论黄土高原种植业三元结构的几个问题

粮料分流,建立种植业三元结构是解决黄土高原粮食问题的必要选择,因此,大力发展饲料粮生产是今后黄土高原种植业结构调整的必然主向,研究认为,黄土高原饲料作物播种面积占粮食作物总播种面积的比例应在25％以上;提出了分层次建立黄土高原种植业三元结构和加大宏观调控力度的构想,强调了在农户层次上建立粮食经饲结合种植模式和轮作制度的作用及意义;分析了本区可供开拓的饲料作物的潜在生态位资源以及粮饲结构调整的种植模式及其效益。     

河西走廊绿洲农业土地综合利用探析——以张掖市为例

以河西走廊中部的张掖市为例,进行了土地人口承载力的计算和农业内部产业效益分析。结果表明:种植粮食作物的人口承载力要远远大于畜牧业,而从农业内部不同产业综合效益分析来看,草畜业要大于种植业。考虑到土地对人口的承载力,将未来绿洲农业土地的利用模式调整为:耕地种植业和耕地草畜业的用地比例为1∶2左右;耕地种植业中,稳定口粮生产,压缩饲料粮生产,提高饲草种植比例;畜牧业中,压缩耗粮型猪禽养殖数量,发展节粮型草畜(牛、羊)的数量,提高食草性畜牧业比重;调整种植业、养殖业和农畜产品加工业结构,建立绿洲生态经济体系,实现经济、社会、生态效益的兼容。     

现代种植业系统结构变化分析——以河北省曲周县为例

以河北省曲周县为例,基于区域自然环境变化的基础上,研究了现代种植业系统的变化特点,主要表现为种植业用地占有相当大的比重而牧业用地萎缩;逐步形成以小麦、玉米为主的粮食作物、以棉花和油料为主的经济作物、以蔬菜瓜类为主的其它作物的结构.分析了系统生产力提高、农业总产值构成趋向国家结构调整方向的正效应的同时,也出现了一系列影响系统可持续发展的负效应,包括系统多样性尤其是不便于机械化耕作的农作物降低,单一化趋势明显;工业辅助能投入增加,生物辅助能投入下降,系统能效呈现"增加-停滞-降低"趋势;系统呈现人为性R-策略者时空效应,抗逆性差;区域缺水严重,土壤环境潜伏着由地下水位下降、化肥、农药、农膜、污灌等引起的生态隐患.建议加强其机械种植研究,同时调整土地利用结构,加大其它用地比重尤其是牧业用地的比重,提倡作物多样化种植的结构调整,选择耐旱型可替代粮食作物品种,以减轻粮食作物牧用的压力;建立能衡量资源环境价值的绿色GDP体系;改善投能结构,加强生物防治和污水处理,将传统农业的精华融入现代种植业系统中.     

宁南旱区种植业结构分析与评价

以宁南旱区种植业系统为研究对象,对该区2007—2012年系统生产力与种植业结构和效益进行了动态分析与评价。研究结果表明:粮食作物种植面积稳定在6.19×105~6.29×105hm~(-2)之间;蔬菜面积逐年增加,最大增幅达1.20倍;瓜果类作物面积有所减少,种植业结构由以粮食为主的一元结构逐渐转变为以粮食、油料、蔬菜、其它经济作物为主的多元结构(2012年粮∶经∶饲比例为1∶0.31∶0.12),种植业用地结构渐趋合理。种植业系统生产力明显提高,其中蔬菜产品生产力和经济生产力最高,分别为3.94×104kg·hm~(-2)和1.26×105元·hm~(-2);种植业总产值逐年增加,截止2012年种植业总产值达1.07×1010元,较2007年增加了2.11倍,其中蔬菜产值最高(0.49×1010元),粮食次之(0.34×1010元),油料和瓜果产值较低(0.12×1010元和0.07×1010元),产值结构趋于平衡。总之,宁南旱区经过近年来种植结构的不断优化调整,在调查年度内系统稳定性有所增强,生产效益明显提高。     

粮食生产系统的能值分析--以安塞县为例

应用OdumH.T创立的能值理论分析了安塞县粮食生产系统后认为:该县粮食生产系统能值投入率与产出率"双低",应增加系统投入以提高产出水平;系统环境负荷率不高,不可更新环境资源破坏严重,应提高可更新环境资源利用效率、加强水土保持工作;辅助能值投入中有机能值略高于无机能值,应按适当比例增加辅助能值投入以提高系统生态经济效益;粮食产出能值中玉米、豆类所占比重高,系统结构调整应遵循生态经济原则,保持或压缩口粮作物、提高粮饲两用作物播种面积,同时发展舍养畜牧业和粮食加工业。     

