现促进作用,促进率分别为18.20%和9.82%;对黄瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发表现抑制作用,抑制率分别为11.85%和87.78%。香菇菌糠与木霉混合使用对黄瓜枯萎病的防效达70.26%,黄瓜的地上部分鲜重和根重分别增加了65.06%和58.10%。与单用木霉相比,加入香菇菌糠后绿色木霉在土体土、根际土和根系中定殖数量分别提高了251.39%、208.21%和104.76%,黄瓜枯萎病菌数量分别减少了56.98%、77.72%和76.83%。     

Fusarium wilt of common heliotrope (heliotropium europaeum)

Occurrence of Fusarium wilt of common heliotrope(Heliotropium europaeum L.) is reported. Pathogenicity of the causal agent was confirmed by reisolation from inoculated heliotrope plants. The specificity of the isolate was shown by cross-inoculation tests with five formae speciales and by inoculating the five respective hosts with a monoconidial isolate of the present fungus. Only the latter fungus was found to incite wilt in common heliotrope; the proposed name of this forma specialis isFusarium oxysporum f. sp.heliotropae nov. f.     

木霉生物合成纳米铜条件优化及其对甜瓜枯萎病防效的研究

纳米技术在农业领域中的应用是人们关注的焦点, 纳米材料在提高作物产量和控制病虫害方面发挥着重要作用?本研究探究了木霉发酵液与CuSO4生物合成Cu-NPs的较优反应条件, 对合成的Cu-NPs颗粒进行了表征分析, 并研究了Cu-NPs对尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum生长的抑制作用和对甜瓜枯萎病的防治效果?结果表明, 木霉发酵液和CuSO4溶液反应可有效合成Cu-NPs, 其较优合成条件是:15 mmol/L硫酸铜, pH 7, 温度35℃?UV-Vis显示合成的Cu-NPs表面等离子体共振发生在325~425 nm, 吸收峰最高; 透射电镜分析表明, 较优条件下合成的Cu-NPs粒子是分散的, 平均粒径为2.45 nm; XRD证明Cu-NPs高度结晶, 呈面心立方结构; FTIR分析显示, Cu-NPs富含多种官能团, 起到稳定Cu-NPs的作用?Cu-NPs对尖镰孢的生长有抑制作用, 造成菌落稀疏?菌丝纤细和产孢量下降, 可有效降低甜瓜枯萎病的发病率和病情指数?木霉生物合成Cu-NPs为甜瓜枯萎病的防治和新型生防制剂的研制提供了新材料和新思路?     

The potential of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other biological control organisms for suppressing fusarium wilt of banana

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum and Trichoderma isolates from suppressive soils in South Africa to suppress fusarium wilt of banana in the glasshouse. Several biological control agents and commercial biological control products were included in the study. The isolates were first screened in vitro on potato dextrose agar. In glasshouse evaluations, the fungal and bacterial isolates were established on banana roots before they were replanted in pathogen-infested soil, while the commercial biocontrol agents were applied as directed by the supplier. Banana plantlets were evaluated for disease development after 7 weeks. In vitro tests showed none of the nonpathogenic isolates suppressed Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense ( Foc ), while slight suppression was observed with the two Trichoderma isolates. Results of the glasshouse evaluations revealed that two of the nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates, CAV 255 and CAV 241, reduced fusarium wilt incidence by 87·4 and 75·0%, respectively. The known biological control agent Fo47 did not suppress Foc significantly. Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS 417, known for its ability to suppress other fusarium wilt diseases (WCS 417), reduced disease incidence by 87·4%. These isolates should be further evaluated for potential application in the field, independently and in combination.     

瓜类枯萎病防治研究进展

瓜类枯萎病是国内外重要的土传病害 ,本文就抗病育种、农业防治、生物防治及化学防治等方面介绍了该病的防治研究进展。目前各种防治方法对该病均具局限性 ,因地制宜地开展综合防治才是行之有效的防治方法     

Compatibility of the commercial biological control agents Trichoderma asperellum (ICC 012) and Trichoderma gamsii (ICC 080) with selected herbicides

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The in vitro effects on mycelial growth of the antagonistic fungi Trichoderma asperellum (ICC 012) and Trichoderma gamsii (ICC 080) were studied based on...     

黄瓜枯萎病研究进展及其综合防治

由镰刀菌引起的黄瓜枯萎病是生产上制约黄瓜产量和品质的重要因素。为此介绍了黄瓜枯萎病的发生为害、病原种类、病害循环、病原菌毒素情况及其综合防治等。同时,概述了黄瓜种传镰刀菌的相关研究。     

Effect of ammonium/nitrate ratio in nutrient solution on control of Fusarium wilt of tomato by Trichoderma asperellum T34

The behaviour of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) and the effectiveness of the microbial control agent Trichoderma asperellum strain T34 were examined in hydroponically grown tomato plants under five ammonium/nitrate ratios. The results showed that disease severity was reduced by the action of T34 under increasing concentrations of ammonia. Furthermore, rhizosphere F. oxysporum populations decreased with T34 application. The presence of T34 augmented leaf nitrogen concentration in treatments infested with Fol. In addition, T34 application reduced iron concentration in tomato leaves at high ammonium/nitrate ratios and reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt at high iron and nitrogen leaf concentrations.     

