9种国外荚蒾属观赏树种的年生长规律研究

对国外荚蒾属9个树种的形态特征、生长适应性与物候期进行了研究,通过测量、数据整理和统计分析,用Logistic方程对9个树种的年生长高度和年生长冠径的规律进行了拟合。Logistic方程能合理地表达9个国外荚蒾属观赏树种的苗高年和冠幅年生长动态,相关系数均为0.99以上。9个树种的年生长期可分为生长初期、生长盛期、生长后期。     

25种优良阔叶树种苗木生长节律研究

通过对吉安双江林场和南昌树木园3年来25个优良阔叶树种的育苗试验，充分表明了各树种育苗时在两地的物修及生长节律不尽相同，不同的树种在同一地点的生长节律有些树种的差异较大，有些树种的差异较小，对不同苗木的生长节律进行了初步的总结。     

10个热带滨海城市防台风防护林树种的早期生长分析

通过对海南三亚城市防台风试验示范林的10个参试热带树种从地径、树高和冠幅三个生长指标进行跟踪监测,分析各个树种的生长状况,综合比较其生长速度后,列出这10个树种的生长排序,并对各树种的早期生长特性及适宜种植模式进行了初步评价,结果表明:格木、非洲楝、孔雀豆等生长速度较快的树种可以作为城市防台风林群落构建的中上层乔木或者早期先锋树种,而生长慢的长叶马府油、小叶杜英等则可以作为中下层和后期演替树种或防风林带前沿树种,研究结果可为三亚市防台风防护林建设和城市景观森林群落构建提供科学依据。     

九连山常用乡土树种生长比较及造林效果探讨

对广东省连平县在生态公益林建设中常用的乡土树种生长情况进行了调查,并对带内人工造林树种和带间天然留存树种的造林效果进行了综合分析。结果显示：在人工铲带保留带间天然阔叶树种的造林方式下,带内人工造林的4种常用的乡土树种生长对比,酸枣生长最快,红锥次之,再次为火力楠,荷木生长较慢。此外,林分中存有大量天然起源的山鸟柏、樟树、米锥、枫香等树种,其中山乌桕、樟树和米锥的数量较多,且生长表现较好。总体造林效果良好,形成了以乡土树种为主的乔木层达到了郁闷状态,林内生物多样性保护完好,灌木层生长稳定,初步形成了较稳定的复层结构。     

粤西地区23个阔叶树种早期生长比较

对南亚热带森林群落恢复标准化示范区23个阔叶树种的早期生长进行了调查与分析。结果表明：23个阔叶树种在本地区有极强的适应性,且在树高、胸径、冠幅生长上均存在着极显著差异,为树种选择提供了依据;米老排、黎蒴栲生长速度最快;红锥、灰木莲、山杜英、锥栗、枫香、樟树生长较快;非洲桃花心木生长速度中等;其他树种生长较慢。     

栎属树种生长模型研究进展

栎属树种是亚热带常绿阔叶林和温带落叶阔叶林的主要建群树种之一,分布范围极为广泛,在国内外被广泛应用于城市园林绿化、水源涵养林、水土保持林,也是重要的珍贵用材树种,同时其果实、栓皮等具有重要的工业和药用价值.研究栎林的生长过程,对其经营抚育决策具有重要的参考意义.文中对近年来国内外关于栎属树种的生长过程,特别是栎属树种生长模型的研究进行了综述,包括栎属树种全林分生长模型、单木生长模型、径阶分布模型等;阐述了栎属树种生长模型的研究现状及发展趋势,以期为栎林的经营抚育决策提供参考.     

