兴安落叶松、樟子松苗木活力与水势的关系

通过对兴安落叶松、樟子松苗木活力与水势关系的分析，发现苗木活力与其水分状况密切相关，苗木失水首先使根系的水势下降，最终导致造林成活率和生长量的降低， 在苗木贮藏和运输过程中，有用保护剂是提高和保持苗木成活率的有效措施。     

晒根对苗木成活与高生长的影响

我国各地更新造林基本上使用裸根苗。苗木在起苗、换床、造林生产环节中苗根暴露在空间与日光条件下,使苗木体内水分有所散失。水分散失影响到苗木自身的水分平衡,因而,栽植后发育不良造成死亡。为探讨苗木在日晒条件下失水多少对苗木发育与成活影响的规律,我们对樟子松、红松、红皮云杉、兴安落叶松,水曲柳,大青杨六个树     

从红松苗木水分状况判断苗木质量的研究

本文探讨了红松苗木水分状况对造林成活率的影响。在造林前利用植物水分状况测定仪及四唑染色法对苗木根系水势和根系脱氢酶活性进行测定,结果表明,苗木造林前大量失水,使根系水分下降,直接影响造林成活率。因此,必须使红松苗的含水率在63%以上,才能保证造林成活。     

兴安落叶松苗木品质指标的选择

本文通过大兴安岭地区落叶松Ｓ１－１苗１９个形态指档的ＰＣＡ分析，确定各指标的重要程度；通过对不同等级苗木的６个生理指标测定，分析生理指标与形态指标的关系；通过不同失水程度苗木水势测定和造林试验，确定苗木活力指标。     

干旱多风环境下沙棘移栽苗木致死机理与成活率的提高

研究了水分胁迫下沙棘苗木萌芽过程中体内水分状况与ABA累积的关系，土壤含水量和风速对沙棘苗木含水量和水势有明显的影响，当定植后根系土层的土壤含水量低于14.5%。风速达到6m/s，可使苗体含水量占干重比值小于1.2,水势小于-2.5Mpa,芽和韧皮中ABA含量与苗体组织含水量,萌芽率及成活率呈显著负担关;在干旱多风条件下苗木成活率显著降低,即使少量成活的苗木幼芽生长缓慢。在干旱多风条件下沙棘造林宜采取截干、埋苗造林，避免苗木自身过度失水而降低成活率和成活后的生长，因此，可显著提高造林成活率。     

造林苗木水分状况与苗木活力关系试验分析

造林苗木水分状况与苗木活力关系试验分析刘俊义，韩东秀，徐正权，张明峰（黑龙江省南岔林业局）（黑龙江省绥棱林业局）近几年来，针对苗木水分状况影响造林成活率这一问题，对伊春林区主要造林树种落叶松、红松、云杉、樟子松、水曲柳等不同苗龄型树苗（按综合分级均为...     

失水对苗木生理指标的影响

苗木从圃地经起苗，分级，打捆，越冬，贮藏和长途运输至造林地，体内部分水份已经失去，故仅有形态指标已不能确定其是否保持较高的活力。本研究通过对红松，云杉的落叶松换床苗和造林苗晾晒试验及其研究分析，探讨了失水对苗木生理指标的影响。     

失水对苗木生理指标的影响

苗木从圃地经起苗、分级、打捆、越冬、贮藏和长途运输至造林地，体内部分水份已经失去，故仅有形态指标已不能确定其是否保持较高的活力。本研究通过对红松、云杉和落叶松换床苗和造林苗晾晒试验及其研究分析，探讨了失水对苗木生理指标的影响     

要重视苗木起运包装

苗木起运包装，是从苗木出圃到造林中间的过渡环节。这个环节，对提高造林成活率、促进幼林快速生长发育非常重要。苗木是一种具有生命性的特殊商品。长期以来，苗木包装局限于个别树种或局部的包装。在起运过程中，常常将苗木堆放，装、卸车时拉拉拽拽、搬来倒去，一些个体苗木经营者在组织苗源时东拼西凑，经过多次搬运才进入造林地，这就难免在起运的各个环节中破皮，伤枝，造成水分损失。起苗以后，根系暴露在大气中，风吹日晒，水分逐渐减少，成活率明显下降。用失水率10%的苗木造林，其生长速度为健康苗的一半。为此，加强苗木的规范…     

土壤水分和风速对沙棘苗木水分状况和成活率影响的实验研究

土壤含水量和风速对沙棘苗木含水量和水势有明显的影响,当定植后根系土层的土壤含水量低于14.5%,风速达到6m/s可使苗体含水量占干重比值小于1.2,水势小于-2.5MPa时苗木成活率显著降低,即使少量成活的苗木幼芽生长缓慢.因此在干旱多风条件下沙棘造林宜采取截杆、埋苗造林,避免苗木自身过度失水而降低成活率和成活后的生长.     

