斑痣悬茧蜂对受药寄主幼虫的选择性及其后代表现

为探究受到杀虫剂亚致死影响的寄主幼虫对寄生蜂的寄主选择及其子代蜂的影响,以容性寄生蜂斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis为研究对象,以氯氰菊酯亚致死浓度处理的甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua4龄幼虫为寄主幼虫,进行非选择性和选择性试验。非选择性试验表明,斑痣悬茧蜂成功寄生（完成化蛹）的概率随受药寄主的体重增大而提高,而且受药寄主有效存活的概率亦随其体重增大而提高;与对照寄主相比,寄生蜂对受药寄主的寄生率降低60.2%、子代蜂发育历期显著延长、子代蜂体型（用后足胫节长度表示）显著增大。与来自对照寄主的子代蜂相比,来自受药寄主的子代蜂的寄生能力（用寄生率表示）未受影响,但其后代的结茧率降低10%、发育历期显著缩短、体型显著增大,说明羽化蜂的发育适合度得到了提高。选择性试验结果得出不一致的结论,根据对寄生蜂攻击次数的分析,未发现其在对照与受药寄主之间存在显著偏好;但根据第2次攻击的寄主识别期变量进行的风险分析,受药寄主被寄生风险显著低于对照寄主（低59.7%）,说明寄生蜂偏好攻击对照寄主幼虫。研究结果说明,斑痣悬茧蜂通过偏好体型较大的寄主幼虫,而减轻了受到杀虫剂亚致死效应的间接不良影响。结果表明该寄生蜂具有鉴别出接受亚致死杀虫剂不久的寄主幼虫的能力。     

短稳杆菌对斑痣悬茧蜂成虫羽化、生殖和寿命的影响

室内测定了短稳杆菌对斑痣悬茧蜂蛹和成虫的直接毒性,以评价其对寄生蜂的直接影响。分别用短稳杆菌低浓度(1.25×107 cfu/mL)和高浓度(5.00×107 cfu/mL)菌液浸渍1和3日龄蜂茧(用清水处理作为对照),结果表明,菌液浓度和茧龄对成蜂羽化率、羽化蜂生殖力、成蜂寿命均无显著互作影响;蜂茧日龄对成虫生殖力和寿命无显著影响,但短稳杆菌浓度显著影响羽化后成蜂的生殖力和寿命,高浓度菌液处理下产卵量和寿命显著小于清水对照和低浓度菌液处理,但在清水与低浓度菌液处理之间无显著差异。为揭示短稳杆菌在寄生蜂补充营养过程中对其造成的直接影响,先将短稳杆菌用糖水配成不同浓度糖液饲喂成蜂,发现含有推荐施用浓度及其以上的短稳杆菌糖液对寄生蜂存活有较强的不良影响,受药后48 h出现死亡,96 h后死亡率超过50%;随后测定了含有较低浓度短稳杆菌(1.25×107和3.13×106 cfu/mL)的糖液及其吸食频次(4水平)对成虫寿命的影响,结果表明,短稳杆菌浓度和寄生蜂吸食频率互作显著影响成虫的寿命,在高浓度菌液处理下,取食频率对成虫寿命没有显著影响;但在低浓度菌液和对照处理下,成虫寿命随取食频率增加而延长。研究结果说明,短稳杆菌对斑痣悬茧蜂成蜂具有一定的毒性,但以略低于大田推荐浓度进行施用时,对斑痣悬茧蜂的不良影响较小。     

寄生经历和寄主龄期对斑痣悬茧蜂寄生草地贪夜蛾幼虫效能的影响

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)属鳞翅目灰翅夜蛾属,是新近入侵我国的重大危险性害虫。斑痣悬茧蜂已被证明对同属于灰翅夜蛾属的甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的幼虫均具有较强的寄生能力。为探究短期驯化是否能有效改善斑痣悬茧蜂对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的寄生能力,本研究比较了有、无寄生经历的斑痣悬茧蜂雌蜂分别对2龄和3龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫在寄生行为和效能上的差异。结果表明,有寄生经历的雌蜂相对于无寄生经历的雌蜂能够较快刺扎寄主幼虫,并表现出更高的刺扎频率和寄生率,但雌蜂的各项行为指标在2龄和3龄幼虫间无显著差异。本研究将为改善本土天敌对入侵性草地贪夜蛾的防控能力提供借鉴。     

营养和寄主密度对斑痣悬茧蜂搜寻行为的影响

以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫为寄主,观察了不同补充营养处理（饥饿、饲喂清水、饲喂30%糖水）和寄主密度等因素对斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis的搜寻效率和寄生选择行为的影响。结果显示,不同寄主密度对斑痣悬茧蜂的搜寻效率和选择偏好有显著影响,寄生蜂明显倾向于选择高密度寄主斑块。未发现补充营养显著影响斑痣悬茧蜂的搜寻时间,说明补充营养对斑痣悬茧蜂的搜寻效率没有显著影响,但对其寄生的寄主数量具有显著影响,在5头.叶-1与15头.叶-1的寄主斑块之间具有显著差异。     

寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾的斑痣悬茧蜂生长发育表现

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith),又称秋黏虫,是新入侵我国的外来物种。为探究本土天敌斑痣悬茧蜂寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫后的生长发育表现,本研究检测了斑痣悬茧蜂寄生2龄、3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫后子代蜂幼虫发育历期、茧历期、羽化率、茧重、成蜂个体大小和成蜂寿命。结果表明,寄主龄期对子代蜂的幼虫发育历期、茧历期和成蜂寿命存在显著影响。与寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂相比,寄生2龄和3龄幼虫的子代蜂幼虫发育历期分别平均延长了2.08 d(z=5.42,P0.05)和1.64 d(z=4.23,P0.05);寄生2龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期平均延长了0.46 d(z=3.51,P0.05),但寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期与寄生3龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期无显著差异。4龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命比在2龄和3龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命分别平均延长了1.46 d(z=-2.60,P0.05)和1.68 d(z=-2.98,P0.05)。寄主龄期对子代蜂羽化率、茧重和成蜂个体大小无显著影响。随寄主龄期增大,子代蜂的发育速度加快,但寿命缩短。研究结果将为揭示斑痣悬茧蜂与寄主草地贪夜蛾的互作关系提供参考。     

空间场所对斑痣悬茧蜂选择不同龄期甜菜夜蛾幼虫行为的影响

实验室条件下以甜菜夜蛾各龄期幼虫为寄主,在大观察罩内的盆栽植物上模拟低龄（1～2龄）和高龄幼虫（3～5龄）在田间的分布特点接虫,在小观察罩内同质空间内混合各龄幼虫,分别观察斑痣悬茧蜂的寄主选择行为。研究结果表明,空间大小对斑痣悬茧蜂选择寄主龄期的行为具有很大影响。在大观察罩中,斑痣悬茧蜂对甜菜夜蛾低龄幼虫（1～2龄）的遭遇和放弃行为比例均大于高龄（3～5龄）幼虫,而在小观察罩内的表现则相反。虽然斑痣悬茧蜂的寄主处理时间随寄主龄期的增大而延长,但在大观察罩内斑痣悬茧蜂花费的寄主处理时间比在小观察罩内长。在小观察罩内,寄生蜂对低龄幼虫的再次攻击间隔时间（653.17s）长于高龄幼虫（171.32s）,但在大观察罩内则相反。在大观察罩内低龄幼虫的被寄生率（23.24%～38.54%）高于小观察罩内（7.88%～21.43%）,但是小观察罩内高龄幼虫（4龄）的被寄生率（34.65%）大于大观察罩（16.86%）。最后,就空间大小影响斑痣悬茧蜂寄主选择行为的机理进行了探讨。     

补充营养对斑痣悬茧蜂寿命和取食行为的影响

大多数寄生蜂成虫以碳水化合物作为其能量来源，在自然界中主要有三种形式。第一种是可以直接取食的营养，如花蜜、花粉、种子、藻丝及真菌孢子，另有少数为富含碳水化合物的植物渗出物。Sisterton和Averill观察到富氏愈腹茧蜂（Phanerotoma franklini）用口器取食蔓越橘叶片表面的渗出物；大量田间观察表明，寄生蜂访问不同的植物以满足其对碳水化合物的需求；相对而言，寄生蜂对花粉的直接取食较少。     

过寄生对菜蛾绒茧蜂生物学特性的影响

研究了菜蛾绒茧蜂不同程度过寄生对其自身生物学特性的影响。菜蛾绒茧蜂一次寄生行为一般只产一粒卵，过寄生情况下，寄生体内蜂幼有物理竞争现象。对菜蛾绒茧蜂存活率、发育历期、成蜂寿命，性比，产卵量及雌蜂前翅长进行考察发现，同独寄生相比，过寄生对该蜂的生长发育不利，且不利影响随每寄主体内蜂幼个体数的增加而加重。     

Bt棉对斑痣悬茧蜂寄主选择及其子代发育的影响*

［目的］ 评价转Bt基因棉通过非靶标寄主斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫对寄生蜂的影响。［方法］ 分别采用选择性试验和非选择性方法,观察斑痣悬茧蜂对取食Bt棉叶和常规棉叶的斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫的产卵选择偏好,并观察子代蜂在不同处理幼虫体内的发育表现。［结果］ 取食Bt棉叶的斜纹夜蛾幼虫体重与取食常规棉叶的没有显著差异,而取食Bt棉叶的甜菜夜蛾幼虫体重显著小于取食常规棉叶。对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的选择性试验表明,斑痣悬茧蜂未表现出对取食Bt棉寄主幼虫的偏好。［结论］ 斑痣悬茧蜂子代的历期、存活以及羽化成蜂的体型大小等发育适应度特征,不受寄主幼虫所取食的食料植物的影响。     