京珠高速公路从化段生态景观林13个乡土阔叶树种生长表现初探

在京珠高速公路从化段两侧生态景观林改造套种中,对2003年乡土树种造林中的枫香等6个主要造林树种进行生长分析,结果表明:各树种间高生长存在显著差异,黎蒴林木生长较好,红锥、黄樟、枫香、木荷、山杜英较差;对蓝花楹等7个伴生树种的生长分析结果表明:各树种间高生长存在着明显差异,蓝花楹生长较好,凤凰木、米老排、火力楠次之,红花油茶、大叶紫薇、大头茶较差。乡土树种与速生树种间种中的黎蒴等4个造林树种的高生长分析结果表明:黎蒴、黄樟、木荷、大头茶与卷荚相思间种的高生长明显优于与尾叶桉间种。     

甘肃中部产干旱地区主要造林树种耐旱性探讨

对生长在干旱地区的主要造林树种的水分状况和树木生长势作了测定，用数量分析法对３２个树种做了耐旱性评价。     

福建引种的松属(Pinus L.)树种

本文对福建省引种的松属树种生长情况进行总结,对适应性强、生长迅速,经济价值高的树种建议予以推广,对适应性差、生长不良的树种应予淘汰。     

黧蒴萌芽林改造中树种生长与林分结构的关系分析

以黧蒴 Castanopsis fissa 皆伐改造林分为研究对象,分析黧蒴萌芽林和改造树种的生长表现 及其与林分结构的关系,对改造效果进行综合评判。9 年生时黧蒴萌芽林生长显著高于套种树种,占 据林冠上层;套种树种处于林冠下层,受光照不足和发育空间限制,胸径和树高等生长指标下降,高 径比偏高,冠幅偏小。现有模式下树种间比较发现,树种间的生长和适应性存在明显差异,山杜英 Elaeocarpus sylvestris 和灰木莲 Magnoliaceae glanca 属于生长较快的树种,油桐 Vernicia fordii、红锥 Castanopsis hystrix、海南蒲桃 Syzygium hainanense 和香樟 Cinnamomum camphora 属于中等速生树种,格 木 Eryrophleum fordii 属于生长较慢树种。改造效果综合分析显示,该模式优势在于提高改造树种的干形 和自然整枝高度、抑制格木和香樟等树种幼林期虫害发生,不足之处在于黧蒴萌芽林生长快、密度高, 套种树种的生长受到抑制,长期来看面临较高的淘汰风险。根据改造树种生长、适应性和林分结构综合 分析,建议对改造树种进行针对性的空间释放,降低竞争压力,提高其生长潜力,保障林分健康发展。     

林木抗旱鉴定指标及数量分析方法研究进展

近年来,关于林木抗旱性鉴定指标及数量分析方法方面取得了一定的进展。本文在了解林木抗旱性研究的基础上,综述了目前评价林木抗旱性的生长指标、形态指标和生理生化指标等,并提出多种评价林木抗旱性的数量分析方法。对今后该类指标的应用提出了建议。     

辽西地区主要造林树种抗旱性的研究

辽西地区属于半干旱季风气候区,年平均温度为7.1—8.2℃,年降水量为400—600mm,年蒸发量为1600mm,为降水量的3—4倍。干燥是该区总的气候特点。该区的植物群落主要为旱生的森林灌丛或草本植物群落,针叶树建群种为油松,阔叶树为蒙古栎,元宝槭,黄榆;灌木主要为荆条和酸枣。土壤是在各种岩石风化物残积母质上,以及黄土、红土母质上发育的淋溶褐土和褐色性土,土壤干旱瘠薄。水分是这一地区限制造林树种成活及生长的主要因子,本文试图通过对树种抗旱性的测定和分析,确定树种的抗旱能力,从而为辽西地区的造林提供树种选择的依据。     

Co-occurring tree species show contrasting sensitivity to ENSO-related droughts in planted dipterocarp forests

This study explores the diversity in sensitivity to drought of moist tropical forest tree species. Yearly tree growth records collected over a ten-year period in two one-hectare 70-year-old damar agroforest plots in Sumatra are analysed. These agroforests are mixed tree plantations, dominated by Shorea javanica K. & V., a dipterocarp tree cultivated and tapped for its commercially valuable resin (damar). Many indigenous fruit tree species grow in these agroforests, as well as timber tree species originating from the nearby natural forest. During the census period the multi-species stands were subjected to three El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related droughts (1994, 1997 and 2002). At the tree community level, these droughts were associated with a marked decrease in radial stem growth. Multilevel modelling was used to explore the relative contribution of species, tree size and individual tree characteristics to the observed response to drought.All tree species appeared to be sensitive to drought but the amplitude of the response varied significantly across species. Predicted species mean decrease in stem radial growth rate on drought years (i.e. years with 6 months with less than 50 mm/month rainfall) ranged from less than 5% to more than 80%. Shared species were ranked consistently between plots indicating that the results were robust. Stem diameter significantly affected tree sensitivity to drought in two species only, but in opposite ways: in S. javanica, larger trees appeared to be less sensitive while the opposite was true for Lansium domesticum, an abundant fruit tree. Individual tree sensitivity to drought contributed significantly albeit to a small extent to the overall response to drought. This individual tree effect did not show any pattern of spatial correlation and hence could not be related to topographic features. It is likely to reflect the individual's unique history and genotype.     

