Inhibition of antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation by Tat protein from HIV-1

The purified human immunodeficiency virus type-l (HIV-l) Tat protein inhibited lymphocyte proliferation induced by tetanus toxoid or Candida antigens by 66 to 97% at nanomolar concentrations of Tat. In contrast, Tat did not cause a significant reduction of lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen. Inhibition was blocked by oxidation of the cysteine-rich region of Tat or by incubation with an antibody to Tat before the assay. A synthetic Tat peptide (residues 1 to 58) also inhibited antigen-stimulated proliferation. Experiments with H9 and U937 cell lines showed that Tat can easily enter both lymphocytes and monocytes. The specific inhibition of antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation by Tat mimics the effect seen with lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals and suggests that Tat might directly contribute to the immunosuppression associated with HIV infection.     

糠醛渣木质素接枝聚丙烯酸水凝胶对Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+吸附性能研究

以糠醛渣木质素和丙烯酸为原料,制备了可有效去除水中Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+离子的糠醛渣木质素-g-聚丙烯酸水凝胶(FRL-g-PAA水凝胶);研究了pH值、温度和离子强度对FRL-g-PAA水凝胶吸附Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+性能的影响;分析了FRL-g-PAA水凝胶对Pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附动力学、吸附等温线及吸附热力学的相关数据;采用XPS谱图进一步分析了FRL-g-PAA水凝胶对重金属离子的吸附机制。结果表明:在PAA水凝胶结构中引入糠醛渣木质素提高了水凝胶对重金属离子的平衡吸附容量,吸附体系pH值为5,降低温度有利于FRL-g-PAA水凝胶对Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+重金属离子的快速、高效吸附;在K+的干扰下,FRL-g-PAA水凝胶对重金属离子的平衡吸附量顺序是Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+;FRL-g-PAA水凝胶和PAA水凝胶吸附Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+均遵循准二级动力学方程和弗兰德里希模型的自发放热反应;XPS谱图证明了FRL-g-PAA水凝胶的羟基和羧基与重金属离子之间存在络合作用,FRL-g-PAA水凝胶对Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+吸附过程兼具物理吸附和化学吸附的特点。      

中国七大区降水化学特性的空间差异及成因

选取中国七大区的33个省及城市20世纪90年代降水监测资料,通过对比分析,对中国七大区的降水化学特性、空间差异及成因进行了初步研究.结果表明,七大区降水中离子组成基本一致,但是主要离子含量差别较大;降水酸性也表现出明显的差异,总体表现为北方偏碱性,南方偏酸性,并且自东北向华南呈增强趋势;20世纪90年代中国大气硫污染突出,东北、西北地区SO42-及Ca2+含量是其他地区的2倍以上,并且北方降水中NH4+浓度较高,因而针对不同地区的降水化学特性,应采取不同的污染防治措施.     

Structural basis of Wnt recognition by Frizzled

Wnts are lipid-modified morphogens that play critical roles in development principally through engagement of Frizzled receptors. The 3.25 angstrom structure of Xenopus Wnt8 (XWnt8) in complex with mouse Frizzled-8 (Fz8) cysteine-rich domain (CRD) reveals an unusual two-domain Wnt structure, not obviously related to known protein folds, resembling a "hand" with "thumb" and "index" fingers extended to grasp the Fz8-CRD at two distinct binding sites. One site is dominated by a palmitoleic acid lipid group projecting from serine 187 at the tip of Wnt's thumb into a deep groove in the Fz8-CRD. In the second binding site, the conserved tip of Wnt's "index finger" forms hydrophobic amino acid contacts with a depression on the opposite side of the Fz8-CRD. The conservation of amino acids in both interfaces appears to facilitate ligand-receptor cross-reactivity, which has important implications for understanding Wnt's functional pleiotropy and for developing Wnt-based drugs for cancer and regenerative medicine.     

Primary sequence information from intact proteins by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry has been used to obtain information related to portions of the primary sequence for an intact protein, bovine ribonuclease A. Multiply charged molecular ions, generated by electrospray ionization, were collisionally dissociated at low energies in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer to yield singly and multiply charged fragment ions that can be assigned to the known sequence of the protein. Dissociation of the highly charged molecular ions resulted in pairs of complementary product ions. The higher order (gas-phase) protein structure affects the dissociation processes, as observed in comparisons of tandem mass spectra of the native and disulfide-reduced forms of ribonuclease A.     