棉蚜茧蜂[Lysiphlebia japonica (Ashmead)]对棉蚜不同虫态寄生选择的研究

研究表明,棉蚜茧蜂[Lysiphlebia japonica(Ashmead)]喜好寄生棉蚜2、3龄若蚜,寄生率分别为78.8％和87.2％;对4龄若蚜的寄生率为10.6％;1龄若蚜的寄生率仅为5％;棉蚜茧蜂一般不选择有翅蚜作为寄主。随着供蚜量的增加,未被寄生的蚜虫百分率从21.3％上升至63％;过寄生率从55.1％下降至8.37％;废卵率从53.1％降至7.9％。棉蚜茧蜂对健康棉蚜和被寄生过的棉蚜不能完全识别,存在过寄生现象。     

野生和栽培茭白二化螟感病率与微生物多样性分析

为了明确茭白二化螟的感病死亡率以及携带的优势微生物种类，本文在野生茭白和栽培茭白中共采集二化螟越冬幼虫6000余头，发现二化螟的感病死亡率分别为19.98%和17.00%，二者之间没有显著差异，表明栽培措施没有影响昆虫病原菌的流行。采用18S rRNA和16S rRNA测序方法对死虫标本中的真菌和细菌组成和丰度进行了研究，结果表明95%以上个体的优势真菌为白僵菌，相对丰度在90%以上，没有检出绿僵菌；优势细菌科为肠杆菌科、肠球菌科、根瘤菌科和丛毛单胞菌科，丰度分别为19.37%、17.37%、7.04%和5.04%，含昆虫病原细菌的芽胞杆菌科和梭菌科细菌的丰度只有1.44%和0.41%，表明细菌不是致死的主要原因。本研究证明白僵菌是越冬期茭白二化螟的优势病原菌。因此，在茭白田中开展以菌治虫首选使用白僵菌。     

柽柳有效天敌昆虫筛选标准的建立

参照前人对杂草天敌筛选标准、植物与昆虫互作理论和近年来对柽柳原产地主要天敌生物学特性的研究结果，制定出柽柳天敌遴选量化标准，共计10项特征，满分为47分。并以此对取食柽柳的12种天敌进行了筛选。柽柳条叶甲得分最高（43分），其次是斯氏伞锥象（41分），推荐这2种天敌昆虫作为首选天敌引入美国做进一步评价。     

黑龙江省冬小麦雪腐病病原鉴定及生物学特性研究

采用形态特征观察和致病性测定方法,对黑龙江省饶河县冬小麦雪腐病进行了病原鉴定,并对病菌生物学特性进行了研究.结果表明,黑龙江省饶河县冬小麦雪腐病是由半知菌亚门雪腐格氏霉[Gerlachia nivalis (Ces.ex Sacc.)W.Gams et E.Mull.]侵染引起的红色雪腐病.病菌生长最适温度为20～25℃,适宜pH为7,但3.5～11.5范围内差异不显著;光暗交替有利于菌丝生长,最佳碳源为淀粉,最佳氮源为牛肉膏;病原菌致死温度为50℃处理10 min.产孢最适温度为15℃,最适pH为7,最佳碳源为麦芽糖,最佳氮源为硝酸钠.缺N、C比缺Mg、Fe、K、P元素对病原菌的生长影响大.     

Efficacy of Common Carp and Nile Tilapia as biocontrol agents of rice insect pests in the Philippines

Replicated field plot trials were carried out to evaluate the role of fish as biocontrol agents of insect pests of rice in the Philippines. Evidence from suction sampling, examination of fish gut contents, and rice plant damage assessment strongly suggest that Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) and Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) do significantly reduce the densities of stemboring moths and chironomid midges, while the abundance levels of other arthropods are not significantly affected. This impact by fish often was more important in the wet season when heavy rains and wind likely caused the arthropods to become dislodged from the plant and fall onto the water. Predation by fish was particularly evident during the first 45 days of the crop during the wet season when adult chironomid midge abundance was high. The fish gut content analysis revealed that all insect guilds are represented in the diet of both of the fish species regardless of whether the life-cycle of the arthropod prey is aquatic, semi-terrestrial, or terrestrial. Thus, fish in rice fields are part of the assemblage of natural enemies of rice pests. While fish alone cannot completely suppress rice pest populations below the economic threshold, their significant contribution should not be overlooked.     

