黎蒴叶片形态的表型多样性分析

以华南3省区的33株黎蒴（Castanopsis fissa）优树为材料,测定叶面积、叶缘周长、叶片长、叶片宽和叶片长宽比5个表型性状。结果表明,33株优树叶片的5个表型性状均存在极显著差异,说明黎蒴叶片表型变异丰富。叶片性状变异系数均在10％以上,变异系数大小顺序为：叶面积〉叶缘周长〉叶片宽〉叶片长〉叶片长宽比。聚类分析将33株黎蒴分为5种类型,第1类为普通型黎蒴,包括29株优树;第Ⅱ类是广西高田2优树,属大叶型黎蒴;第Ⅲ类为广东韶关1优树,是窄叶型黎蒴;第Ⅳ类是广西小镜2优树,属宽叶型黎蒴;第Ⅴ类为广西镇龙1优树,属大叶尖削型黎蒴。     

Conifer expansion reduces the competitive ability and herbivore defense of aspen by modifying light environment and soil chemistry

Disturbance patterns strongly influence plant community structure. What remains less clear, particularly at a mechanistic level, is how changes in disturbance cycles alter successional outcomes in plant communities. There is evidence that fire suppression is resulting in longer fire return intervals in subalpine forests and that these lengthened intervals increase competitive interactions between aspen and conifer species. We conducted a field and greenhouse study to compare photosynthesis, growth and defense responses of quaking aspen and subalpine fir regeneration under light reductions and shifts in soil chemistry that occur as conifers increase in dominance. The studies demonstrated that aspen regeneration was substantially more sensitive to light and soil resource limitations than that of subalpine fir. For aspen, light reductions and/or shifts in soil chemistry limited height growth, biomass gain, photosynthesis and the production of defense compounds (phenolic glycosides and condensed tannins). Biomass gain and phenolic glycoside concentrations were co-limited by light reduction and changes in soil chemistry. In contrast, subalpine fir seedlings tended to be more tolerant of low light conditions and showed no sensitivity to changes in soil chemistry. Unlike aspen, subalpine fir increased its root to shoot ratio on conifer soils, which may partially explain its maintenance of growth and defense. The results suggest that increasing dominance of conifers in subalpine forests alters light conditions and soil chemistry in a way that places greater physiological and growth constraints on aspen than subalpine fir, with a likely outcome being more successful recruitment of conifers and losses in aspen cover.     

Effects of browsing on recruitment and mortality of European aspen (Populus tremula L.)

Abstract

High browsing pressure may reduce or halt regeneration of browsing-prone tree species. In this study, exclosures were used to quantify the effects of browsing on vital demographic parameters in European aspen (Populus tremula L.) stands. The experiment focused on stands located in managed forest landscape with densities of 0.85 moose (Alces alces L.)km^?2. Other herbivores such as mountain hare (Lepus timidus L.) were present at densities common for this region and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) at low densities. Recruitment and mortality of aspen ramets were recorded before and after the growing season, and over four consecutive years. Seven to 19% of the ramets within browsing reach were browsed annually. No differences were found in recruitment or mortality attributable to browsing per se. Instead, there were large among-stand variability in vital population parameters unrelated to browsing incidence. In general, aspen stands with high ramet density showed higher recruitment rates than stands with low ramet density. There was substantial variability in self-replacement capability unrelated to ecological factors. The results suggest that more attention should be given to finding and managing stands with high capacity for suckering, as these stands may have a disproportionate impact on aspen recruitment at the landscape scale.     

Effects of genetic entry and competition by neighbouring trees on growth and wood properties of cloned Norway spruce (Picea abies)

? The aim of this work was to study both the effects of genetic entry and competition by neighbouring trees on growth, yield, wood density traits and fibre properties of 20 Norway spruce clones grown in an experimental trial located in southern Finland. The material included 10 Finnish clones, 2 Russian clones and 8 provenance-hybrids clones, the latter ones representing crosses between Finnish and foreign parent trees.

? We found that, compared to growth and yield, wood density traits and fibre properties showed, on average, lower phenotypic variations. Moreover, significant differences could be observed among the clones regardless of the trait (p < 0.05). Conversely, on average, no clear differences could be found between Finnish, Russian and provenance-hybrids clones in most of the studied traits.

