Winter annual grassy weeds increase over‐winter mortality in autumn‐sown wheat

Over‐winter mortality, that is, winterkill, reduces cereal crop competitive ability and yield. While management and environmental variables are known to affect winterkill, the extent to which weeds contribute to increased winterkill is largely unknown. Winter annual weeds may increase winterkill through resource competition and by increasing incidence of and damage from plant pathogens that cause winterkill. We evaluated the impact of summer annual (Avena fatua) and winter annual (Bromus tectorum) weeds on the over‐winter survival rate of winter wheat over three winters, during which plots were covered with snow. Pink snow mould (Microdochium nivale), a winterkill pathogen known to infect B. tectorum and winter wheat, was common in wheat stands. In weed‐free treatments, mortality rates were initially near zero, but increased by nearly 45% in each subsequent winter, presumably due to an increase in snow mould disease in continuously cropped winter wheat. Whereas A. fatua infestation had no impact on crop survival rates, winter wheat survival in B. tectorum‐infested plots was 50% less than the weed‐free control in the second and third years of this study. Among B. tectorum‐infested plots, winter wheat over‐winter survival declined with increasing weed seed produced in the previous summer. Overall, this study demonstrated that winter annual weed infestations can reduce crop stand densities below replanting thresholds by reducing fall‐sown cereal winter survival. The effects of winter annual weeds on winter wheat may be meditated by increased proliferation of snow mould disease.     

秦岭主峰太白山积雪时空变化规律及驱动机制分析

利用2000-2017年LandsatTM数据,基于SNOMAP算法提取秦岭主峰太白山积雪面积,同时结合研究区地形数据及10个气象站点的气象观测数据,分析太白山积雪变化特征及其与地形、气候因素的关系.结果表明:(1)2000-2017年冷季太白山积雪面积在波动中减少.积雪面积消减率为24.15％;(2)影响太白山积雪变...     

基于MODIS数据的2001—2016年内蒙古积雪分布及其变化趋势

积雪融水是干旱区重要的水资源之一,积雪分布变化的监测对区域雪冰资源的合理利用及灾害防治至关重要。基于内蒙古地区2001-2016年MOD10A2积雪数据对研究区进行分带提取,分析不同海拔高度积雪年内年际变化特征,结合气温和降水气象因素,分析其分布变化原因。研究表明:积雪面积、积雪覆盖率年内分布呈单峰形,10个海拔带的积雪期为9月到次年5月,峰值出现在冬季,积雪覆盖率增减的临界高度在952~1 114 m;不同高程带的积雪面积在春季、夏季、秋季整体上呈现出"增加-减少-增加-减少"的年际变化规律,冬季整体上表现出"减少-增加-减少"的变化规律;积雪面积受降水量和气温相互的影响,其中海拔高度可能起到间接作用。内蒙古地区春季、冬季积雪覆盖率均与冬季降水量呈显著正相关,各季节积雪覆盖率基本与温度呈负相关关系。     

Combined effects of snow depth and nitrogen addition on ephemeral growth at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert, China

Water and nitrogen(N) inputs are considered as the two main limiting factors affecting plant growth.Changes in these inputs are expected to alter the structure and composition of the plant community,thereby influencing biodiversity and ecosystem function.Snowfall is a form of precipitation in winter,and snow melting can recharge soil water and result in a flourish of ephemerals during springtime in the Gurbantunggut Desert,ChinaA bi-factor experiment was designed and deployed during the snow-covering season from 2009 to 2010.The experiment aimed to explore the effects of different snow-covering depths and N addition levels on ephemerals.Findings indicated that deeper snow cover led to the increases in water content in topsoil as well as density and coverage of ephemeral plants in the same N treatment;by contrast,N addition sharply decreased the density of ephemerals in the same snow treatment.Meanwhile,N addition exhibited a different effect on the growth of ephemeral plants:in the 50% snow treatment,N addition limited the growth of ephemeral plants,showing that the height and the aboveground biomass of the ephemeral plants were lower than in those without N addition;while with the increases in snow depth(100% and 150% snow treatments),N addition benefited the growth of the dominant individual plants.Species richness was not significantly affected by snow in the same N treatment.However,N addition significantly decreased the species richness in the same snow-covering depth.The primary productivity of ephemerals in the N addition increased with the increase of snow depth.These variations indicated that the effect of N on the growth of ephemerals was restricted by water supply.With plenty of water(100% and 150% snow treatments),N addition contributed to the growth of ephemeral plants;while with less water(50% snow treatment),N addition restricted the growth of ephemeral plants.     

