不同处理对大豆浓缩蛋白（SPC）粗蛋白含量及提取率的影响

分别用超声波处理不同粉碎粒度的高温脱脂豆粕,然后采用醇法浸提工艺提取其中的大豆浓缩蛋白（SPC）。结果显示：40目、60目及80目豆粕提取的大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白含量分别为51．85％、55．50％和54．32％（P〈0．05）。提取率分别为97．65％、97．51％和95．80％（P〈0．05）;超声波处理之后提取的大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白含量分别为55．44％、55．11％和58．77％（P〈0．05）,提取率分别为97．50％、96．78％和95．65％（P〈0．05）。不同的粉碎粒度对大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白的含量及提取率有显著影响,粒度越小,粗蛋白含量越高,提取率越低;在相同的粉碎粒度下,超声波处理能提高大豆浓缩蛋白中粗蛋白的含量,但是对其提取率无显著影响。     

苜蓿干草调制过程中群体特征对粗蛋白质含量的通径分析

通径分析表明,苜蓿干草在调制过程中含水量与粗蛋白质之间的相关关系主要是通过中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和叶片损失率的间接影响产生的;NDF与粗蛋白质的相关关系,直接作用和通过叶片损失率的间接作用各占50%,并且通过含水量所起的作用为正效应;叶片损失率与粗蛋白质含量的相关关系,主要是直接作用(占56.0%)和通过NDF的间接作用(占54.5%)所引起的.     

不同放牧率下小花碱茅可溶性碳水化合物和氮素含量的变化

在东北松嫩草原上通过小区围栏放牧,对不同放牧率下小花碱茅可溶性碳水化合物和氮素含量的变化进行了分析。结果表明,小花碱茅在生长季初期茎基部的可溶性碳水化合物含量最低,随着季节推移逐渐增加;一定程度的放牧有利于牧草可溶性碳水化合物的提高,促进牧草再生。氮素含量在生长季初期最大,然后随季节推移逐渐降低;适当放牧能够刺激根对土壤中氮素的吸收,使其向地上部分转移,提高牧草的营养价值。     

Interactive effects of dietary crude protein and fermentable carbohydrate levels on odour from pig manure

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary levels of crude protein (CP) and levels of fermentable carbohydrates (FC) and their interaction on odour emission, odour intensity, odour hedonic tone, and ammonia emission from pig manure, and manure characteristics. An experiment was conducted with finishing pigs (n = 36) in a 2 × 3 factorial randomized complete block arrangement with 6 treatment combinations in 6 blocks. There were 2 dietary CP levels (low 12%; high 18%) and 3 digestible FC levels: (low 95.5; medium 145.5; and high 195.5 g/kg feed, as-fed basis). Pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 57.7 ± 2.5 kg were penned individually in partly slatted floor pens. Faeces and urine of each pig accumulated in separate manure pits under the slatted floor. In the 6th week of the collection period air samples were collected directly above the manure in each pit. Manure samples were taken for manure characteristics. Air samples were analyzed for odour concentration and for hedonic tone and odour intensity. Manure samples were analyzed for volatile fatty acids (VFA), indoles, phenoles, sulphurous compounds, ammonium, and total N concentrations. Dietary CP level and FC level did not affect odour emission, odour intensity and hedonic tone but their interaction affected odour emission at P = 0.06. At a high dietary CP level, increased FC level decreased odour emission, while at a low CP level, increased FC level increased odour emission from pig manure. Total N and ammonium concentrations, and ammonia emission from pig manure were reduced at low dietary CP level (P < 0.001). High FC level led to low ammonia emission from pig manure (P = 0.01). Manure pH increased at high dietary CP level (P < 0.001) and decreased when FC level increased (P < 0.05). Total VFA concentration increased at high dietary CP level (P < 0.001) and when FC level increased (P < 0.001). Enhanced dietary CP increased the manure concentrations of phenol (P < 0.001), cresols (P = 0.01), indole (P < 0.001), 4-ethylphenol (P < 0.001) and carbon disulfide (P < 0.001), but FC did not affect concentrations of these compounds (P > 0.05) in the manure. We conclude that the interaction between dietary CP and FC plays a role in odour production and emission. Ammonia emission from pig manure can be reduced substantially by decreasing dietary CP and by increasing FC.     

Effects of level and source of carbohydrate and level of degradable intake protein on intake and digestion of low-quality tallgrass-prairie hay by beef steers.

