Dynamics of the Cumulation of Iron, Copper and Sodium During Development to Maturity of Soybean Seed

The dynamics of the cumulation of iron, copper and sodium with four genotypes of soybean cultivated in the same topographical and agrotechnical conditions during three years was followed. Sampling was done in weekly intervals until complete maturity of seed. It was found out that the most intense cumulation took place during the seed development stages III and IV at the time of mostly expressed metabolic activity of the seed. The absolute values of the contents were increasing along with seed maturing and maximums were reached by the end of the stage IV or rather by the beginning of the seed development stage V. Although the dynamics of cumulation regardless of the year of investigation was equal with all the genotypes the analysis of the impact of climatic factors showed that higher precipitation at the period of seed development along with moderate air temperature affected mineral cumulation. Similarly, the highest contents of iron, copper and sodium observed with the genotypes Srecka and Maksimirka point out that the cumulation of the investigated minerals in soybean seed is affected by genetic particularity.     

Dynamics of the Biosynthesis of Niacin During Development to Maturity of Soybean Seed

Dynamics of the biosynthesis of niacin was followed in developing seed of four soybean genotypes under the defined climatic conditions in the course of three years. Tests were carried out at weekly intervals from the moment the seed was suitable for analysis up to its full maturity with the moisture content of about 14 %. Observation of the content of niacin determined more intensive synthesis of this vitamin in the third and fourth development stages, at the time of the highest cumulation of dry matter and metabolic activity. Maximal concentrations of niacin were noticed in the year in which along moderate temperatures considerably ampler precipitation was recorded. A comparison of the fluctuation of proteins and fatty acids with the fluctuation of niacin content confirm its role in the biosynthesis of these most important components of soybean seed.     

硅钙镁磷钾肥用量对油菜产量及磷钾吸收利用的影响

为探讨硅钙镁磷钾肥在油菜上施用效果,于2013—2014年在安徽省通过采用田间小区试验,研究了硅钙镁磷钾肥不同用量与习惯施肥磷钾减半(CF2)配合施用对油菜产量、磷钾吸收利用及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,施用硅钙镁磷钾肥较习惯施肥能够有效提高油菜产量,且随着施用量的增加而增大,比习惯施肥(CF1)增产4.0%~20.8%,比习惯施肥(CF1和CF2)磷钾减半(CF2)增产10.2%~28.0%。施用硅钙镁磷钾肥通过提高每荚粒数来增加油菜产量。油菜籽粒磷、钾含量和吸收量随硅钙镁磷钾肥施用量增加而不断增大,用量达到1500 kg/hm2(T100)高于农民习惯施肥处理。施用硅钙镁磷钾肥能够有效提高土壤p H、有效钙和有效镁含量,而对土壤有机质和碱解氮含量无明显影响。硅钙镁磷钾肥合理施用可以明显提高油菜产量、磷钾养分吸收和收获后土壤养分含量,硅钙镁磷钾肥用量以1500 kg/hm2(T100)在油菜上施用效果最佳。     

硅钙镁磷钾肥不同用量对超级稻产量及 磷钾吸收利用的影响

为了探讨硅钙镁磷钾肥在超级稻上施用效果,通过采用田间小区试验,研究了硅钙镁磷钾肥不同用量和习惯施肥磷钾减半（CF2）配合施用对水稻产量磷钾吸收利用及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,施用硅钙镁磷钾肥较习惯施肥能够有效提高超级稻产量,随着施用量的增加而增大,比习惯施肥（CF1）增产1.87%-0.65%,比习惯施肥磷钾减半（CF2）增产3.69%-12.63%,施用量1500 kg/hm2（T100）和1875 kg/hm2（T125）产量结果一致。施用硅钙镁磷钾肥通过提高每穗实粒数来提高水稻产量。随硅钙镁磷钾肥施用量增加,水稻秸秆和籽粒磷、钾含量和吸收量不断增加。施用硅钙镁磷钾肥提高土壤有效磷含量、速效钾含量和p H,而对土壤全氮、全磷、有机质和碱解氮含量无明显影响。综合产量、磷钾养分吸收和土壤养分含量结果,硅钙镁磷钾肥用量以1500 kg/hm2（T100）在超级稻上效果最佳。     

Ionic Ratios and Crop Performance: II. Effects of Interactions amongst Vanadium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Calcium on Soybean Yield

