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施用锌肥和硼肥对玉米穗粒性状和品质的影响 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
为了探究微量元素锌和硼对玉米果穗的影响,以豫单606为材料,采用盆栽试验,设置不施用锌肥和硼肥(对照,CK)、施用锌肥、施用硼肥、同时施用锌肥和硼肥4种处理,调查了玉米穗粒性状和品质的变化。结果表明,施用锌肥和硼肥,秃尖减少,行粒数增加,产量显著提高;施用锌肥籽粒长度增加,粒厚、百粒体积和百粒重降低,由于穗粒数提高,单穗产量增加;施用硼肥籽粒长度、百粒重、百粒体积和单穗产量均增加。与CK相比,单施锌肥、硼肥及锌肥和硼肥配施均能提高籽粒蛋白质含量;施用锌肥籽粒脂肪含量显著提高,施用硼肥籽粒脂肪含量降低;各施肥处理淀粉含量均无显著差异。与CK相比,施用锌肥或硼肥以及锌肥和硼肥配施显著提高了籽粒锌和硼的含量。本研究结果为锌肥和硼肥在玉米生产中的应用提供了参考。 相似文献
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供氮和不供氮条件下玉米穗部性状的QTL定位 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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玉米强优势组合7个主要穗部性状在3种环境下的QTL分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
玉米产量是遗传基础复杂的数量性状。利用玉米(Zea mays L.)单交种烟单 14 号杂交组合的 F1(Mo17×黄早四)自交后形成的 191 个 F2单株作为构图群体,构建了由扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)和简单重复序列(SSR)两种标记组成的遗传图谱。F2继续自交衍生的 184 个相应 F2∶3家系用于玉米 7 个穗部性状表型的田间鉴定。采用以混合线性模型为理论基础的复合区间作图法和配套软件 QTLmapper/V2.0,在 3个环境下共检测到 76 个穗部性状的数量性状基因座(QTL)。其中穗粒重、穗重、出籽率、穗长、秃尖长、穗粗和轴粗的 QTL 数目分别为 8、8、11、10、9、10 和 20 个。大多 QTL 仅在单一环境下被检测到,单个 QTL解释的表型变异率很低,仅有 5 个 QTL 的加性效应贡献率大于 10%,绝大多数 QTL 显性效应贡献率小于 1%。基因作用方式 29%的 QTL 为加性,47%为部分显性,11%为显性,13%为超显性。控制玉米穗部性状的 QTL 在染色体间分布不均匀,且呈现成簇分布、毗邻分布等特征。各个 QTL 位点上起增效和减效作用的等位基因在双亲间分布不均匀,两个亲本均可以提供增效或减效等位基因。本研究结果对于玉米高产分子育种中分子标记辅助选择(MAS)和亲本选配等问题具有启发和指导作用。 相似文献
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1穗期管理
1.1重施攻穗肥,及时浇水
春玉米生长进入孕穗期即抽穗前20~25天,雌穗分化已进入小穗、小花分化期,这时外部形态正处于12-14叶展开叶龄,应重施攻穗肥。追肥量约占总施肥量的2/3。此时春玉米产区正处于干旱少雨季节,浇水不及时常受“卡脖旱”的危害,应结合追肥培土及时浇水, 相似文献
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用世代均数法分析了玉米10个数量性状的基因效应。以 P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2和 F_26个世代作材料,用 Mathef 和 Jinks(1977)提出的估计参数模式进行统计分析,结果表明,玉米棒四叶叶面积、双穗间距、果穗重、籽粒重、出籽率等数量性状显性效应贡献最大,而抽雄期、抽丝期、抽丝间隔、穗轴重的加性效应贡献最大;上述9个性状都存在着显著或极显著的上位性效应,其作用太小因性状而异。双穗率无显著的上位性效应,适合加性—显性模式,它可能主要受加性效应的影响。 相似文献
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为探究既能抑制谷子植株的贪青徒长,又不影响谷子产量的最佳多效唑和乙烯利处理,以农大8号为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,在谷子不同生育时期分别叶面喷施多效唑和乙烯利,研究2种植物生长调节剂单施[多效唑分别于拔节期前(A1)、拔节期(A2)、孕期期(A3)喷施;乙烯利分别于孕穗期(B1)、抽穗期(B2)、灌浆期(B3)喷施]和互作(A1B1、A1B2、A1B3、A2B1VA2B2、A2B3VA3B1、A3B2、A3B3)对谷子穗颈、穗部性状及灌浆的影响。结果表明,多效唑、乙烯利单施处理下,谷子穗颈粗、穗颈干物质显著提高,但其他穗颈参数无显著差异;谷子穗粗显著增加,在A1处理下达到最大值,较CK增加5.39%,穗重、穗粒重均在B2处理下最高,较CK分别增加7.25%、6.94%,穗长、穗码数无显著差异;籽粒灌浆速率有所提高,但秕谷率无显著变化。多效唑、乙烯利互作处理下,谷子穗颈粗、穗颈抗折力及干物质重显著增加,穗颈弯曲力矩、穗颈重心高度及含水量明显下降;谷子的穗长、穗码数显著减少,穗粗显著增加,在A1B3处理下达到最大,与CK相比,其穗长、穗码数分别减少20.11%、9.75%,穗粗增加10.15%,穗重、穗粒重均在A2B2处理下达到最大值,较CK分别增加11.45%、9.50%;随着籽粒灌浆速率的提高,秕谷率显著降低,在A2B2处理下达到最小值,较CK降低50.00%。表明与单施相比,两种调节剂互作效应更显著。在谷子拔节期前或拔节期喷施300 mg·L-1多效唑后,在抽穗期或灌浆期追施400 mg·L-1乙烯利最为适宜,而在孕穗期追施乙烯利会降低穗粒重,导致产量下降。本研究结果为谷子的化学调控和高产栽培提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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目前国内外采用的玉米摘穗装置均存在着籽粒破损率高、含杂率高和功率消耗大等问题,为解决上述问题,该文采用模仿人工收获玉米果穗的方式,设计了仿生玉米掰穗装置。首先进行拉力测试试验,分别在静态与动态2种条件下对传统摘穗方式与仿生掰穗方式收获玉米果穗所需力进行测量,验证仿生掰穗方式可行性;然后设计仿生玉米掰穗装置试验台并进行掰穗速度与功率消耗的综合试验,得到掰穗手速度与纯功率消耗的关系。试验表明:静态传统摘穗方式与仿生掰穗方式收获玉米果穗平均所需力分别为435和41.4 N。动态传统摘穗方式与仿生掰穗方式收获果穗平均所需力分别202.5和20.7 N。仿生掰穗比传统摘穗所需力大大减少。与传统玉米收获装置相比(正常工作速度1.2 m/s),该装置功率消耗低,约为36 W,小于传统一对摘穗辊消耗的纯功率(240 W)。该研究为玉米收获机摘穗部件的改进提供了参考。 相似文献
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玉米诱变系的SSR遗传变异分析 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
从97对SSR引物中筛选出52对扩增产物具有稳定多态性的引物,对基础材料玉米自交系"082"及其48个诱变系进行检测,共检测到170个等位基因变异,每对引物检测出2~6个等位基因,平均为3.27个;每个位点的多态性信息量(PIC)变化于0.039~0.715之间,平均为0.327;49个材料之间的遗传相似系数变化范围在0.377~1.000,平均为0.823。UPGMA聚类分析将49个材料分成6类,表明材料间存在着广泛的遗传差异。这些遗传变异与材料的品质性状、农艺性状相关。 相似文献