A cDNA for a protein that interacts with the human immunodeficiency virus Tat transactivator

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tat protein (Tat) is a positive regulator of virus gene expression and replication. Biotinylated Tat was used as a probe to screen a lambda gt11 fusion protein library, and a complementary DNA encoding a protein that interacts with Tat was cloned. Expression of this protein, designated TBP-1 (for Tat binding protein-1), was observed in a variety of cell lines, with expression being highest in human cells. TBP-1 was localized predominantly in the nucleus, which is consistent with the nuclear localization of Tat. In cotransfection experiments, expression of TBP-1 was able to specifically suppress Tat-mediated transactivation. The strategy described may be useful for direct identification and cloning of genes encoding proteins that associate with other proteins to modulate their activity in a positive or negative fashion.     

野生大豆CDPK基因保守区的克隆及序列分析

CDPK(Ca2+-dependent,calmodulinindependentproteinkinase)是植物钙信号传导过程中关键的蛋白激酶,在逆境胁迫信号传导过程中起到重要作用。研究基于同源序列候选基因的策略,根据已经公布的多个CDPK序列的比对结果,在保守性较高的区域,设计两对巢式简并引物,结合降落PCR和巢式PCR在野生大豆中克隆。对获得的序列片段进行序列分析,发现该序列具有激酶活性的功能区域和CDPK特有的EF手性结构区,并且与VrCDPK(U08140)序列达到94%的相似性,可以确定该片段是CDPK基因的保守序列。结果证明,野生大豆中也存在CDPK基因,并为通过RACE等方法获得野生大豆全长CDPK基因奠定了基础。     

小麦冠层反射光谱与籽粒蛋白质含量及相关品质指标的定量关系

 研究了不同施氮水平下小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及相关品质性状与冠层反射光谱、植株氮素状况之间的定量关系。结果表明，小麦灌浆期冠层反射光谱可以用来直接预测籽粒蛋白质含量、沉降值和降落值，成熟期冠层反射光谱对籽粒醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量的监测具有较高的可靠性；籽粒蛋白质含量与花后14 d叶片含氮量的相关性较好，并且花后14 d比值指数RVI (1220, 710)能准确反演叶片含氮量，进而可以间接地预测籽粒蛋白质含量。据此提出了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及相关品质指标的两种监测技术途径：基于灌浆期反射光谱的直接预测和基于花后14 d（灌浆中期）叶片含氮量的间接估测。     

High-density electron anions in a nanoporous single crystal: [Ca24Al28O64]4+(4e-)

We removed approximately 100% of clathrated oxygen ions from the crystallographic cages in a single crystal of 12CaO.7Al2O3, leading to the formation of high-density (approximately 2 x 10(21) cm-3) electrons highly localized in the cages. The resulting electron forms a structure that we interpret as an F+ center and migrates throughout the crystal by hopping to a neighboring cage with conductivity approximately 100 siemens per centimeter, demonstrating that the encaged electron behaves as an anion. The electron anions couple antiferromagnetically with each other, forming a diamagnetic pair or singlet bipolaron. The resulting [Ca24Al28O64]4+(4e-) may be regarded as a thermally and chemically stable single crystalline "electride."     

芹菜源生物炭对重金属离子的吸附性能

[目的]寻找高效低成本的吸附重金属污染物的材料。[方法]以农业剩余物芹菜为原料,研究芹菜源生物炭对一些典型重金属离子[Cu2+、Cd2+、Cr(VI)]的吸附性能。[结果]中温(350、500℃)限氧热解制备的芹菜源生物炭对Cu2+的吸附量可超过50 mg/g,对Cd2+、Cr(VI)等重金属离子也表现出良好的吸附性能。Freundlich和Langmuir吸附方程能较好地描述吸附过程。结合红外光谱、扫描电镜与能谱等表征手段,证明芹菜源生物炭对重金属离子的高吸附性能与其表面沉淀作用、表面络合和离子交换反应有关。[结论]芹菜源生物炭对重金属离子有较强的吸附性能,应用前景广阔。     