? The marked differences among the clones, and lack of clear differences among the provenances suggested that any ranking, regarding different traits, should be based on individual clones. The phenotypic correlations between different traits ranged from moderate to strong suggesting that selection based on one trait would affect other traits. Regardless of clone, the growth of trees (e.g. breast height diameter) decreased and the wood density increased with increasing competition by neighbouring trees, which was expressed by competition index.

     

Relating genetic variation of ecologically important tree traits to associated organisms in full-sib aspen families

Knowledge on phenological, morphometric, and phytochemical variation of local progenies of European aspen (Populus tremula, L.) is limited. The goal of this study was to characterize variation in growth and ecologically important leaf properties in aspen full-sib families in relation to interacting organisms (mycorrhiza, endophytes, and insects) and to determine whether these interactions were affected by soil application of a systemic fungicide. In local progenies, within-family variation of neutral molecular genetic markers (nuclear microsatellites) was higher than between families. Significant variation in growth, production of phenolic defensive compounds and other phytochemical leaf traits was found between families. Phenolic compounds showed clear negative correlation with generalist herbivores, but did not result in negative trade-off with biomass production. Differences in mycorrhizal colonization were not found among full-sib families and application of a systemic fungicide suppressed neither mycorrhizal colonization nor infestation with insects. However, a strong suppression of endophytes occurred, whose long-term consequences may require attention when fungicides are used in agroforestry plantations.     

楸树无性系叶绿素荧光特性及其性状研究

对29个楸树无性系的生长性状(树高、胸径)、叶片性状(比叶重、叶片含水量)和叶绿素荧光参数(F(r)/Fm)等5个指标进行测定.结果表明:29个楸树无性系树高、胸径的平均值分别为6.12 m、6.48 cm;叶片比叶重为92.6 g/m2,含水量为0.7％;F(r)/Fm平均值为0.816.方差分析结果表明:5个指标在...     

Ramet population structure of Fargesia nitida in different canopy conditions of the subalpine dark coniferous forest in the Wolong Nature Reserve, China

The bamboo Fargesia nitida, one of the giant panda’s main food sources and the dominant shrub species of the forest understory, is mainly distributed in the dark coniferous belt in western Sichuan and southern Gansu in China. To study the impact of different forest canopy conditions on subalpine dwarf bamboo populations, ramet population structures of clonal Fargesia nitida were surveyed in: forest understory (FU), moderate gap (MG), large gap (LG) and marginal open space (MOS). In order to determine how the ramet structures could be affected and its effects on these four canopy conditions, a field survey of the age structure of Fargesia nitida population, its morphological traits and biomass was conducted in the Abies faxoniana forest situated in the Wolong Nature Reserve, western Sichuan, China. The main results were as follows. First, at the ramet level, the structures of the ramet populations in four canopy conditions were significantly different, and as the canopy density decreased, the mean height, basal diameter and biomass of the populations increased following the order: LG<MG<FU. Second, the biomass proportions of ramets modularly varied with different canopy conditions and leaf biomass proportion was positively related to the canopy density except for the MOS where the biomass proportions of rhizome and roots were both higher than those in the three other canopy conditions. Third, ramet specific leaf weight increased in parallel with the decrease in canopy density. In the MG, the values of the individual leaf biomass and leaf area were the largest, followed by those in the MOS. Both the individual leaf biomass and leaf area were significantly different from those in the FU and LG. Leaf number per ramet was significantly different among the four different canopy conditions and the biggest in the LG. Fourth, the ramet population mortality was the lowest in the FU (Chi-square test, p < 0.01), while there was no significant difference in the average population age (Mann-Whitney test, p > 0.05). All the results indicated that it was not ramet age, but the morphological changes and biomass distribution that exhibited the response of the ramet population of Fargesia nitida to the changed canopy conditions. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 40(1): 730–736 [译自: 生态学报]     