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玉米秃尖与内源激素的关系 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
玉米果穗顶部不能形成种子或部分种子败育而导致秃尖,秃尖受遗传影响较大,并对光合作用的依赖性很强。本文以20个玉米杂交组合雌穗顶部穗轴为材料,对光合作用的"源"和"库"起调控作用的顶部穗轴内源激素与其秃尖长度的关系进行了研究。结果表明,在快速灌浆期,玉米雌穗顶部穗轴GA3I、AA、CTK含量较高,而ABA含量很低;ABA含量与玉米秃尖长度呈极显著的正相关;(GA3+IAA+CTK)/ABA含量与玉米秃尖长度呈极显著的负相关。说明顶部穗轴ABA含量的高低与玉米秃尖长度存在密切关系。 相似文献
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以3个玉米(Zeo mays L.)自交系为父本分别与其它一些自交系杂交。将杂交 F_1和花粉纯系作为接种材料来源,结果表明:以易诱导的自交系作为杂交亲本之一,其杂种 F_1花药愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率高。玉米幼穗预处理试验结果表明:采种前一周分2次注射10ml 0.6%硼酸入植株幼茎内,其愈伤组织诱导率较高。 相似文献
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不同氮效率玉米杂交种的叶光反射研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
培育氮高效的玉米新品种是众多植物育种项目的主要研究领域。反射测量可能用于对作物的氮效率进行快速而经济的评估。本研究以适应低氮的SL (氮高效品种 )和适应高氮的TH (对照品种 )两个玉米杂交种为材料 ,设 0和 1 5 0kgN hm2 两个施氮水平。在播种后 46、62、76、90和 1 0 4d ,用数码相机LEICASIPRO测量玉米叶片的光反射 ,测量结果用L a b 颜色系统进行评估和分析。在这个三维颜色系统中 ,反射参数a 和b 分别描述绿 红和蓝 黄颜色的比例 ,参数L 用来描述颜色的浅淡。结果表明 ,在低氮条件下 ,开花期前后的玉米叶片光反射参数a 和b 在 5 1 0~ 780nm、5 1 6~ 780nm、和 5 4 0~ 780nm 3个特定波段表现出规律性的变化 ,SL 的反射参数a 显著高于TH 的 ,反射参数b 正相反 ,显著低于TH 的b 值。上述结果说明 ,开花期前后的反射测量可以作为玉米氮效率筛选的一个简单、快速而经济的评估工具。 相似文献
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Nícolas Z. dos Santos Stephen A. Prior Juarez Gabardo Julio C. Valaski Antonio C. V. Motta Antonio Ferreira Neto 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(5):750-769
The amount and composition of crop residues added to soil in agroecosystems can influence decomposition processes and soil organic matter levels. This study aimed to evaluate residues (quantity and quality) of different corn cultivars commonly used in Brazilian cropping systems. The experiment was conducted for two seasons (2005/2006 and 2006/2007) in Rolândia, Paraná State, Brazil. Ten corn cultivars that represent five degrees of breeding development (i.e., landrace, commercial variety, double cross, triple cross, and single cross hybrids) were evaluated. At harvest, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) of non-yield residue and grain were determined. Except for grain C, other measures (grain N concentration, residue C and N concentration, and C:N ratio) varied among cultivars. In general, the hybrids had higher residue C and lower residue N concentrations than the landraces and commercial varieties. Findings suggest that breeding selection may have altered residue production and composition, which may influence soil C dynamics. 相似文献
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M. Miransari T. Ghare Maleki H. Besahrati M. H. Rasuli Sadaghiani A. Tavassoli 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(13):2061-2069
The objective was to test the single and combined use of Pseudomonas spp. and Glomus versiforme on the stress of high zinc (Zn) concentration in soil on corn growth as such data are little. Accordingly, in a greenhouse research work the effects of Zn concentrations (control, 100, 200 and 300 mg kg ?1 ) and the microbial treatment (control, Pseudomonas spp. and G. versiforme) were tested on corn (single cross 704) growth. Almost three months after planting, plants were harvested. Plant dry weight and Zn uptake were determined. Zn significantly (P = 0.01) affected different measured parameters. The microbes increased plant dry weight related to the control treatment and the highest increase was related to the bacterial application (1.28 times higher). Both bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi and their combined use decreased Zn concentration in plant. The right combination of soil microbes can efficiently affect the process of bioremediation with respect to plant properties. 相似文献