Screening winter rye cultivars for snow mould (Microdochium nivale) resistance

The snow mould ( Microdochium nivale ) resistance of 13 winter rye cultivars was studied in field trials and in three different laboratory tests: snow mould chamber tests, enzymatic assay tests and leaf segment tests. On the basis of the results, it is suggested that both the field trials and the snow mould chamber tests describe more the general winterhardiness of plants involved in the survival of the crown tissue of plants during prolonged incubation under the snow cover, than the snow mould resistance. The results from the enzymatic assay and the leaf segment tests indicate that there are other, more specialized snow mould resistance mechanisms in the plant that act also at the single leaf level. At least some of these resistance reactions seem to be induced by the lytic enzymes secreted by M. nivale.     

Snowpack shifts cyanobacterial community in biological soil crusts

Winter snowpack is an important source of moisture that influences the development ofbiological soil crusts(BSCs)in desert ecosystems.Cyanobacteria are important photosynthetic organismsin BSCs.However,the responses of the cyanobacterial community in BSCs to snowpack,snow depth andmelting snow are still unknown.In this study,we investigated the cyanobacterial community compositionand diversity in BSCs under different snow treatments(doubled snow,ambient snow and removed snow)and three snow stages(stage 1,snowpack;stage 2,melting snow;and stage 3,melted snow)in theGurbantunggut Desert in China.In stages 1 and 2,Cyanobacteria were the dominant phylum in the bacterialcommunity in the removed snow treatment,whereas Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were abundant inthe bacterial communities in the ambient snow and doubled snow treatments.The relative abundances ofProteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased with increasing snow depth.The relative abundances ofCyanobacteria and other bacterial taxa were affected mainly by soil temperature and irradiance.In stages 2and 3,the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria increased quickly due to the suitable soil moisture andirradiance conditions.Oscillatoriales,Chroococcales,Nostocales,Synechococcales and unclassifiedCyanobacteria were detected in all the snow treatments,and the most dominant taxa were Oscillatorialesand Chroococcales.Various cyanobacterial taxa showed different responses to snowpack.Soil moisture andirradiance were the two critical factors shaping the cyanobacterial community structure.The snowpackdepth and duration altered the soil surface irradiance,soil moisture and other soil properties,whichconsequently were selected for different cyanobacterial communities.Thus,local microenvironmentalfiltering(niche selection)caused by snow conditions may be a dominant process driving shifts in thecyanobacterial community in BSCs.     

河西走廊东部积雪的时空演变特征分析

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961—2007年近47 a的逐月积雪深度和积雪日数的常规观测资料,分析河西走廊东部最大积雪深度和积雪日数月、季节和年的空间分布以及时间变化特征。结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪日数、最大平均积雪深度和极端最大积雪深度的分布从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区多于低海拔区,山区多于平原区。时间变化上,积雪日数47 a来呈平稳变化趋势,震荡减少,变率很小,积雪深度呈增加趋势;河西走廊东部积雪日数最多出现在1月,最少出现在9月,积雪深度最大出现在3月,最小出现在12月;积雪日数冬季最大,春季次之,秋季最小;积雪深度春季最大,秋季次之,冬季最小;相关系数法分析表明,积雪日数和积雪深度都是冬季的变化主导了年尺度的变化;河西走廊东部积雪日数1990s中期以前以6~7 a、9~10 a和2~3 a的周期为主,1990s中期以后周期主要表现为6~7 a和2~3 a;积雪深度1970s中期以前以6~7 a和2~3 a周期为主,1970s中期~1990s中期9~10 a、12~13 a和2~3 a反应明显,1990s中期以后周期又表现为6~7 a和2~3 a。     

影响三工河干沟春季融雪洪水发生的气象因素

利用三工河流域近山前倾斜平原区气象资料,对发生在1964-2001年期间三工河干沟春季洪水量进行逐步回归分析,得到2个相关性较好的三元模型方程。模型表明,冬季积雪量越大,3月1候前期气温越低,3月2候气温越高,三工河春季洪水量就越大,反之则相反。模型中的2项气象因素是制约三工河干沟发生春洪的主要条件因素,因此,三工河流域开春期前的增温作用是近年来三工河干沟春季洪水量减少的主要原因。     

内蒙古积雪面积时空变化及其对气候响应

区域尺度积雪信息的时空监测,对确定雪灾的影响范围及灾情等级划分具有重要意义。利用2002-2012年10个积雪季节的Terra Aqua/MODIS积雪产品(MOD10A2),按月最大面积合成,分析了内蒙古积雪覆盖面积的时空变化特征及气候响应。结果表明:时间上,近10年内蒙古积雪面积年内变化整体上呈现双峰和单峰的波动特点,最大积雪面积发生在12月和1月份,最小积雪面积发生在10月份。近10年内蒙古积雪面积年际变化呈现波动的特点,整体上积雪面积有减少的趋势。空间上大兴安岭西麓、呼伦贝尔高原以及乌珠穆沁盆地是积雪长时间覆盖区,锡林郭勒草原和乌兰察布草原的积雪面积变化主导着内蒙古的总体积雪面积波动,1月份之前是积雪面积增加的阶段,之后是积雪消融阶段。内蒙古的积雪面积变化与当地的气候条件变化趋势相关,气温的明显上升引起暖冬化,可能导致积雪面积的减少,说明内蒙古积雪面积的变化主要受气温的影响。     