Variations in transpiration rate and leaf cell turgor maintenance in saplings of deciduous broad-leaved tree species common in cool temperate forests in Japan

To clarify mechanisms underlying variation in transpiration rate among deciduous broad-leaved tree species, we measured diurnal changes in stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential, and calculated the maximum transpiration rate (Emax), leaf-specific hydraulic conductance (K(s-l)) and difference between the soil water potential and the daily minimum leaf water potential (Psis - Psi(l,min)). Pressure-volume (P-V) measurements were made on leaves. Saplings of eight broad-leaved tree species that are common in Japanese cool temperate forests were studied. Maximum transpiration rate varied significantly among species. There was a statistically significant difference in Psis - Psi(l,min), but not in K(s-l). Species with large Emax also had large Psis - Psi(l,min) and gs. The results of the P-V analyses showed that species with a large Psis - Psi(l,min) maintained turgor even at low leaf water potentials. The similar daily minimum leaf pressure potentials (Psip) across all eight species indicate that Psip values below this minimum are critical. Based on these results, we suggest that the leaf cell capacity for turgor maintenance strongly affects Psis - Psi(l,min) and consequently Emax via stomatal regulation.     

Leaf conductance and CO(2) assimilation of Larix gmelinii growing in an eastern Siberian boreal forest

In July 1993, we measured leaf conductance, carbon dioxide (CO(2)) assimilation, and transpiration in a Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. ex Kuzen forest in eastern Siberia. At the CO(2) concentration of ambient air, maximum values (mean of 10 highest measured values) for CO(2) assimilation, transpiration and leaf conductance for water vapor were 10.1 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), 3.9 mmol m(-2) s(-1) and 365 mmol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. The corresponding mean values, which were much lower than the maximum values, were 2.7 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), 1.0 mmol m(-2) s(-1) and 56 mmol m(-2) s(-1). The mean values were similar to those of Vaccinium species in the herb layer. The large differences between maximum and actual performance were the result of structural and physiological variations within the tree crowns and between trees that reduced maximum assimilation and leaf conductance by about 40 and 60%, respectively. Thus, maximum assimilation and conductance values averaged over the canopy were 6.1 micro mol m(-2) s(-1) and 146 mmol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. Dry air caused stomatal closure, which reduced assimilation by an additional 26%. Low irradiances in the morning and evening had a minor effect (-6%). Daily canopy transpiration was estimated to be 1.45 mm day(-1), which is higher than the value of 0.94 mm day(-1) measured by eddy covariance, but similar to the value of 1.45 mm day(-1) calculated from the energy balance and soil evaporation, and less than the value of 2.1 mm day(-1) measured by xylem flux. Daytime canopy carbon assimilation, expressed on a ground area basis, was 0.217 mol m(-2) day(-1), which is higher than the value measured by eddy flux (0.162 mol m(-2) day(-1) including soil respiration). We discuss the regulation of leaf gas exchange in Larix under the extreme climatic conditions of eastern Siberia (temperature > 35 degrees C and vapor pressure deficit > 5.0 kPa).     

模拟降水量变化对毛乌素油蒿幼苗生物生态过程中的影响研究

毛乌素是中国干旱、半干旱沙区典型沙地，其中水分是最大限制因子，随着未来全球变化，尤其是降水变化进一步激烈，将给这里的陆地生态系统分布格局和生产力带来巨大影响，本文选择毛乌素沙地优势灌木油蒿为研究对象，人控４种降水量梯度来探讨油蒿幼苗的生理生态对降水量的响应。结果表明，不同施水量的油蒿幼苗净水合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间ＣＯ２浓度、叶片温度、光能利用率、水分利用率日变化动态存在明显差异，当少量施水时，幼苗受到明显水分胁迫，故而关闭气孔，降低气孔度和蒸腾速度，以免过多的蒸腾失水。当充分施水时，幼苗叶片气孔开放，提高气孔导率、胞间ＣＯ２浓度和蒸腾速率，降低叶片温度、以此提高光合作用。不同施水的油蒿幼苗表现出不同的生理生态适应策略，幼苗荧光效率随着施水量增大，从机理上解释了幼苗光合作用随着施水量的增加而增长；向后剔除变量分析表明，随着施水量的增加，限制幼苗净光合速度的主要因子逐渐减少。当充人地水时，幼苗主要受到光合有效辐射和叶片温度的限制。当中度施水时，幼苗主要受到蒸腾速率、胞间／大气ＣＯ２浓度差值的限制，不少量施水量时，幼苗主要受到蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间／大气ＣＯ２浓度差值、叶片／大气温度差值及其大气温度的限制。     