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Measurement of total and mineral nitrogen (N), resulted by the presence of soil organic matter, would make the more precise determination of N fertilization possible with respect to the amounts of N absorbed by crop grains. Such a test requires a wide range of soil properties and observations. Accordingly, in a three-year experiment, grain N uptake and soil total and mineral N were determined using different analytical methods (standard laboratory and the N-Trak quick method). The other experimental treatments consisted of sampling time (seeding and postseeding where plants were about 30 cm tall), sampling depths (0–30 and 30–60 cm) as well as the condition of samples (wet or dry). Using regression equations the effects of N fertilization and soil total and mineral N on the uptake of grain N was investigated. Accordingly, the proposed N test predicted the optimum N fertilizer amounts of 236 to 271 kg ha?1 for corn production. 相似文献
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研究了喷施不同浓度(0,200,300,500和1000ppm)氯化胆碱(CC)对玉米(Zeamays L.cv.Yu Dan 358)光合性能之影响。经200,300或500ppmCC 处理的玉米叶内叶绿素含量增加,光合速率明显高于对照.作为 C_4植物光合作用的关键酶即 PEP 羧化酶、苹果酸酶等活性明显提高,离体叶绿体的人工电子传递链活性亦被促进,离体条件下的乙醇酸氧化酶活性显著降低,叶绿体基粒片层的发育被明显促进。百粒重和小区产量极显著地高于对照,籽粒总糖量有所提高,以可溶性糖含量提高尤为显著。 相似文献
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Soil culture containing phosphorus (P) supply of different levels may be used to screen maize genotypes for resistance to P deficiency. Relative dry weight and P-deficiency symptom level were proven to be fast and efficient indicators for screening of the P-deficiency tolerant genotypes at the stage of seedling. Two maize genotypes, HZS15 and HZS03 were identified as highly sensitive genotypes under P deficiency, simultaneously, HZT32 and HZT33 had extremely high tolerance to P deficiency. The yield experiment confirmed the reliability of this selecting strategy at the stage of seedling. The yield analysis revealed that HZT32 and HZT33 had higher average yield of each plant and thousand-grain weight than those of HZS15 and HZS03. Successively, responses of four genotypes to P deficiency were investigated with simplified hydroponic culture system. Elongated taproot and increased ratio of root to shoot were observed in all four genotypes. However, two P-deficiency-tolerant genotypes had higher ratio of root to shoot than those in P-deficiency-sensitive genotypes. Phosphorus efficiency analysis revealed that under P deficiency HZT33 had higher P absorption efficiency than those of other three genotypes, and two P-deficiency-tolerant genotypes had higher P use efficiency than that of two P-deficiency-sensitive genotypes. These results indicated that the tolerance of HZT32 and HZT33 to P deficiency might primarily be ascribed to high P use efficiency. Moreover, high P absorption efficiency contributed partially to the tolerance of HZT33 under P deficiency. Further research is needed to elucidate the complex correlation between other physiological traits and P efficiency. 相似文献