Ruminally fistulated steers (n = 13; 263 kg) were used in an incomplete Latin square with 13 treatments and four periods to evaluate the effects of level and source of supplemental carbohydrate (CHO) and level of degradable intake protein (DIP) on the utilization of low-quality, tallgrass-prairie hay. Steers were given ad libitum access to forage (5.7% CP, 2.6% DIP, and 74.9% NDF). The supplementation treatments were fashioned as a 2x3x2 factorial arrangement plus a negative control (NC; no supplement). The factors included two DIP levels (.031 and .122% BW) and three CHO sources (starch, glucose, and fiber) fed at two levels (.15 and .30% BW) within each level of DIP supplementation. The effect of supplementation on forage OM intake (FOMI) was dependent (P<.01) on level and source of CHO and level of DIP fed. When DIP was low, forage, total, and digestible OM intakes were generally greater for the starch treatment than for the nonstarch treatments. However, when the DIP level was high, intakes were greater for the nonstarch (i.e., fiber and glucose) treatments. Generally, FOMI decreased (P<.01) when more supplemental CHO was provided. Supplementation typically increased fiber digestion, but the response was dependent (P<.01) on level and source of CHO and level of DIP. Generally, supplements with low levels of CHO improved NDF digestion (NDFD). However, supplements with the high level of CHO decreased NDFD, except for fiber at the high level of DIP. Organic matter digestion was increased by supplementation, but the impact of increasing CHO was dependent (P<.01) on source of CHO and level of DIP. Supplementation treatments had significant impact on ruminal pH, NH3 N, and the total concentration of organic acids as well as their relative proportions. In conclusion, supplemental DIP enhanced the use of low-quality forage; however, the impact of supplemental CHO on low-quality forage use was dependent on source and level of CHO offered, as well as the level of DIP provided.     

应用不同催化剂消化饲料对粗蛋白质测定结果的影响研究

本文研究了双氧水(H2O2)催化法与GB/T6432-94法对粗蛋白质含量测定的影响.结果表明:以H2O2为催化剂的检测方法检测快速、结果准确、投资较少,防止污染,改善操作环境,安全可靠等特点.是蛋白质测定方法的一种快捷可靠的方法.     

Effects of dietary crude protein content and food intake on the production of semen in two lines of broiler breeder males

1. The effects of dietary crude protein (CP) concentration and feeding rate on semen production and quality from 21 to 66 weeks of age were assessed in a factorial experiment with 48 caged broiler breeder males from 2 strains.

2. The probability of obtaining semen and semen volume were lower in one of the two strains but the concentration and yield of spermatozoa were similar.

3. There was no evidence that males which were fed on an increasing quantity of food produced more semen or a greater concentration of spermatozoa than males on a fixed allocation of 120 g/d food.

4. The concentration of spermatozoa was lower in males fed on a diet containing 160 compared with 120 g CP/kg. On termination of the experiment, average testes size was small and testicular function was absent in a large proportion of the males on the high protein diet.     

芒果成花过程中碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白含量的变化

探讨不同品种芒果成花过程中碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白的变化,为芒果花芽分化调控提供依据。以南多美和椰香芒两个芒果品种为试验材料,调查其物候期、抽梢率和成花率,选取休眠期(S1)、休眠打破期(S2)、分化前期(S3)、花序分化期(S4)、花序第一分支分化期(S5)5个发育时期的顶芽,进行碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白的测定。南多美和椰香芒在成花的各个时期,果糖、麦芽糖含量持续积累,其含量均以南多美含量高于椰香芒。两品种葡萄糖变化趋势不同,南多美呈先升后降,而椰香芒为不断升高的变化趋势。蔗糖在花芽分化早期消耗,后期大量积累。两品种的淀粉含量在成花过程中趋于稳定,可溶性蛋白不断积累。碳水化合物与可溶性蛋白的比值在成花早期增加,后期降低。成花率以南多美显著高于椰香芒,且成花率与果糖、麦芽糖和可溶性蛋白含量均显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.816,0.506和0.456。芒果成花过程中碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白的积累有利于花芽分化,进入花芽分化期后,两者比值以易成花的南多美显著高于难成花的椰香芒。     

提高氨化处理秸秆粗蛋白含量的适宜方法研究

为提高秸秆粗蛋白含量,以氢氧化钠、过氧化氢、生石灰、熟石灰、尿素为处理剂,进行不同浓度和不同组合方式处理小麦秸和莜麦秸的试验.结果表明:尿素与氢氧化钠的组合对提高秸秆粗蛋白含量极为有效,5%以上的生石灰与尿素组合提高效率最高,为单纯5%尿素氨化法的4倍.建议生产中根据需要确定尿素剂量.     

Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to feeding hay with different non-structural carbohydrate content in control and polysaccharide storage myopathy-affected horses

The aim of this study was to determine whether the glycaemic/insulinaemic responses to hay with non-structural carbohydrate (NSC, soluble carbohydrate) of 17% (HC), 10% (MC) or 4% (LC) differs in control horses and whether these responses differ between control and horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM). Five clinically normal control horses and seven PSSM horses, all unfit and of Quarter Horse breeding (age 9.4 ± 3.4 years, body condition score range: 4.5-6). A crossover design compared the HC and LC hay, with horses randomly assigned to hay type for 5 days, and all horses fed the MC hay during washout, after which the diets were switched. Horses were fed 1.5% BW (as fed) divided into 2 feeding per day, no grain. On morning of the fifth day of each block (seventh day for washout), horses were given 0.5% BW in hay, blood was drawn before and every 30 min for 5 h after feeding, and the rate of intake was measured. Whole blood glucose and plasma insulin were measured. The intake rate was significantly higher for HC. In control horses, the insulin area under the curve (6891.7 ± 3524.2 HC vs. 1185.4 ± 530.2 LC) was significantly higher than LC. Polysaccharide storage myopathy horses had significantly higher glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to HC vs. LC, however; the magnitude of insulin response was lower and glucose response higher in PSSM vs. control horses. Results suggest that insulin responses can differ significantly with the NSC content of hay. Feeding hay with 17% NSC produces elevations in insulin that could be detrimental for PSSM horses.     

饲料粗蛋白含量分析方法比较

本文利用3种仪器设备,PE2400N元素分析仪、凯氏氮/蛋白质测定仪、凯氏定氮仪(国标法)对13种饲料原料和2种配合饲料样品的粗蛋白含量进行了分析测试,旨在探讨3种分析测试方法的测量误差,以检验各设备在饲料生产质量控制中的作用。经统计分析,发现这3种方法的测定结果无显著差异。另外,与国标法相比,PE2400N元素分析仪自动化程度较高,具有快速、精确、省时省力等特点,值得提倡;凯氏氮/蛋白质测定仪体积小,重量轻,省工省力,样品不转移,测试数据准确,价格低廉,适合我国国情,具有推广价值。     

日粮中添加高微量元素苜蓿青干草对杜泊羊生产性能的影响

通过在杜泊羊的日粮中添加5%～15%的高硒、高硒钴、高硒钴锌以及高硒钴锌铁4种苜蓿Medicago sativa青干草,研究对杜泊羊的采食性能、日增质量和饲料转化等方面的影响。结果表明,和添加普通苜蓿青干草相比,4种苜蓿青干草在添加量为5%～10%的情况下,均能在不同程度上提高羊日增质量,有利于饲料的转化与利用,并且饲喂安全,无副作用。其中添加15%高硒钴锌苜蓿青干草效果最好,日增质量比对照提高了59.4%,饲料转化率（30.72%）比对照提高了59.8%;在日粮中添加10%的高硒钴锌铁苜蓿青干草,效果接近前者,日增质量比对照提高了58.0%,饲料转化率（27.88%）比对照提高了44.7%。     

近红外光谱法测定DDGS中粗蛋白含量的试验研究

试验建立DDGS粗蛋白含量测定的近红外光谱分析定标模型。采用化学分析法测定72个DDGS样品中的粗蛋白含量,利用FOSS InfraXact型近红外光谱分析仪采集样品光谱,光谱经2,4,4,1导数和标准正常化+散射处理(SNV+Detrend),用改进最小二乘法(MPLS)回归,获得了较好的定标模型,校正决定系数(RSQ)、交叉验证决定系数(1-VR)、校正标准误差(SEC)、交叉验证标准误差(SECV)分别为0.982 5、0.932 8、0.266 2、0.389 5。利用30个验证集的DDGS样品进行外部检验,预测值与真实值之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,定标模型的预测性能较好,可以替代化学分析法快速测定DDGS中的粗蛋白含量。     

Influence of dietary crude protein content on fattening performance and nitrogen excretion of Holstein steers