Enhanced transpiration in response to wind effects at the edge of a blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) plantation

In Australia, tree planting has been widely promoted to alleviate dryland salinity and one proposed planting configuration is that of strategically placed interception belts. We conducted an experiment to determine the effect of tree position in a belt on transpiration rate. We also assessed how much the effect of tree position can be explained by advection and environmental conditions. Daily transpiration rates were determined by the heat pulse velocity technique for four edge and 12 inner trees in a 7-year-old Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) plantation in South Australia. Various climatic variables were logged automatically at one edge of the plantation. The relationship between daily sap flow and sapwood area was strongly linear for the edge trees (r2 = 0.97), but only moderately correlated for the inner trees (r2 = 0.46), suggesting an edge effect. For all trees, sap flow normalized to sapwood area (Qs) increased with potential evaporation (PE) initially and then became independent as PE increased further. There was a fairly close correlation between transpiration of the edge and inner trees, implying that water availability was partially responsible for the difference between inner and edge trees. However, the ratio of edge tree to inner tree transpiration differed from unity, indicating differences in canopy conductance, which were estimated by an inverse form of the Penman-Monteith equation. When canopy conductances were less than a critical value, there was a strong linear relationship between Qs of the edge and inner trees. When canopy conductances of the edge trees were greater than the critical value, the slope of the linear relationship was steeper, indicating greater transpiration of the edge trees compared with the inner trees. This was interpreted as evidence for enhancement of transpiration of the edge trees by advection of wind energy.     

Relationship of water status to vegetative growth and leaf gas exchange of peach (Prunus persica) trees on different rootstocks

We investigated relationships between tree water status, vegetative growth and leaf gas exchange of peach trees growing on different rootstocks under field conditions. Tree water status was manipulated by partially covering (0, approximately 30 and approximately 60%) the tree canopies on individual days and then evaluating the effects of tree water status on vegetative growth and leaf gas exchange. Early morning stem water potentials were approximately -0.4 MPa for trees in all treatments, but mean midday values ranged from -1.1 to -1.7 MPa depending on rootstock and canopy coverage treatment. Relative shoot extension growth rate, leaf conductance, transpiration rate and net CO2 exchange rate differed significantly among trees in the different rootstocks and canopy coverage treatments. Shoot extension growth rate, leaf conductance, leaf transpiration rate and leaf net CO2 exchange rate were linearly correlated with midday stem water potential. These relationships were independent of the rootstock and canopy coverage treatments, indicating that tree water relations are probably directly involved in the mechanism that imparts vegetative growth control by selected peach rootstocks.     

黑河流域荒漠地区水分胁迫对梭梭苗木影响的试验研究(英文)

梭梭(HaloxylonAmmodendronBge,一种C4灌木)苗种植在15升的容器中,给予不同的水分胁迫处理,研究了其水分关系和气体交换特征。结果表明:当土壤水分含量大于11%时,梭梭苗有高的蒸腾量;土壤水分含量低于6%时,苗木就不能从土壤中吸取水分;很好供水的苗木的蒸腾量与潜在蒸发量成线型相关。气体交换测定发现,随着土壤水分含量的下降,造成了不同程度的气孔导度、叶蒸腾强度和光合作用的下降。对同一苗木而言,由于这个地区有高的水气压亏缺(VPD),很好和中度供水的苗木在气孔反应方面有较宽的范围,气孔在决定光合作用方面起着较小的作用,二者没有明显的线型相关关系。虽然水分胁迫使蒸腾速率比光合速率下降的更快,提高了水分利用效率,而较高的蒸发需求增加了蒸腾量,限制了光合作用,但是总的趋势是光合作用和蒸腾强度成线型相关。图6表2参15。     