基于可见/近红外光谱的黄河口区土壤盐分及其主要离子的定量分析

【目的】定量、准确地监测盐渍土,对其防治和农业可持续发展至关重要,论文旨在明确黄河口区土壤盐分及其主要离子的特征光谱,建立适用于该区域的土壤盐渍化定量分析模型,提高其定量分析的精度和稳定性。【方法】首先以山东省垦利县为研究区,于2014年10月5—9日野外采集代表性土样96个,对土样风干后,采用土壤化学分析方法室内分析盐分及其主要离子(Cl~-、Na~+、Ca~(2+))含量,并采用美国ASD Fieldspec 3光谱仪测定土样可见/近红外高光谱数据,对光谱反射率进行去噪、一阶导数变换等预处理;然后基于盐分及其主要离子不同含量的样本光谱分析盐分及其主要离子的光谱响应,在此基础上,对样本的土壤盐分及其主要离子含量与反射率的一阶导数光谱进行逐波段的相关分析,按照相关系数高且显著的原则,选取各自的敏感波段,再根据敏感波段的交叉情况选取集中波段为特征波段,进而选取特征波段中具有极值相关系数的波段作为显著特征波段,综合确定表征土壤盐分及其主要离子(Cl~-、Na~+、Ca~(2+))的特征光谱;最后分别采用多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)、支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)和随机森林(random forest,RF)方法构建土壤盐分及其主要离子的定量高光谱分析模型。【结果】研究区土壤盐分及其主要离子(Cl~-、Na~+、Ca~(2+))含量的光谱曲线形状和走势整体一致;土壤盐分及其主要离子(Cl~-、Na~+、Ca~(2+))的光谱响应谱区为1 320—1 495、1 790—1 920、2 120—2 290 nm;基于相关分析的土壤盐分及其主要离子的敏感谱区为1 490—1 520、1 890—1 930nm;最后综合光谱响应及相关分析确定土壤盐分及其主要离子的特征波段为1 493、1 801、1 911和2 289 nm,显著特征波段为1 493和1 911 nm。模型结果显示基于2个显著特征波段反射率一阶导数的模型精度均与4个特征波段的模型精度相当,表明显著特征光谱作为盐分及其主要离子的特征光谱进行其定量分析的有效性。比较3种建模方法,RF模型的预测效果最好,SVM模型次之,而MLR模型精度最低;对于盐分、Cl~-和Na~+,3种方法构建的模型均可有效地用于其定量分析,精度较高且稳定,然而Ca~(2+)预测精度还有待提高。通过综合比较分析,基于显著特征波段(1 493和1 911 nm)反射率一阶导数构建的随机森林(RF)模型对盐分、Cl~-和Na~+均具有较好的估测精度和稳定性,也可用于Ca~(2+)的定量估测。【结论】基于光谱响应及相关分析综合确定盐分及其主要离子的显著特征光谱(1 493和1 911 nm反射率一阶导数),进而采用随机森林方法构建盐分及其主要离子的定量估测模型,适用于黄河口区土壤盐渍化信息的有效提取。     

Autoimmune target in Heymann nephritis is a glycoprotein with homology to the LDL receptor

The pathogenesis of Heymann nephritis, a rat model of human membranous glomerulonephritis, depends on the interaction of autoantibodies with a renal glycoprotein (GP330) on glomerular podocytes. Partial complementary DNAs coding for GP330 were isolated and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence from 4.3 kilobases of complementary DNA contains the sequences identical to two peptides derived from the isolated glycoprotein. The deduced amino acid sequence of this protein contains regions with homology to the human low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, an indication that GP330 and the LDL receptor may be members of the same gene family. Autoantibodies from the kidneys of rats with Heymann nephritis reacted with a nonglycosylated segment of GP330 that contains cysteine-rich 40-amino acid repeats, which are also features of the LDL receptor. GP330 is also similar in some regions to the mouse epidermal growth factor precursor.     

Molecular structure of troponin C from chicken skeletal muscle at 3-angstrom resolution

The x-ray structure of chicken skeletal muscle troponin C (TnC), the Ca2+-binding subunit of the troponin complex, shows that the protein is about 70 angstroms long with an unusual dumbbell shape. The carboxyl and amino domains are separated by a single long alpha helix of about nine turns. Only the two high-affinity Ca2+-Mg2+ sites of the COOH-domain are occupied by metal ions resulting in conformational differences between the COOH- and NH2-domains. These differences are probably important in the triggering of muscle contraction by TnC. Also the structure of TnC is relevant in understanding the function of other calcium-regulated proteins, in particular that of calmodulin because of its strong similarity in amino acid sequence.     