The objective was to investigate the influence of crude protein (CP) content in a fattening diet on feed intake, body weight gain, nitrogen excretion, and carcass traits in Holstein steers. Steers (initial body weight 241 ± 26 kg) consumed feed with the following CP content: (a) 17.7% during the early period (from 7 to 10 months of age) and 13.9% during the late period (from 11 to 18 months of age) (HIGH, n = 3), and (b) 16.2% during the early period and 12.2% during the late period (LOW, n = 4). The CP intake was lower in the LOW than the HIGH group. Urinary and total nitrogen excretion in the late period tended to be lower (p < .10) in the LOW than the HIGH group. However, growth performance and carcass traits were not affected by dietary CP content. Free histidine and total amino acid contents in the longissimus thoracis muscle tended to be higher (p < .10) in the HIGH than the LOW group, however, the CP contents were not affected by dietary CP content. The results of this experiment suggest that decreasing dietary CP to 16% (early period) or 12% (late period) of dry matter would reduce nitrogen excretion from Holstein fattening farms without affecting productivity.     

铁和维生素A及其互作对鸡蛋中蛋白质和磷脂质含量的影响

以商品代海兰褐蛋鸡为试验对象,研究铁和维生素A对鸡蛋中蛋白质和磷脂质含量的影响。选用26周龄健康的育成母鸡432羽,随机分成6组,每组6个重复,采用3×2(Fe×VA)完全随机试验设计,日粮铁的添加量为0、30、60 mg/kg,维生素A的添加量为4 000、8 000 IU/kg。从27周龄开始进行正试期8周的饲养,分别于第30和34周龄,从每重复选取2枚蛋用于指标测定。结果表明:日粮添加铁的水平为30、60 mg/kg时,蛋黄磷脂质含量增高;维生素A的水平为8 000 IU/kg时,蛋黄磷脂质含量增多,蛋白中蛋白质含量增高,铁(30 mg/kg)组和维生素A(8 000 IU/kg)组二者互相作用时,蛋黄磷脂质含量增多。     

The value of crude protein content and in vitro pepsin digestibility of abattoir by-product meals in the prediction of their available protein content

Amino acid composition of meat-and-bone meals, poultry by-product meals, blood meals, bone meals and feather meals showed characteristic differences. Meat-and-bone meals and blood meals had surplus in lysine, whereas poultry by-product meals and feather meals were relatively rich in cystine. Blood meals had high levels of branched-chain amino acids as compared to isoleucine. In vitro pepsin digestibility of meat-and-bone meals (79.9 +/- 17.7%; n = 24) and blood meals (95.8 +/- 4.2%; n = 11) was found to be higher than that of poultry by-product meals (65.3 +/- 7.7%; n = 14) or feather meals (44.7 +/- 9.2%; n = 16). Pepsin digestibility of poultry by-product meals showed a significant negative correlation with crude protein content (r = -0.73; P less than 0.05; n = 14). However, in vitro pepsin digestibility of poultry by-product meals as well as meat-and-bone meals, blood meals and feather meals, showed insignificant correlations with NPU indices as well as with available crude protein contents of the meals. The NPU values of meat-and-bone meals for rats (29.9 +/- 11.7; n = 100) were lower than those of poultry by-product meals (52.1 +/- 7.1; n = 14). The NPU values of blood meals (6.4 +/- 5.6; n = 11) and feather meals (23.5 +/- 10.0; n = 16), determined as sole sources of protein, were low and they did not elicit weight gain in rats. The available crude protein content of poultry by-product meals (34.3 g/100 g +/- 3.6; n = 14) was higher than that of meat-and-bone meals (17.0 g/100 g +/- 7.3; n = 100).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

施钾对草地早熟禾根部可溶性碳水化合物及叶片氮，磷和钾含量的影响

以草地早熟禾（Poapratensis）品种男爵（Baronie）为试验材料,研究了不同施钾处理对根部0～10cm可溶性碳水化合物和叶片氮,磷和钾含量的影响。结果表明：在单施钾肥的情况下,随着施钾量的增加,越冬前草地早熟禾根系可溶性碳水化合物的含量也显著提高（P〈0．05）,这可能有助于提高植株越冬率,促进返青生长,而在同时施有氮、磷的情况下,碳水化合物含量间的差异并不显著,草地早熟禾叶片氮、钾含量也随着施钾量的增加呈显著增加的趋势（P〈0．05）。通过碳水化合物及叶片氮,磷和钾含量的测定,以N5g／m^2＋P20s3．33g／m^2＋K2O 6．68g／m^2处理对草坪返青及分蘖最佳。