A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests

Greenhouse gas emissions have significantly altered global climate, and will continue to do so in the future. Increases in the frequency, duration, and/or severity of drought and heat stress associated with climate change could fundamentally alter the composition, structure, and biogeography of forests in many regions. Of particular concern are potential increases in tree mortality associated with climate-induced physiological stress and interactions with other climate-mediated processes such as insect outbreaks and wildfire. Despite this risk, existing projections of tree mortality are based on models that lack functionally realistic mortality mechanisms, and there has been no attempt to track observations of climate-driven tree mortality globally. Here we present the first global assessment of recent tree mortality attributed to drought and heat stress. Although episodic mortality occurs in the absence of climate change, studies compiled here suggest that at least some of the world's forested ecosystems already may be responding to climate change and raise concern that forests may become increasingly vulnerable to higher background tree mortality rates and die-off in response to future warming and drought, even in environments that are not normally considered water-limited. This further suggests risks to ecosystem services, including the loss of sequestered forest carbon and associated atmospheric feedbacks. Our review also identifies key information gaps and scientific uncertainties that currently hinder our ability to predict tree mortality in response to climate change and emphasizes the need for a globally coordinated observation system. Overall, our review reveals the potential for amplified tree mortality due to drought and heat in forests worldwide.     

Relationship between annual rainfall and tree mortality in a tropical dry forest: Results of a 19-year study at Mudumalai,southern India

Variability in rainfall is known to be a major influence on the dynamics of tropical forests, especially rates and patterns of tree mortality. In tropical dry forests a number of contributing factors to tree mortality, including dry season fire and herbivory by large herbivorous mammals, could be related to rainfall patterns, while loss of water potential in trees during the dry season or a wet season drought could also result in enhanced rates of death. While tree mortality as influenced by severe drought has been examined in tropical wet forests there is insufficient understanding of this process in tropical dry forests. We examined these causal factors in relation to inter-annual differences in rainfall in causing tree mortality within a 50-ha Forest Dynamics Plot located in the tropical dry deciduous forests of Mudumalai, southern India, that has been monitored annually since 1988. Over a 19-year period (1988–2007) mean annual mortality rate of all stems >1 cm dbh was 6.9 ± 4.6% (range = 1.5–17.5%); mortality rates broadly declined from the smaller to the larger size classes with the rates in stems >30 cm dbh being among the lowest recorded in tropical forest globally. Fire was the main agent of mortality in stems 1–5 cm dbh, elephant-herbivory in stems 5–10 cm dbh, and other natural causes in stems >10 cm dbh. Elephant-related mortality did not show any relationship to rainfall. On the other hand, fire-related mortality was significantly negatively correlated to quantity of rainfall during the preceding year. Mortality due to other causes in the larger stem sizes was significantly negatively correlated to rainfall with a 2–3-year lag, suggesting that water deficit from mild or prolonged drought enhanced the risk of death but only with a time lag that was greater than similar lags in tree mortality observed in other forest types. In this respect, tropical dry forests growing in regions of high rainfall variability may have evolved greater resistance to rainfall deficit as compared to tropical moist or temperate forests but are still vulnerable to drought-related mortality.     