Female fertility variation in mature Pinus sylvestris clonal seed orchards

Abstract

Female fertility is the basis for the output of seeds from clonal orchards and its variation is of major interest for the economics and biology of seed orchards, especially for the efficiency and diversity of seed orchard crops. Assessments of female fertility variation in 10 mature (>15 years old) seed orchards of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were evaluated and compared. Depending on the individual orchard, fertility variation for each clone was assessed in slightly different ways, e.g. number of strobili, cones, seeds or litre of cones per ramet. Assessments in five of the orchards were made over consecutive years. The main result was that the clonal variation in mean female fertility per surviving ramet was lower than expected from the literature; the Kang–Lindgren sibling coefficient (Ψ) within individual years averaged 1.35. The variation between ramets within clones and years was of similar magnitude as that between clones. Clone by year interactions were noticeable, but were slightly lower than the variation between as well as that within clones in individual years. There was considerable variation in the variance components between years. The limited variation in female fertility indicated that it should not be a selection criterion when selecting clones for a seed orchard. Furthermore, it will not result in large differences between clones in seed set or large reductions in gene diversity in productive Scots pine seed orchards.     

古槐树叶片主要性状多样性分析

为有效评价和鉴定古槐树资源、挖掘其优良性状,以2011年收集的山东省临沂、烟台、枣庄、淄博四地市72份古槐树种质为试验材料,对叶片的11个表型性状进行变异系数统计、单因素方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等研究。结果显示:72份古槐树种质11个表型性状的变异系数为11.88%~39.10%,平均变异系数为23.26%,具有较丰富的遗传多样性;11个性状有一定的相关性,叶宽与叶面积间的相关性系数为0.884,叶长与叶周长的相关性系数为0.832,叶面积与鲜质量的相关性系数为0.825;11个性状可以综合为4个主成分,累计贡献率达75.70%;对72份古槐树种质进行聚类分析,取阀值22.5时可分为3大类。本研究结果为古槐树种质资源保护及创新利用提供理论依据和技术支持。     

To what extent is altitudinal variation of functional traits driven by genetic adaptation in European oak and beech?

The phenotypic responses of functional traits in natural populations are driven by genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity. These two mechanisms enable trees to cope with rapid climate change. We studied two European temperate tree species (sessile oak and European beech), focusing on (i) in situ variations of leaf functional traits (morphological and physiological) along two altitudinal gradients and (ii) the extent to which these variations were under environmental and/or genetic control using a common garden experiment. For all traits, altitudinal trends tended to be highly consistent between species and transects. For both species, leaf mass per area displayed a positive linear correlation with altitude, whereas leaf size was negatively correlated with altitude. We also observed a significant increase in leaf physiological performance with increasing altitude: populations at high altitudes had higher maximum rates of assimilation, stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen content than those at low altitudes. In the common garden experiment, genetic differentiation between populations accounted for 0-28% of total phenotypic variation. However, only two traits (leaf mass per area and nitrogen content) exhibited a significant cline. The combination of in situ and common garden experiments used here made it possible to demonstrate, for both species, a weaker effect of genetic variation than of variations in natural conditions, suggesting a strong effect of the environment on leaf functional traits. Finally, we demonstrated that intrapopulation variability was systematically higher than interpopulation variability, whatever the functional trait considered, indicating a high potential capacity to adapt to climate change.     

Temporal and spatial variation of flowering among Pinus nigra Arn. clones under changing climatic conditions

Until recently, the most important factors affecting the economics and genetics of the seed crop from seed orchards were considered to be the timing and duration of flowering, variation in fertility and the total number of clones used to establish the seed orchards. Change in climatic conditions however is an emerging factor that could prove crucial regarding the timing of flowering and synchronization among clones and thus, the quality and quantity of seed production. The temporal and spatial variation in flowering phenology and the duration of flowering were studied in consecutive years in a Pinus nigra Arn. seed orchard. Sixty plus trees representing the distribution of the species in Northern Greece were used to establish the seed orchard, and nineteen ramets per clone were planted in a honeycomb experimental design in order to avoid kinship. Temporal variation among clones, as well as spatial variation among ramets within clones growing at different sites of the orchard were recorded, for initiation and duration of male and female flowering. The majority of clones were synchronized in dates of flowering during the year with weather conditions close to the long-term climatic conditions, except for a limited number of clones that were precocious or late flowering. The pronounced variability in climatic conditions over the 2 years strongly affected the flowering and synchronization among clones, resulting in almost complete asynchrony during the xerothermic year, which was characterized by a prolonged mean monthly temperature increase of 2.3 °C and a water deficit of 53% in a 7-month-period (November to May). These results suggest that one of the effects of a warmer and drier climate may be the lack of flowering synchronization, as pollen shedding might be completed before female conelets reach the phase of receptivity. The restriction of male parentage to a limited number of clones severely violates the panmixia assumption and could result in fertilization failure. The projected climate change for the Mediterranean region could potentially prove detrimental for fertility and flowering synchronization of forest trees, having consequences on the quantity and genetic diversity of the seed crop in seed orchards, and the natural regeneration of forest trees in forest ecosystems due to the reduced percentage of sound seed.     