Because vanadium (V) is easily reduced to a cationic form within plant cells, data from resin-extraction of soil were analysed for evidence of interactions between V and the resin-extractable concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) on soybean seed yield. Three varieties, 9091, 9061 and 704, were grown over a 3-year period in a corn–soybean–wheat rotation. Surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were extracted with ion-exchange resins, extracts were analysed by inductively coupled plasma methods (ICP), and the results were regressed against seed yield using SAS PROC STEPWISE analysis using forward selection, backward elimination and maximum R² routines. The seed yield of each variety showed a correlation with a unique set of resin-extractable concentrations of V, phosphorus (P), Mg and Ca, and the V:(V + P), Mg:(Mg + Ca), Mg:(Mg + 1000 V) and Ca:(Ca + 1000 V) ratios. Variety 9091 was most sensitive to the Mg:(Mg + Ca) ratio. Variety 9061 was most sensitive to extractable V and to the V:(V + P) ratio. Variety 704 was sensitive to extractable P, V and Ca and the Mg:(Mg + 1000 V) ratio. For variety 9091, Mg fertilization (not currently practised) may be an economical practice, whereas P fertilization of 704 may not be economical. Each regression technique varied slightly in identification of important factors in seed yield. Concentrations and ratios of resin-extractable elements in soil provide insights into optimal genotype selection and possible management alternatives for a given soil.     

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium Removal by Brown Midrib Sorghum Sudangrass in the Northeastern USA

For the long‐term sustainability of the dairy industry in the Northeastern USA, manure nutrient application rates should not exceed crop nutrient removal once above‐optimum soil fertility levels are reached. Dairy producers have shown a growing interest in brown midrib (BMR) forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) × sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Piper) hybrids (S × S) as a more environmentally sound alternative to maize (Zea mays L.) but data on S × S nutrient removal rates are scant. Our objectives were to determine N, P, K, Ca and Mg removal with harvest as impacted by N application rate, using six N rate studies in New York. One of the six sites had a recent manure history. Although site‐to‐site differences existed, N application tended to decrease P and K and increase N, Ca and Mg concentrations in BMR S × S forage. Nutrient removal and yield were highly correlated for all sites except one location that showed a K deficiency. The crop removed large amounts of P and K in the manured site, suggesting that BMR S × S is an excellent scavenger of these nutrients. If manure is applied mid‐season, forage K levels are likely too high for feeding to non‐lactating cows.     

金斧种衣剂防治大豆根腐病效果初报

150086黑龙江省农业科学院植物保护研究所哈尔滨市南岗区学府路368号     

大豆黑河5号和Fiskeby 5号种子对干燥脱水敏感性的差异及分析

在同样干燥条件下，中英两个大豆品种对脱水敏感性差异很大：中国品种黑河5号超干后的干裂率高达87％，而英国品种Fiskeby5号则只有17．6％的破裂率。去种皮实验证明：种皮虽对防止大豆种子干燥破裂和吸胀损伤甚为重要，但决定大豆品种间干燥破损度是异的主要因素是品种固有的遗传特性。     

华北驼绒藜种子发育生理与形态特征比较研究

测定华北驼绒藜不同发育程度种子含水量、千粒重、萌发特性,观测种子发育过程中形态特征,以了解华北驼绒藜种子成熟度、形态特征和种子活力的关系,为生产中确定适宜收获时期提供依据.结果表明:花后40 d时种子含水量为39.89％,趋于稳定;干物质积累在花后36 d增长趋于平稳,40 d积累停止,此时种子千粒重为1.69g,发芽率达到峰值,为98.7％.在授粉后10～12 d发育成16细胞原胚,14 d发育成球形原胚,15～17 d发育成心形胚,授粉后25 d胚体发育为成熟胚.以上试验结果表明,华北驼绒藜种子适宜的收获时间为花后36 d.     

氮磷钾配施对制种玉米产量及经济效益的影响

为完善甘肃省张掖市制种玉米施肥体系,探究氮磷钾配方施肥对氮、磷和钾肥利用率的提升效果及其对制种玉米生长与产量的调控效应,明确氮磷钾配施对土壤肥力的影响。以制种玉米为供试作物,地表滴灌为供水方式,设置配方缺氮（T1）、配方缺磷（T2）、配方缺钾（T3）、氮磷钾配方施肥（T4）、常规缺氮（T5）、常规缺磷（T6）、常规缺钾（T7）、常规施肥（T8）和不施肥（T9）9个施肥处理。结果表明,T4与T8处理产量分别为7158.9和6638.9kg/hm²,显著高于相应的缺素施肥处理;T4处理水分利用率较T8处理提高7.33%（P<0.01）,N、P、K化肥利用率分别提高5.9%、67.3%和70.2%（P<0.05）,经济效益提高9.94%,土壤养分综合指数提高20.00%。氮磷钾配方施肥能显著促进作物生长,释放高产潜力,提高水肥利用效率,提升经济效益和土壤肥力,为推荐的施肥模式。     