Predicting the dynamics of local adaptation in invasive species

An invasive plant species may restrict its spread to only one type of habitat,or,after some time,may continue to spread into a different,often stressful,secondary,habitat.The question of whether evolution is required for an invasive species to spread from one habitat to another is currently hotly debated.In order for local adaptation to occur,genetic variation must be present within invasive populations.In this paper,I focus on the effect of habitat on the maintenance of genetic variation during the lag phase,the phase of population stability prior to expansion.Genetic diversity in invasive plant populations accumulates through multiple introductions,gene flow,mutation,and hybridization,but diversity is maintained by population level processes influencing effective population size(Ne).I show that when the plastic response to the environment results in little variation in reproductive output among individuals,Ne is maximized and genetic variation is maintained.Established models of plant competition show that below-ground competition reduces the variation in reproductive output,whereas competition for light increases variation in reproductive output.The same environments that maintain high Ne also reduce the opportunity for selection and minimize the response to selection,and thus the effects of the environment are synchronized to prevent genetic purges.When the primary invasion habitat supports high Ne,conditions are ripe for local adaptation to a secondary habitat,particularly if the secondary habitat has high opportunity for selection.When the primary invasion habitat supports low Ne,genetic diversity is less likely to be sufficient for local adaptation to secondary habitat to occur.     

天山北坡典型内陆河流域积雪年内分配与年际变化研究——以玛纳斯河流域为例

以500m分辨率的MOD10A2积雪遥感影像和气象站点数据为基础,以积雪覆盖率和初雪日与积雪日数为变量对玛纳斯河流域积雪的年内分配(2007年10月-2008年9月)与年际变化(1960年-2006年)进行了分析探讨.结果表明:水文年内玛纳斯河流域积雪变化较大,北部开阔的河谷地带积雪覆盖呈现明显的季节性变化;南部山区海...     

Snow cover has variable effects on persistence of fungicides and their suppression of microdochium patch on amenity turfgrass

Fungicides applied to turfgrass in temperate climates prior to snowfall are expected to suppress fungal diseases such as microdochium patch (Microdochium nivale) until infection conditions become unfavourable the following spring. However, mild winters with inconsistent snow cover may alter fungicide persistence and render the turf more susceptible to fungal infection. This study was conducted to determine the effect of snow cover on the persistence of the fungicides chlorothalonil and iprodione applied to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), maintained as a golf course fairway. The fungicides were applied 1 day prior to the first accumulating snowfall in Madison, Wisconsin, for four consecutive winters, beginning in 2009/10. Fungicide treatments were kept under continuous snow cover or maintained free of snow cover the entire winter to determine the effect of snow cover on fungicide persistence (2010/11 to 2012/13) and microdochium patch development in a controlled environment chamber (2009/10 to 2012/13). Iprodione concentration was not impacted by snow cover in 2010/11 but was reduced under snow cover relative to bare turf in 2011/12 and 2012/13. Chlorothalonil concentration was not impacted by snow cover in 2011/12 but was greater under snow cover in 2012/13. Microdochium patch severity in the controlled environment chamber was not impacted by snow cover with either fungicide in 2009/10 or 2011/12 but was slightly reduced under snow cover with both fungicides during 2010/11 and 2012/13. The majority of fungicide depletion occurred shortly after rainfall or snowmelt events, except in 2010/11 when both fungicides rapidly depleted during a warming trend without rainfall.     

青南高原近30a雪灾的时空分布特征

本文选用青海南部高原13个气象站的1971-2000年的春季(3-5月)和冬季(10-2月)降水资料,进行经验正交函数(EOF)展开分析。结果发现对青南地区13站春季和冬季的降水资料经验正交函数(EOF)展开,春季所得的前三个模态和冬季的前两个模态都能很好地表示青南高原春冬季雪灾的空间分布特征;通过对春冬季第一模态的时间系数的分析,得出青南高原春冬季雪灾的主要周期:青南春季雪灾存在一个准4和准8年的主周期;青南冬季雪灾存在一个准2、5年和15年左右的主周期。从统计资料中可得出青南高原春季发生大雪灾的次数比冬季多。     

卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区鹅喉羚的采食地选择

2006-2007年,通过野外直接观察采样的方法,研究了新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类动物保护区内鹅喉羚的采食地特征。Mann-Whitney U检验表明,春夏秋三季鹅喉羚采食地内的植物种数、植被盖度、植被高度和可食生物量均显著高于对照地中相应成分。主成分分析表明,影响研究区内春夏秋三季鹅喉羚采食地选择的关键环境因子是食物因子(植物种数,可食生物量和各季节大宗食物密度)、警戒因子(坡位和植被盖度)、温度因子(坡向和植被高度),以及水分因子(富含水分的食物)。冬季鹅喉羚经受严重的放牧干扰,采食地呈现为生存而被迫选择局部次适宜区域栖息的特征。     