The influence of ontogeny on essential oil traits when micropropagating Eucalyptus polybractea

Eucalyptus polybractea (blue mallee) is the key species used in the commercial production of pharmaceutical-grade (>70% 1,8-cineole) eucalyptus oil in Australia. The establishment of plantations based on clones of selected, elite oil-producing plants has been recognized as the best means by which to increase oil and cineole yields. Blue mallee can be micropropagated using axillary bud proliferation of explants collected from the coppicing lignotubers of decapitated plants. To date, this has been successful for ortets from three different ontogenetic stages: 8-month-old ‘seedlings’, 4-year-old ‘saplings’ and ‘mature’, biannually harvested plants of indeterminate age. The issue of ontogenetic control of oil quality and quantity is an important consideration when selecting ortets for cloning and also when examining the success of a cloning programme. Our aim is to examine if clones derived from ortets of the three different ages reflect their respective ortets, in terms of oil quantity and quality (cineole proportion), and to appraise at what age the clones best reflect the ortets for these traits. Our results suggest that the age of ortets prior to explant collection does not influence micropropagation success or clonal consistency, and that clones generally exhibit the leaf oil traits of their respective ortets. Leaf oil quantity accumulation in ramets followed the ontogenetic trajectory of a relatively rapid increase to a maximum between 3 and 9 months, followed by a period of relative constancy for at least 12 months before beginning to gradually decrease after 21 months. Although oil quality of ramets reflected their corresponding ortets relatively well after 9 months, apparent ontogenetic constraints to cineole accumulation suggest that harvesting at a time between 9 and 21 months may better reflect the ortets for both traits. It appears likely that the proliferation of selected blue mallee genotypes using micropropagation will result in selection gains for key oil traits, thus potentially increasing cineole yields in future plantations.     

Phenotypic variation in Phoebe bournei populations preserved in the primary distribution area

Phoebe bournei(Hemsl.) Yang is a rare and protected plant in China. This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic variation in this species and to document phenotypic variation within and among populations of P. bournei. Nested analysis of variance, coefficient of variation, multiple comparisons, principal component analysis(PCA) and correlation analysis were used to analyze ten phenotypic traits in ten natural populations of P.bournei from both the northeastern and the primary region of the range of this species. Significant differences among and within populations were observed in leaf and seed phenotypic traits. Variation among populations(34.92%)was greater than that within populations(26.19%). The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 53.77%among populations, indicating that variation among populations comprised the majority of the phenotypic variation of P. bournei. The coefficient of variance(CV) of ten traits varied from 6.44 to 18.45%, with an average of 12.03%.The CV of leaf traits among populations(15.64%) was higher than that of seed traits(8.60%), indicating that seed traits were more stable. The results from CV and PCA indicated that leaf area, leaf length and thousand seed weight were the main factors accounting for the observed phenotypic variations. Significant or highly significant correlations were observed among most leaf and/or in seed phenotypic traits, whereas no significant correlations were observed between phenotypic traits and geographic factors.Based on cluster analysis, the ten populations can be divided into three clusters. These clusters were not a result of geographic distances.     