西部干旱与湿润地区农业结构演变的比较分析

本文利用农业结构指数结合比重法,比较分析了新疆和四川两省区1981年到2002年农业总产值结构、作物类型结构、粮食作物结构、经济作物结构演变的综合情况。结果表明:1在农业总产值结构演变上,新疆是波动变化的,而四川在逐步向多元化和均匀化方向发展;2在22a间,两省区在作物类型结构的变化上都朝多元化和均匀化方向发展,主要原因是粮食作物面积比重下降,经济作物和其他作物的面积比重明显上升;3在粮食作物面积构成的多元化发展速度上,新疆比四川快,主要原因是新疆小麦面积比重显著下降;4两省区经济作物结构的多样性都在波动中明显下降,主要原因是新疆棉花比重大幅度提高,而四川主要是油料作物面积比重显著提高。两省区农业结构的演变特点与各自的资源条件和市场需求变化相适应。     

聊城市种植业结构分析与对策

以聊城市种植业系统为研究对象,对系统生产力、种植业结构与效益进行了动态分析。结果表明:1995~2005年,粮食作物面积保持稳定,蔬菜面积快速增加,棉花和油料面积有所减少,种植业结构逐渐由以粮食为主的一元结构逐渐转变为以粮食、蔬菜为主的二元结构,种植业用地结构渐趋合理;种植业系统生产力明显提高,其中蔬菜产品生产力最高,棉花经济生产力最高;种植业产值明显增加(油料作物除外),其中蔬菜产值最高,粮食作物次之,油料和棉花产值较低,产值结构趋于平衡。由于种植结构的不断调整优化,系统稳定性在调查年度内有所增强,生产效益明显提高。     

论复种与我国粮食生产的可持续发展

提高单产和扩大播种面积是我国粮食总产持续增长的两个重要方面,随着种植业结构调整,粮经饲作物争地矛盾日益突出,靠发展种增加播各面积是促进粮食持续稳定增产的关键途径,近年来我国复种指数年增长数０．８０％,已达到１５５％,复种年增播种面积４９万ｈｍ＾２,根据我国的热量和降水资源及灌溉地状况,继续扩大复种尚有潜力,经系统分析论证表明,我国耕地复种指数潜力要达１８１％,达到潜力时可年增产粮食７５９０万,干旱     

浑善达克沙地牧户经营与草地变化的实证分析

本文以浑善达克沙地牧户调查数据为基础,在草地畜牧业可持续发展理论指导下,通过对牧户经营现状以及草地变化状况的实证分析,明确了牧户经营基本特点、经营收入支出构成与草地资源变化特征,并提出调整畜种结构,适当增加牛的饲养比重;科学管理,提高牲畜出栏率;加强牲畜改良,提高良种比率;完善草畜平衡制度,加强监督、执法力度等对策。     

基于多目标遗传算法的节水型农牧业产业 结构优化调整模型

针对鄂尔多斯市农牧业产业结构不合理,从农牧业产业结构调整节水的基础理论研究出发,运用多目标遗传算法建立了农牧业产业结构优化模型.结果表明:小麦种植面积增加1.1％,玉米种植面积减少40.5％,豆类种植面积增加16.5％,薯类种植面积增加18.3％,油料作物种植面积减少5.5％,蔬菜种植面积增加4.2％,牧草种植面积增加5.9％,粮食作物∶经济作物∶饲草料的比例由50.0∶11.7∶38.3调整为27.1∶28.7∶44.2,农牧业种植业结构趋于合理化.     

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species involved in the pathogenicity of Fusarium in potato tubers

Differences in virulence between Fusarium sulphureum and Fusarium sambucinum were compared. Changes in reactive oxygen species production and metabolism in inoculated slices of potato tubers were also compared. The result showed that Fusarium infection induced significant production of ROS, lipid peroxidation and loss of cell membrane integrity, but low activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Compared to F. sambucinum, F. sulphureum led larger lesion diameters on potato tubers and slices. It resulted in more superoxide anion ($O_2^{-}$) and earlier peak of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), but lower activity of catalase (CAT) and APX, and accompanied with higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lower cell membrane integrity. These findings suggested that overproduction of ROS involved in the pathogenicity of Fusarium in potato tubers.     

Signals that stop the rot: Regulation of secondary metabolite defences in cereals

Plants accumulate a vast arsenal of chemically diverse secondary metabolites for defence against pathogens. This review will focus on the signal transduction and regulation of defence secondary metabolite production in five food security cereal crops: maize, rice, wheat, sorghum and oats. Recent research advances in this field have revealed novel processes and chemistry in these monocots that make this a rich field for future research.     