Factors contributing to enhanced pink snow mould resistance of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) – Pivotal role of crowns

Frost tolerance, resistance to Microdochium nivale and associated biochemical changes were investigated in leaves and crowns of six winter rye inbred lines. Investigated lines differed in their susceptibility to snow mould but not in frost tolerance. It was shown that winter rye resistance is linked to defence response in crowns expressed by higher activity of antioxidant enzymes – CAT, SOD and total peroxidases – on the 1st day after inoculation and β-d-glucosidase activation during the course of pathogenesis. It could be postulated that changes in leaves are attributed to reaction to cold while changes in crowns are attributed to pathogen reaction.     

Distribution of Typhula spp. and Typhula ishikariensis Varieties in Wisconsin, Utah, Michigan, and Minnesota

ABSTRACT Snow molds are psychrophilic fungi that grow under snow cover by taking advantage of carbohydrate-depleted, dormant plants. Typhula snow molds caused by Typhula incarnata, T. phacorrhiza, and T. ishikariensis are the most important winter diseases of perennial grasses and winter cereals in the United States. Colonized turfgrass samples with sclerotia were collected from 135 golf courses in Wisconsin, Utah, Michigan, and Minnesota in spring 2001 and 2002. Species and varieties from a total of 2,864 samples were identified using Typhula spp.-specific polymerase chain reaction markers. All three species were found throughout the states sampled, except T. phacorrhiza, which was not found in Minnesota. T. incarnata was distributed in areas of shorter snow cover duration and higher mean temperature than T. ishikariensis. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that snow cover days and mean temperature were significantly correlated with frequency of Typhula spp. and T. ishikariensis varieties infecting turfgrasses on golf courses in Wisconsin, and that T. incarnata, T. phacorrhiza, and T. ishikariensis were ecologically distinct based on the 2001 data. However, because these two variables accounted for a relatively small proportion of total variation, other environmental variables also may be important in characterizing the distribution of these pathogens and require further study.     

积雪中不溶微粒与Mg~（2＋）的沉积特征和相互关系

为了探究不溶微粒和Mg2＋在雪冰沉积过程中的相关性,对采自乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川海拔4 130 m处的雪冰样品进行不溶微粒和Mg2＋浓度的分析。表层雪中不溶微粒和Mg2＋浓度的季节变化具有较好的一致性,在6～8月的降水频发期和局地风盛行时,两者都达到一年中的最大值。粗微粒（直径大于10μm）和Mg2＋浓度在雪层剖面中的垂...     

东北农牧交错带南段啮齿动物群落结构及与环境因子的关系

啮齿动物是我国东北农牧交错带主要有害动物类群, 威胁当地农牧业生产与居民身体健康。为探讨农牧交错带啮齿动物群落结构与环境因子的关系, 于2020年和2021年的6月－9月, 调查了东北农牧交错带南段不同类型生境中啮齿动物的种类和数量, 利用增强回归树模型分析气候、生产力、生境异质性、土壤等因子与啮齿动物密度、物种多样性的关系。结果表明:共捕获601只啮齿动物, 分属于18个种, 优势种为黑线仓鼠 Cricetulus barabensis, 占总捕获个体数的27.94%。草地生境中啮齿动物的捕获率(2.99%)最高, 农草交错区生境中群落多样性指数最高;不同生境类型的啮齿动物群落结构具有一定差异, 且优势鼠种在不同生境类型的捕获率及空间分布格局亦存在差异。气候和生境异质性因子对啮齿动物密度、物种丰富度的综合作用最大, 其中净初级生产力通过上行效应调控啮齿动物密度与物种丰富度。基于此, 我们建议根据不同生境类型中啮齿动物密度及群落特征制定针对性的鼠害防控对策, 并加强优势鼠种在不同生境类型间的迁移及为害的研究, 以便更好地开展景观管理, 实现害鼠生态治理。     

鸟类栖息地选择研究进展

野生动物栖息地选择的研究是动物学研究的一个基本而又重要的领域,鸟类对栖息地的选择以植被类型为基础,在不同空间尺度上,影响乌类栖息地选择的环境因素亦不相同;在不同的季节和生活史阶段,鸟类对栖息地类型的造反生变化的植被因素和鸟类在不同生活史阶段对栖息地的不同需求;而鸟类的繁殖栖息地选择取决于小尺度上的植被结构。目前,人造巢实验被广泛运用于鸟类巢址栖息地选择分析和巢卵捕食率研究,但这一实验方法尚需改进,