泰山蚜虫区系及其生态分布的研究

本文研究了１１８种泰山蚜虫的区系及其生态分布。从世界昆虫区系看，泰山蚜虫的古北区、古北区＋东洋区种类颇丰富，分别是３５和４６种，占２９．７％和３９．０％；其余的跨区系种是３７种，占３１．３％。从中国昆虫区系看，分布在华北区、华北区＋华中区、东北区＋华北区＋华中区＋蒙新区＋华南区＋西南区及全部７个区的种类较多，分别是１７、１４、１４和１２种，占１４．４％、１１．９％、１１．９％和１０．２％。按照植被在泰山上的垂直分布，从３个大范围即海拔１０００ｍ以上的高山地带、１０００～５００ｍ的中山地带及５００～１２０ｍ的低山地带和山前平原区讨论了泰山蚜虫的生态分布。３个范围内蚜虫的物种数从高海拔地带到低海拔地带依次是１０、４６和１０５种，占总物种的８．４％、３９．０％和８８．９％；特有种依次是１、１１和７０种，分别占０．８％、９．３％和５９．３％，主要的原因是各层次植被的丰富度有差异。     

Effects of Cu2+ and Cd2+ Stress on Growth and POD Activity of Tomato Seedling

The growth situation and peroxidase (POD) of seedlings of two tomato cuhivars were investigated under the stress of different concentrations of Cu2+ and Cd2+. The toxicity differences of Cu2+ and Cd2+ to tomato seedlings and the corresponding differences between two tomato cultivars were observed through the stress trial with the above two heavy metal ions. The results showed that low concentration of Cu2+ and Cd2+ could promote the growth and could enhance the POD activity of tomato seedlings, while high concentration Cu2+ and Cd2" could inhibit seedling growth and POD activity of tomato seed-lings. Cd2+ functioned more obviously than that of Cu2+, two tomato cultivars also presented difference in response to heavy metal stress.     

Solution structure of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain

The three-dimensional structure of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of the glucocorticoid receptor has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and distance geometry. The structure of a 71-residue protein fragment containing two "zinc finger" domains is based on a large set of proton-proton distances derived from nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectra, hydrogen bonds in previously identified secondary structure elements, and coordination of two zinc atoms by conserved cysteine residues. The DBD is found to consist of a globular body from which the finger regions extend. A model of the dimeric complex between the DBD and the glucocorticoid response element is proposed. The model is consistent with previous results indicating that specific amino acid residues of the DBD are involved in protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions.     

利用FTIR和化学计量学对牛肝菌亲缘关系的研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合化学计量学对不同种牛肝菌亲缘关系进行研究,为该种群亲缘关系鉴定提供依据,同时为人工栽培牛肝菌奠定理论基础。采集12个种类72份牛肝菌样品的红外光谱,采用二阶导数(2D)、标准正态(SNV)变量和小波压缩(WC)等方法对牛肝菌的原始红外光谱进行优化处理,结合偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)建立鉴别模型。将PLS-DA得到的前8个主成分数据作为提取数据代入系统聚类分析(HCA),获得亲缘关系树状图。结果显示:12种牛肝菌的原始红外光谱较为相似,共有峰主要归属为蛋白质、多糖、纤维素和氨基酸等物质中OH、C=O、C-O-H、C=O、C-C等官能团的吸收峰。对比不同优化处理的鉴别结果,发现2D+WC预处理方法对不同种类牛肝菌区分效果较好。HCA亲缘关系树状图表明,按照物种层面划分,中华牛肝菌和远东疣柄牛肝菌亲缘关系最近,且2种牛肝菌与圆花孢牛肝菌亲缘关系较近;深褐牛肝菌和美味牛肝菌亲缘关系较近;小美牛肝菌和美柄牛肝菌亲缘关系较近,且2种牛肝菌与栗色牛肝菌亲缘关系较近。傅里叶变换红外光谱法可应用于牛肝菌的亲缘关系分析,能为野生食用菌的亲缘关系研究提供一种新方法。     

Cu2+、Cd2+胁迫对番茄幼苗生长及过氧化物酶活性的影响

笔者以番茄2个种（402,205）为材料,研究不同浓度Cu^2＋、Cd^2＋对番茄幼苗生长及过氧化物酶活性的影响,以期为Cu^2＋、Cd^2＋对番茄的伤害机制提供理论依据。     

Characterization of a human TAR RNA-binding protein that activates the HIV-1 LTR

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gene expression is activated by Tat, a virally encoded protein. Tat trans-activation requires viral (trans-activation--responsive; TAR) RNA sequences located in the R region of the long terminal repeat (LTR). Existing evidence suggests that Tat probably cooperates with cellular factors that bind to TAR RNA in the overall trans-activation process. A HeLa complementary DNA was isolated and characterized that encodes a TAR RNA-binding protein (TRBP). TRBP activated the HIV-1 LTR and was synergistic with Tat function.