拮抗链霉菌26B的筛选及其在不同含水量土壤中对白菜软腐病的防病效果

为挖掘防治白菜软腐病的生防菌,本研究采用牛津杯法从38株白菜根际放线菌中筛选到一株拮抗放线菌26B,通过形态学观察和16S rRNA基因序列分析将菌株26B初步鉴定为链霉菌。该菌除菌发酵滤液对供试的白菜软腐病菌Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis BC1及3种马铃薯黑胫病菌均表现较高的抑菌活性,其中对白菜软腐病菌抑菌直径达到23.97mm。萌发试验表明,白菜种子经26B除菌发酵滤液浸种后发芽势、发芽指数、根长及鲜重显著增加。采用浸根法测定菌株26B除菌发酵滤液对软腐病菌荧光标记菌株BC1-gfp在白菜根部定殖量的影响,浸根处理后48h,白菜根上BC1-gfp的数量达到2.3×109CFU/g;未从26B除菌发酵滤液与BC1-gfp菌悬液混和处理（体积比10%）的白菜根上检测到病原菌。盆栽防病试验结果表明,在含水量为14%和20%的土壤中,菌株26B除菌发酵滤液对白菜软腐病的防效分别达96.0%和89.8%。上述结果表明,链霉菌26B是一株具有潜在开发应用价值的生防菌株,将链霉菌26B应用与土壤水分管理相结合可进一步提高其防病效果。     

Selection of biological control agents for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases in the field

Different screening methods for selection of biological control agents (BCAs), for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases, are discussed. The shortcomings of laboratory methods focused on mechanism of action are discussed and we conclude that these methods should be used with caution if candidates with multifactorial or plant mediated mechanisms of control are to be obtained. In vitro screens may be useful for specific groups of microorganisms, thus, screens for antibiotics may be relevant for Streptomyces spp., and promising results have been obtained using soil plating or precolonized agar methods to screen for mycoparasitism and competitive saprophytic ability. Experience with screening in the Nordic programme Biological control of seed borne diseases in cereals is summarized. Research in the four participating countries – Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark – followed the same paradigm: that of obtaining antagonists, well adapted to different Nordic environments, and developing them as effective BCAs. Potential antagonists were isolated from different sources and in planta screening methods were developed in order to optimize selection of antagonists effective against a range of seed borne pathogens. Screens in the laboratory or greenhouse were followed by screening in the field. The different screening procedures are compared and evaluated.     

A Simple PCR-based Method for the Detection of the Chickpea-wilt Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris in Artificial and Natural Soils

A fast and simple polymerase chain reaction method has been developed for the detection of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of chickpea, in natural and artificial soils. The method involves the disruption of fungal biomass by grinding dry soil, using its abrasive properties, in the presence of skimmed milk powder. The latter prevents loss of DNA by adsorption to soil particles or by degradation and reduces the co-extraction of PCR inhibitors with the DNA. After phenol/chloroform extraction, the DNA is suitable for direct PCR amplification without a precipitation step. For the efficient detection of small amounts of DNA extracted from soil, a two step amplification with nested primers was used. The dilution step reduced the effect of Taq-polymerase inhibitors. The specificity of the amplification, and consequently the yield of specific product, was increased by the use of a modified touch down process during the annealing step. The method has been applied to the specific detection of wilt-inducing isolates of the pathogen in a variety of natural and artificial soils. The amplification was improved by the use of increased concentrations of skimmed milk powder in soils with high organic or clay contents.     

Effect of Trichoderma viride pre-inoculation in pine species with different levels of susceptibility to Fusarium circinatum: physiological and hormonal responses

Pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by Fusarium circinatum, affects Pinus species worldwide. Although no effective solutions have yet been found to control it, there is a growing interest in using biological control agents (BCA) such as Trichoderma to avoid the application of chemical-based products. Using species with an increasing level of susceptibility to PPC (Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata), this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma viride pre-inoculation on disease development, assessing several physiological and hormonal parameters. A 2-week period elapsed between T. viride and F. circinatum inoculation. Sampling for each species was performed independently when at least 50% of the plants of one of the inoculated groups developed disease symptoms. Fusarium circinatum infection reduced water status and photosynthesis, but increased proline, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid concentrations in plants of P. radiata and P. pinaster with symptoms; while in P. pinea water relations were maintained and anthocyanin accumulation occurred in the presence of F. circinatum. In P. radiata, T. viride pre-inoculation accelerated disease progression, with some PPC-induced responses augmented (decreased water potential and photosynthesis; increased substomatal CO₂ concentration) and novel changes not found in seedlings inoculated exclusively with F. circinatum (increased electrolyte leakage and salicylic acid; decreased relative water content). This suggests that T. viride may be initially recognized as an invading organism, subverting the plant defence mechanisms for successful root colonization. If seedlings are not allowed to recover from this state, pathogen infection may thus be facilitated, highlighting the importance of application timing in BCA strategies.