常绿树种在越冬过程中光合速率的变化及其对低水势的反应

树木叶片的耐旱力因树种不同而异,也因树体的生长时期、在树冠上的部位和环境条件的不同,不断地变化。在自然生境和生长状况下,耐旱力的可靠指标怎样才能取得,目前尚未见到快速有效的测定方法。我们试图根据在模拟干旱(低水势的甘露醇溶液)条件下,叶片光合放氧受抑制程度的判定、耐旱潜力的比较及其变化规律,常绿树种在越冬过程中耐寒力与渗透调节能力的变化密切相关性,来弄清叶片耐寒力与耐旱力的变化是否也是同步的。     

6种野生灌木的抗旱性研究

对胡颓子(Elaeagnus bockii Diels)、三颗针(Berberis julianaeSchneid)、金丝梅(Hypericum patulum Thumb)、十大功劳(Mahonia fortunei(Bindl)Fedde)、刺梨(Rosa roxburghii Trau)和火棘(Pyracantha fortuneana(Maxim)Li.)等6种野生灌木采取盆栽控水方式进行了水分胁迫,测定了各树种抗旱性的主要生理指标,并采用隶属函数法对6个树种进行综合评定,结果表明:叶片相对水分亏缺、保水力、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、丙二醛含量、相对电导率、叶绿素含量等是影响树种抗旱性的主要生理指标;6个树种的抗旱性强弱为三颗针>胡颓子>火棘>十大功劳>刺梨>金丝梅。     

木兰科6个树种抗旱性及其抗氧化指标的测定

将木兰科6个树种进行28 d春旱处理,以观察田间生长状况,并测定土壤含水量及树种凋萎系数;干旱处理21 d时,测定植株叶片的抗氧化指标。结果表明:阔瓣含笑、乐昌含笑暂时凋萎系数均为7.6%,永久凋萎系数均为3.78%;金叶含笑、观光木、红花木莲、桂南木莲暂时凋萎系数均为14.2%,永久凋萎系数均为7.6%。根据以上结果及田间观察,6个供试树种抗旱能力由大到小排序为:阔瓣含笑、乐昌含笑、金叶含笑、观光木、桂南木莲、红花木莲。抗氧化指标测定结果显示:水分胁迫21d时,观光木和红花木莲总抗氧化能力有所降低,其余4个树种均升高;而抗坏血酸(Vc)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量在6个树种中均升高。其中,阔瓣含笑和乐昌含笑升高幅度最大。     

Tree growth as indicator of tree vitality and of tree reaction to environmental stress: a review

The intensive monitoring plots (Level II) of ICP Forests serve to examine the effects of air pollution and other stress factors on forest condition, including tree vitality. However, tree vitality cannot be measured directly. Indicators, such as tree growth or crown transparency, may instead be used. Tree growth processes can be ranked by order of importance in foliage growth, root growth, bud growth, storage tissue growth, stem growth, growth of defence compounds and reproductive growth. Under stress photosynthesis is reduced and carbon allocation is altered. Stem growth may be reduced early on as it is not directly vital to the tree. Actual growth must be compared against a reference growth, such as the growth of trees without the presumed stress, the growth of presumed healthy trees, the growth in a presumed stress-free period or the expected growth derived from models. Several examples from intensive monitoring plots in Switzerland illustrate how tree-growth reactions to environmental stresses may serve as vitality indicator. Crown transparency and growth can complement each other. For example, defoliation by insects becomes first visible in crown transparency while stem growth reaction occurs with delay. On the other hand, extreme summer drought as observed in large parts of Europe in 2003 affects stem growth almost immediately, while foliage reduction becomes only visible months later. Residuals of tree growth models may also serve as indicators of changed environmental conditions. Certain stresses, such as drought or insect defoliation cause immediate reactions and are not detectable in five-year growth intervals. Therefore, annual or inter-annual stem growth should be assessed in long-term monitoring plots. An erratum to this article can be found at     

民勤绿洲沙化退耕地造林树种水分生理及其抗旱性评价

对民勤绿洲沙化退耕地造林树种梭梭、沙拐枣、花棒、柠条、柽柳、毛条、沙枣的水分生理测定的结果表明：耐旱树种具有水势低、水分亏缺大和保水力强以及变化幅度大等特点,7个树种抗旱力大小为梭梭〉柽柳〉花棒〉柠条〉毛条〉沙枣〉沙拐枣。