Variation in juvenile traits of natural black poplar (Populus nigra L.) clones in Turkey

Natural black poplar (Populus nigra L.) clones sampled from river courses were tested in the arid southeast region of Turkey, using a randomized complete block field design with four replications. Clones were laid out in row plots of eight ramets each. Height and apical dominance were assessed at age one year; diameter, survival, bole straightness and branchiness were measured at age two years. Clones differed significantly in survival, growth and quality traits. The results showed that promising clones exist in natural populations. Two commercial clones out of four did not grow as fast as the top new selection clones. For bole straightness, three commercial clones had significantly lower grading scores than the top best 14 clones. Principal components analysis indicated that growth, apical dominance and branching are the most important traits distinguishing black poplar clones. Diameter had a moderate correlation (0.34) with bole straightness. Relationships between geographic variables (elevation, latitude and longitude) with growth and stem quality traits were weak. Considerable genetic variation was observed among clones for all the traits. Genetic differences among the clones accounted for 27% (survival, bole straightness) to 39% (height) of the total variance. Broad-sense individual heritability ranged from 0.27 (survival) to 0.37 (apical dominance). Clonal mean heritabilities were higher than individual heritabilities and ranged from 0.60 (survival) to 0.82 (diameter), implying considerable gain could be realized via selective improvement methods.     

基于表型和ISSR标记滇产黄杨叶栒子遗传多样性分析

[目的]从表型和分子2个角度揭示黄杨叶栒子(Cotoneaster buxifolius Lindl.)野生种群的遗传多样性。[方法]利用33个表型性状和ISSR分子标记对滇产野生黄杨叶栒子进行了遗传多样性分析。用PopGen 32软件计算多样性指数,用SPSS 16.0软件构建系统发育树系图。[结果]黄杨叶栒子种内表型性状在居群间存在着丰富的变异,居群间表型性状叶片大小变异系数达25.99%,萼裂片相关3个性状变异达40.66%,差异较大;24条ISSR引物扩增出228条带,其中,153条具有多态性,平均多态率为81.56%,Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon多样性指数分别为0.352 0和0.505 9,具有较高的遗传多样性;采用UPGMA法构建遗传关系聚类图,形态和分子标记的2种聚类结果基本一致:分布在同一地区的各个居群多数能聚在一起,地理位置的隔离促进了黄杨叶栒子居群间的遗传分化;个别居群未能与同一产区的其他居群聚在一起,而聚进了其他产区的居群之中,其原因可能是同一产区内各居群的小生境不完全相同,在不同产区内也有相似的小生境,导致黄杨叶栒子居群间发生了趋同进化。[结论]黄...     

杜仲种质资源叶片表型性状多样性分析

目的 以701份杜仲种质资源为研究对象,探究杜仲种质资源叶片表型性状遗传多样性,为杜仲优良资源选育和开发利用提供理论支撑和材料。 方法 对杜仲叶片14个表型性状进行测定,结合相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等统计方法,探究杜仲不同种质间叶片表型的遗传多样性。 结果 不同来源地杜仲叶片的14个表型性状间存在较大差异,叶面积变异系数最大（20.68%）,叶绿素参考值变异系数最小（4.57%）;各表型性状的遗传多样性指数为 1.90～2.09,叶片长和叶柄长的遗传多样性指数最大,均为2.09;叶片表型性状间呈极显著正相关的有26对,呈极显著负相关的有19对,叶片长、叶片宽、叶面积、叶周长、叶柄长5个性状间均呈极显著正相关。主成分分析提取的6个主成分,累积贡献率达89.211%。基于14个表型性状,将701份杜仲种质划分为4类,各类群间叶片表型性状存在较大差异。 结论 杜仲种质资源叶片表型性状表现出丰富的多样性,筛选出叶面积、鲜比叶质量、叶片绿色成分、叶绿素参考值、长宽比、节间距6个性状可作为评定杜仲资源的主要表型指标,为叶用杜仲良种选育及综合利用提供了优异的种质基础。     

2个陇南大红袍花椒无刺优树无性系对比研究

为给花椒新品种选育提供试验依据,选取‘武选2号’‘武选3号’2个无刺优树嫁接繁育的无性系作为试验对象,与原品种‘大红袍’在物候期、植物学性状、叶片表型性状、果实表型性状及经济性状、皮刺表型性状等方面进行对照试验,结果表明:2个优树无性系其物候期、叶片表型性状、果实表型性状与对照基本一致,且皮刺明显减少,能够提早丰产,选育前景广阔。     