张掖灌区几种常用针叶树种抗旱性能研究

以张掖灌区常用的樟子松、青海云杉、祁连圆柏、杜松、侧柏、油松、刺柏和华北落叶松8个针叶树种为研究对象,采用多变量综合分析法,对蒸腾强度、水势、自由水含量、束缚水含量、束缚水/自由水和含水量6个指标进行测定,对原始数据进行无量纲标准化处理,组成bij/MaxNj=aij矩阵,以Pi=∑i(1-aij)2值作为抗旱性能综合评判指标,结果表明,抗旱序列为:杜松>樟子松>青海云杉>油松>祁连圆柏>侧柏>刺柏>华北落叶松。     

Effects of water stress on Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings in the desert region of Heihe inland river watershed, Gansu Province, China

The water relation and leaf gas exchange of saxoul (Haloxylon Ammodendron Bge, a C4 shrub) seedlings were studied under water stress in 2001. Saxoul seedlings maintained high transpiration when the soil moisture was above 11%. The seedlings were able to take up water from soil with above 6 % soil water content, which was the threshold level of soil moisture for seedlings. The relationship between transpiration and potential evaporation was linear for well-watered seedlings. The decrease of soil water availability led to different degrees of down-regulation of stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration and net CO2 assimilation rate. The stomata played a relatively small part in determining the net CO2 assimilation rate for the same seedling. The relationship between net CO2 assimilation rate and transpiration was linear diurnally, and reduction scale of leaf transpiration was much bigger than that of net CO2 assimilation rate by waters tress treatments, therefore intrinsic water-use-efficiency increased. High evaporative demand increased the leaf transpiration but inhibited net CO2 assimilation rate.Because of the effect of VPD on transpiration in this region, the transpiration of well-watered and mild water stress seedlings becomes responsive to change in stomatal conductance over a wider range.     

不同地理种源翅荚木苗期光合特征的日变异规律

为研究不同地理种源翅荚木苗期光合特征的日变异规律,利用LI-6400光合测定仪于夏季末期对翅荚木苗期的光合特征进行了测定与分析.研究结果表明:(1)翅荚木各种源苗期上部叶片净光合速率日变化为"双峰"型;气孔导度除通道种源为"双峰"型外,其它种源为"单峰"型;蒸腾速率是桂林、江华、通道种源为"双峰"型,忻城、靖西、平果、融水、英德、韶关、兴义种源为"单峰"型.(2)翅荚木各种源下部叶片净光合速率的日变异规律除平果种源为"单峰"型外,其它种源为"双峰"型;气孔导度是忻城、靖西、桂林、平果、兴义种源为"单峰"型,融水、英德、韶关、江华、通道种源为"双峰"型;蒸腾速率是靖西、桂林、兴义种源为"单峰"型,忻城、平果、融水、英德、韶关、江华、通道种源为"双峰"型.(3)所有种源上部叶片和下部叶片胞间CO2浓度的日变异规律为"V"字型.(4)所有种源的上部、下部叶片以傍晚的净光合速率为全天最低,气孔导度值在全天中以傍晚时最低,胞间CO2浓度以清早为最高、下午14:00最低,蒸腾速率在全天中以傍晚时最低.(5)各种源上部叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率明显大于下部叶片的值.     

Adaptations to soil drying in woody seedlings of African locust bean, (Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.)

Stomatal conductance, transpiration and xylem pressure potential of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.) seedlings subjected from the sixth week after emergence to four weeks of continuous soil drought did not differ from those of well-watered, control plants until two-thirds of the available soil water had been used. In both well-watered and drought-treated plants, stomatal conductance was highest early in the day when vapor pressure deficits were low, but decreased sharply by midday when evaporative demand reached its highest value. There was no increase in stomatal conductance later in the day as vapor pressure deficit declined. The relationship between transpiration rate and xylem pressure potential showed non-linearity and hysteresis in both control and drought-treated plants, which seems to indicate that the plants had a substantial capacity to store water. The rate of leaf extension in African locust bean seedlings subjected to six consecutive 2-week cycles of soil drought declined relative to that of well-watered, control plants, whereas relative root extension increased. It appears that African locust bean seedlings minimized the impact of drought by: (1) restricting transpiration to the early part of the day when a high ratio of carbon gain to water loss can be achieved; (2) utilizing internally stored water during periods of rapid transpiration; (3) reducing the rate of leaf expansion and final leaf size in response to soil drought without reducing the rate of root extension, thereby reducing the ratio of transpiring leaf surface area to absorbing root surface area.