A rapid laboratory method for assessing the biological control potential of Penicillium oxalicum against Fusarium wilt of tomato

A rapid, simple and reliable procedure was developed to evaluate biological control of Fusarium wilt of tomato by Penicillium oxalicum . The method consists in growing tomato plants in flasks with nutrient solution in a growth chamber. Plants were previously treated in the seedbed with a conidial suspension (10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹) of P. oxalicum 7 days before transplanting. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (race 2) was added to the Hoagland solution just before transplanting. Different concentrations and several isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici were tested. Using this method, plants showed typical symptoms of the disease and the effect of the biocontrol agent was clear. Consumption of nutrient solution was reduced in diseased plants, and this reduction was diminished by treatment with P.oxalicum . Consumption of nutrient solution was correlated with other disease-related parameters (AUDPC, weight of aerial parts, stunting) and was an easy and objective parameter to measure.     

木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜膜脂过氧化作用、保护性酶活性及枯萎病防效的影响

采用3株对黄瓜枯萎病菌有较好拮抗作用的木霉,棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886,研究木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化作用、保护性酶活性及防治枯萎病效果的影响。结果显示,所有木霉处理均能够提高黄瓜幼苗的株高和茎粗,增加幼苗地上部和地下部鲜重,对黄瓜枯萎病的防效均达到64%以上。播种后8~14 d,各处理的黄瓜幼苗叶片质膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量不同程度下降,保护性酶活性不同程度的提高,其中以先接种拟康氏木霉886,2 d后接种病原菌的T886-F处理的提高程度最显著。播种后14 d,该处理的叶片质膜透性和MDA含量比只接种病原菌的F处理分别下降了37.02%和14.80%,同时,叶片的SOD、POD、CAT、PPO活性分别比F增加了46.82%、34.93%、18.75%和11.63%。以上结果说明,本研究的3株木霉均能通过改善黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化能力,增加保护酶活性,促进幼苗生长,防治黄瓜枯萎病。在实际应用中,提前施入木霉菌剂,有利于促进黄瓜的生长、提高幼苗抗病性、提高病害防治效果。本研究结果为木霉菌剂的高效使用、保障黄瓜安全生产提供指导。     

番茄青枯病生物防治研究进展

番茄青枯病是番茄生产上最严重的病害之一,化学防治效果不佳,且对环境不友好。本文概述了国内外应用无致病力青枯菌菌株、拮抗细菌和生物技术等方法对番茄青枯病进行生物防治的研究进展,并对生物防治存在的相关问题及应用前景进行了讨论。     

绿色木霉菌T23对黄瓜枯萎病防治效果及其几种防御酶活性的影响

 本文通过生物测定的方法初步研究了绿色木霉菌T23分生孢子和厚垣孢子对黄瓜枯萎病防治效果及黄瓜幼苗几种防御酶活性的影响。结果表明:黄瓜幼苗经木霉菌处理后,病情指数由33.69分别降至13.12和10.28,经木霉菌处理的黄瓜体内与抗性反应相关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性有明显增加,其峰值分别为对照的2.75、2.49、2.42及15.84倍,说明生物防治过程中可能有木质素、植保素等抗性物质的参与。与分生孢子处理相比,木霉菌厚垣孢子处理的酶活高峰出现得晚,但酶活峰值高。     

Possibilities of biological and chemical control of Verticillium wilt in pepper

In pathogen populations in Serbia, the incidence, pathogenic and morphological characters ofVerticillium spp. were studied. Biological and chemical control ofVerticillium was investigated in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. ‘Soroksari’) with the biofungicide Polyversum^® (Pythium oligandrum) and the conventional fungicides benomyl and propamocarb-hydrochloride. On the basis of macroscopic and microscopic characters of the isolates originating from eight localities in Serbia, it was established that they apparently belong to the speciesVerticillum dahliae. The isolates differed in their pathogenic characters. However, all of them caused marked wilting symptoms on pepper plants 40 days after inoculation, conducted when there were more than nine fully developed leaves on the primary stem. The fungicides were applied either before or after inoculation. Benomyl was the most efficient fungicide in wilt control (88.2% when applied after inoculation and 94.6% when applied before inoculation). Polyversum proved more efficient (66.6%) when applied before rather than after inoculation. Propamocarb-hydrochloride provided sufficient Verticillium wilt control; its efficacy and that of Polyversum were similar, and less efficient than benomyl, but still significantly different from the disease control.     

敦煌市棉花枯黄萎病的发生危害及防治建议

敦煌市具有悠久的植棉历史,也是甘肃省棉花生产的主要基地.自1983年普查发现棉花枯黄萎病以来,发生面积逐年扩大,危害程度不断加重.仅管各级领导和广大农技人员做了大量艰苦细致的工作,并取得了良好效益,但至今仍是制约本市棉花生产的重要因素.     

Trichoderma as a biological agent of Fusarium oxysporum species complex and Vigna unguiculata growth promoter

European Journal of Plant Pathology - This study aimed to evaluate the potential antagonistic role of Trichoderma in the control of Fusarium isolates belonging to the Fusarium oxysporum species...