美洲黑杨回交群体生长量与酚甙类次生代谢产物含量的变异

酚甙类物质是杨柳科植物体内最重要的防御性物质。本文以美洲黑杨回交群体为研究对象 ,研究了整个群体生长量和叶部酚甙类物质的变异情况。结果表明 ,叶部几种酚甙类物质水杨甙、柳皮甙和美洲黑杨甙等的含量 ,以及高生长和地径均遵循正态变化 ,表现为较为典型的数量性状。总酚甙含量与高生长呈负相关 ,相关系数为 - 0 30 4。颤杨甙首次从美洲黑杨中测到。植物防御系统可能会以消耗一定的生长为代价 ;可以从群体内选出生长快且酚甙含量高的无性系。机械伤害对树皮酚甙类物质有明显的诱导作用 ,特别是柳皮甙在 4 8h内升高 78 9%。在致伤条件下酚甙类物质增多是杨树对动物、昆虫及病菌防御的主要机制     

美洲黑杨表型核心种质库构建

目的 分析美洲黑杨不同类群的表型和生理特点,对比不同取样策略构建的表型核心种质库的有效性和代表性,科学有效地保存和管理种质资源的表型多样性,为美洲黑杨种质资源的深入挖掘和利用提供科学依据,同时为其他物种表型核心种质库的构建提供参考。 方法 基于前期表型生理性状群体结构的分析结果对美洲黑杨种质资源进行分组,通过多重比较分析不同类群的21个表型和生理性状的特点。计算无性系间的欧氏距离,利用组间联接法对每个类群的个体进行聚类,分别采用随机取样、偏离度取样、位点优先取样和性状频率取样策略对无性系进行筛选,构建表型核心种质库,对比分析选择最佳的取样策略。在表型核心种质库的基础上通过添加种质使表型保留比例（RPR）达到100.00%构建表型优化核心种质库,通过比较核心种质库与原始种质库的均值、方差、极差、变异系数和RPR对其代表性和有效性进行评价。 结果 美洲黑杨Was种源个体的高生长量、叶片数和叶片养分含量较高;Iow和Que种源无性系的根系生长发达;Mis、Lou和Ten种源无性系的茎生长量、叶片形态和单叶生长量突出。通过性状频率取样策略构建的表型核心种质库用最少的种质代表了原始种质库的多样性信息,核心种质库的有效性优于随机取样、偏离度取样和位点优先取样策略构建的种质库,最终构建了包括27个种质的表型核心种质库,取样比例为10.47%,均值差异百分率（MD）、方差差异百分率（VD）,极差符合率（CR）、变异系数变化率（VR）和RPR分别为0.00%、80.95%、100.00%、148.94%和90.85%。在核心种质库的基础上添加5个补充种质构建表型优化核心种质库,使RPR达到100.00%,其MD、VD、CR和VR分别为0.00%、71.43%、100.00%和142.19%。通过PCoA分析表明：表型核心种质库和优化核心种质库均具有良好的代表性。 结论 不同类群的美洲黑杨种质资源的根、茎、叶生长性状存在明显差异。通过性状频率取样策略构建的美洲黑杨表型核心种质库和优化核心种质库可以在保留原始种质多样性的基础上,较大限度的降低种质库的规模和冗余度,提高种质库表型变异水平,为有效保存、管理和利用美洲黑杨种质资源提供科学依据。     

Phenotypic variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoebe bournei</Emphasis> populations preserved in the primary distribution area

Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang is a rare and protected plant in China. This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic variation in this species and to document phenotypic variation within and among populations of P. bournei. Nested analysis of variance, coefficient of variation, multiple comparisons, principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were used to analyze ten phenotypic traits in ten natural populations of P. bournei from both the northeastern and the primary region of the range of this species. Significant differences among and within populations were observed in leaf and seed phenotypic traits. Variation among populations (34.92%) was greater than that within populations (26.19%). The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 53.77% among populations, indicating that variation among populations comprised the majority of the phenotypic variation of P. bournei. The coefficient of variance (CV) of ten traits varied from 6.44 to 18.45%, with an average of 12.03%. The CV of leaf traits among populations (15.64%) was higher than that of seed traits (8.60%), indicating that seed traits were more stable. The results from CV and PCA indicated that leaf area, leaf length and thousand seed weight were the main factors accounting for the observed phenotypic variations. Significant or highly significant correlations were observed among most leaf and/or in seed phenotypic traits, whereas no significant correlations were observed between phenotypic traits and geographic factors. Based on cluster analysis, the ten populations can be divided into three clusters. These clusters were not a result of geographic distances.