固相萃取离子色谱法快速测定烟草中钾、钠、钙、镁和氨的研究

采用带固相萃取净化功能的样品萃取瓶超声萃取烟草样品,样品萃取液用石墨化炭黑球固相萃取净化。然后以IonPacCS12A阳离子交换色谱柱(3 ′ 150 mm,5 μm)为固定相,30 mM甲基磺酸为流动相,淋洗液流速1.0 mL/min,K+、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、和NH4+ 5种阳离子在6.0 min内可达到完全分离。采用自主设计的样品萃取瓶,可不经样品转移就完成样品的萃取、净化和过滤。和常规方法相比,操作流程得到简化,效率大幅度提高,灵敏度和回收率高、精密度好。为基因编辑素材钾、钠、钙、镁和氨的快速测定提供了高通量分析方法。     

橡胶籽油替代豆油对丝尾鳠幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性和抗氧化功能的影响

旨在研究饲料中橡胶籽油替代豆油对丝尾鳠幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性和抗氧化功能的影响,并确定其适宜替代比例。以橡胶籽油分别替代0%(R0)、25%(R25)、50%(R50)、75%(R75)和100%(R100)豆油,配制5种等氮等能饲料,进行8周饲养试验。试验表明：（1）R25替代组体增重和日增重系数均显著高于其他处理组(P?0.05);（2）R25、R50和R75替代组肠道脂肪酶活性显著高于R100替代组;R25替代组肝脏胰蛋白酶活性显著高于其他处理组;类似地,R25替代组肝脏脂肪酶活性显著高于R75和R100替代组;（3）随着橡胶籽油替代豆油比例的提高,肝脏ALT、AST和GGT活性呈先上升后下降趋势,其中以R25替代组最高;R100替代组肝脏GDH活性显著低于R0组;（4）R100替代组血浆POD活性显著低于R50和R75替代组;类似地,R100替代组血浆T-AOC活性显著低于R25和R75替代组;R100替代组肝脏MDA含量显著高于其他处理组。结果表明,橡胶籽油替代25%~75%豆油对丝尾鳠饲料利用率和抗氧化功能均无明显负面影响,且替代25%明显提高丝尾鳠生长性能;但完全替代明显抑制丝尾鳠抗氧化功能。     

Breeding and characterization of soybean Triple Null; a stack of recessive alleles of Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor,Soybean Agglutinin,and P34 allergen nulls

Soybean (Glycine max) seeds contain bioactive proteins with antinutritional and immunological properties that affect metabolism and assimilation of nutrients. The presence of antinutritional proteins requires soybeans to be heat‐treated resulting in input energy costs. Nulls for bioactive seed proteins have been previously isolated from the USDA soybean collection, including Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (TI), soybean agglutinin (LE) and immunodominant soybean allergen P34 protein. Each of these nulls has the potential to partially address the concerns of soybean feed/food consumption. A stack of recessive nulls of TI, LE and P34 was created in a cv ‘Williams 82’ background termed ‘Triple Null’. Triple Null has a slight reduction of total protein compared with ‘Williams 82’ corresponding to aggregate contribution of TI, LE and P34 in the seed proteome. Triple Null's proteome analysis revealed P34 and TI nulls are frame‐shift mutants able to accumulate small amounts of authentic P34 and TI proteins. Triple Null has possible application as a conventional feed/food source and for immunotherapy to mitigate soybean allergenic response.     

断根、环割对烟草体内钾、钙、镁循环和积累的影响

在网室内采用水培方式栽培烟草,于烟草打顶期及打顶后一周进行断根、环割处理,探讨断根、环割及断根+环割对烟草吸收钾、钙、镁和烟株体内钾、钙、镁循环、积累的影响。结果表明：断根降低了木质部汁液单位时间的钙、镁吸收循环量及钙、镁在韧皮部的积累量,而环割处理的结论刚好相反。断根+环割显著提高了木质部汁液单位时间的钾吸收循环量和烟叶的钾积累量,提高上部叶的钾含量,降低了中、下部烟叶钙、镁的含量,因此该处理提高烟叶品质的效果最好。     