TaULP5 contributes to the compatible interaction of adult plant resistance wheat seedlings-stripe rust pathogen

Adult plant resistance indicates that plant is susceptible to pathogen at seedling stage, but resistant at adult stage. Understanding the mechanism of the interactions between APR wheat plants and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is important for the creation of strategies to improve cultivar disease resistance. In this study, a full-length cDNA was isolated from APR wheat cultivar Xingzi 9104 (XZ), and was designated as ubiquitin-like protein 5 (TaULP5). TaULP5 was likely to be located in the cytoplasm, with a percentage of 75.9% Arabidopsis protoplasts number. The expression of TaULP5 was largely induced in the compatible interaction of wheat seedlings to Pst, while no obvious change was found in the incompatible interaction of wheat adult plants to Pst. Moreover, when TaULP5 was knocked down, the wheat resistance at seedling stage to Pst was improved. In addition, knockdown of TaULP5 increased the expression levels of some biotic stress-related genes, such as PR1 and PR2. It is the first time to confirm that ubiquitin-like protein could contribute to the compatible interaction of XZ to Pst, and the results will lay a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of different interactions between APR wheat plants and Pst at post-translational level.     

五种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的经口毒性及风险评价

分别采用"小烧杯法"和"饲喂管法" 检测了50%虫螨腈水分散粒剂(WG)、1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油(EC)、80%氟虫腈水分散粒剂(WG)、50 g/L氟虫腈悬浮剂(SC)、10%阿维菌素·哒螨灵乳油(EC)5种杀虫剂对蜜蜂工蜂的经口毒性。其中, "小烧杯法"测得的48 h LC50值分别为21.3、0.490、0.112、0.075 7、0.488 mg/L, "饲喂管法"测得的48 h LC50值分别为134、0.730、1.33、0.668、1.54 mg/L。就这5种杀虫剂而言,"饲喂管法"测得的48 h LC50值均不同程度高于"小烧杯法"。以摄入量计,则"饲喂管法"测得的48 h LD50值分别为1.34、0.007 30、0.013 3、0.005 37、0.015 4 μg/蜂。按毒性等级标准划分, 50%虫螨腈WG对蜜蜂具有中等毒性,1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐EC、10%阿维菌素·哒螨灵EC、80%氟虫腈WG和50 g/L氟虫腈SC对蜜蜂为剧毒。如果采用危害商值(Hazard Quotient,HQ)衡量药剂的风险性,则上述5种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的HQ值分别为84.0、205、3 247、3 609、8 939,表明它们对蜜蜂均具有潜在风险。同时还就两种检测方法的优缺点和适用范围进行了比较。     

Changes in stress within grassland ecosystems in the three counties of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

Based on a database of more than 40 years of second production process and energy flow records for Maduo,Qumalai and Yushu counties,a dynamic model of the stress within grassland ecosys-tems was established using a nonlinear regression method for this source regions of the Yangtze and Yel-low Rivers.The results show that dynamic curves of stress within grassland ecosystems in the three coun-ties were in the shape of an inverted "U" during the period 1965-2007.It also revealed that the variation in actual amount of livestock inventories reflected the general trends of the stress within the grassland eco-systems in the source regions,although there were many other factors for the increase or reduction in grassland ecosystem stress.     

Nonhost resistance: Self-inflicted DNA damage by fungal DNase accumulation is a major factor in terminating fungal growth in the pea-Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli interaction

Pea endocarp tissue generates a total nonhost resistance response against inappropriate pathogens such as the bean pathogen, Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (Fsph) within 6 h. An array of plant components induced include: Pisatin (a phytoalexin), defensins, PR genes and hydrolytic enzymes in the non-host resistance response. This nonhost resistance response is similar but swifter than the responses induced by the compatible true pathogen, F. solani f. sp. pisi (Fspi). It was previously noted that a DNase released by both fungi is involved in induction of these resistance responses within pea endocarp tissue. This report demonstrates the cytological damage that occurs within nuclear DNA of both compatible and incompatible fungi when in contact with pea endocarp tissue and in the presence of DNase activity. The severity of damage to the bean pathogen exceeds that of the pea pathogen and requires only 2 h of contact with the pea tissue to develop. This accumulation of DNA damage is proposed to be the ultimate termination factor in this and other non-host resistance reactions. An updated DNase signaling scheme of the nonhost resistance of pea is presented.     

Metabolome profiling to understand the defense response of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) to Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2 IIIB

Rhizoctonia crown and root rot (RCRR), caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG 2-2 IIIB, is an important disease of sugar beet. While RCRR can be managed by agronomic practices, plant resistance remains the primary method for control. However, the molecular processes that mediate resistance to R. solani are largely unknown. The metabolic changes that occurred during susceptible and resistant R. solani interactions were compared and characterized using nontargeted metabolomic profiling. Metabolites from infected and healthy, root and leaf tissue, were taken at 0 and 7 dai and detected using reversed-phase UHPLC-MS and GC-MS. There was a clear distinction in the metabolome between tissue type and genotype, and in response to R. solani. 143 compounds were annotated and several metabolites associated with plant defense to fungi were identified in both germplasm.