棉花种子发芽过程中生理生化变化及赤霉素的调节 I 棉花子叶内储藏物质代谢

本文研究了棉花种子发芽过程中，子叶内储藏物质代谢及外源赤霉素的调节。结果表明，赤霉素促进了脂肪的降解，子叶中可溶性糖的含量增加；同时影响了蛋白质代谢过程中氨基酸含量的变化，显著地促进了天门冬氨酸含量的增加，而明显地降低了谷氨酸的含量。赤霉素影响了棉苗干物质的分配，对子叶的发育有促进作用，而对胚根（２４ｈ后）和下胚轴（４８ｈ）的发育有抑制作用。从整体上讲，赤霉素可以促进棉花种子胚根突破种皮和迅速均匀出苗。但是由于赤霉素后期（４８ｈ）抑制了下胚轴和胚根的发育，不利于棉花立苗，降低了棉苗抵抗外界不良环境的能力，从而不利于棉花培育壮苗     

烤烟叶片成熟过程中钙镁铁含量的变化

田间条件下对烤烟下、中、上3个部位叶片成熟过程中钙、镁、铁元素含量的变化进行了分析。结果表明：随着烟叶部位的上升,叶片中钙、铁含量均表现为随之降低的变化规律,镁含量呈现出先降低又增加的变化;随着移栽后天数的增加,新鲜烟叶中各部位叶片钙、镁、铁含量无明显的变化规律性。3个烟叶部位之间钙、镁含量差异极显著,铁含量差异不显著;不同移栽后天数之间钙、镁、铁含量差异均不显著。移栽后天数与烟叶钙、镁、铁含量之间的相关性不显著;烟叶中钙与镁、钙与铁、镁与铁含量之间均呈极显著正相关。     

结瘤和非结瘤大豆同位基因系种子荚皮发育中POD和SOD活性的比较

1.大豆果实发育过程中种子和荚皮地过氧化物酶（Peroxidase-POD,不同)和超氧化物岐化酶（Superoxide Dismutase-SOD，不同)活性均有变化。结瘤大豆的两种酶活性高于非结瘤大豆，这种差异在POD活性上表现尤为显著。 2.SOD和POD均高于发育早期就基本合成齐全，而POD同工酶随发育逐渐增多。 3.种子SOD和POD均高于荚皮中的活性     

琉璃苣种子萌发期对NaCl胁迫的响应

以琉璃苣(Borago officinalis L.)幼苗为实验材料,设置0(ck)、0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％共7个盐分梯度,研究NaCl胁迫对琉璃苣种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:低浓度NaCl胁迫对琉璃苣种子萌发的影响表现为促进作用,当浓度大于0.2％时,随着NaCl处理浓度增大,种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均呈下降趋势,而相对盐害率逐渐增大;随着NaCl处理浓度增大,幼苗的叶绿素含量逐渐降低,电导率和MDA增加;游离脯氨酸在盐浓度为0.1％～0.5％时呈上升趋势,盐浓度高于0.5％时,呈下降趋势.表明琉璃苣有一定的耐盐能力,具有向盐碱地引种驯化的潜力.     

氮肥运筹对红壤稻田移栽油菜氮磷钾养分累积特性的影响

通过氮肥的用量、施用时期、种类的田间小区试验,研究氮肥运筹对油菜生长发育过程中氮磷钾养分吸收、积累的影响。结果表明,施氮水平高的处理与施氮水平低的处理相比,植株及各器官氮含量普遍偏高,而磷钾含量普遍偏低。氮磷钾无论是累积速率还是累积量均是成熟期最大。处理间E（控释氮肥）处理氮磷累积量最多,A（不施氮肥）处理最少;钾累积量G（60%控释氮肥+40%尿素）处理相对最多,A（不施氮肥）处理相对最少。在本试验条件下,施氮均为最高水平180 kg/hm2的控释氮肥E、控释氮肥与常规氮肥配施G处理植株氮磷钾累积量相对最多。     

作物茬口与施肥对连作大豆虫食率的影响

为了研究苜蓿、玉米和大豆3种茬口与施肥对连作大豆虫食率的影响,2003-2005年在黑龙江龙镇农场采用两因素有重复完全随机试验,3年的连作大豆虫食率结果表明,茬口主效应和施肥主效应的互作对连作大豆虫食率的影响不显著,并且二者互作的各组合虫食率变化也没有明显的规律;施肥主效应对连作大豆虫食率有显著和极显著的影响,但施肥类型和施肥量对连作大豆虫食率的影响也没有发现规律性;2003年和2004年茬口主效应对连作大豆虫食率影响不显著,但2005年茬口主效应对连作大豆虫食率有极显著影响,从3年分析结果看,大豆茬上连作大豆的虫食率都相应高于同年苜蓿茬和玉米茬上连作大豆的虫食率,说明连作大豆年分越长,虫食率有加重的趋势。