河西走廊生态系统退化特征研究

从生态系统退化机制入手,主要对河西走廊生态系统由于水资源变化引起的退化特征进行了研究,探索了植物系统的逆行演替与环境退化的关系,提出了生态恢复的基本思路。     

基于GIS与DRASTIC模型的嘉峪关市平原区地下水防污性能评价

以嘉峪关市城市规划区内平原区为研究对象,在对地下水资源进行评价的基础上,选取影响研究区地下水防污性能最主要的7个指标,建立了DRASTIC地下水防污性能评价模型,利用GIS技术绘制了各项指标分级图,在此基础上通过叠加分析得到评价结果,并进行了分级分区。结果表明,研究区地下水防污性能总体较好,其中城镇和工矿企业分布带地下水防污性能很好,新城乡—野麻湾东侧和大草滩一带地下水防污性能中等,泥沟村和北大河一带地下水防污性能较差,研究结果为研究区土地资源合理开发利用和地下水资源保护提供了科学依据。     

闽北山区红壤丘陵开发地生态恢复与综合利用模式构建及其应用研究

山地生态系统的退化不仅是一个生态问题，也是一个经济问题。生态恢复重建不能仅仅就环境退化问题而开展生态功能的恢复重建，却而不去考虑经济恢复重建和区域脱贫与持续发展问题。根据红壤丘陵开发地退化成因分析和区域社会经济文化状况，建立了以水土保持为核心，“林果草牧沼菌”有效链接的治理模式，以草保土养地，以草带动地方产业发展．实现生态恢复与经济发展的双赢。     

贵州高原喀斯特环境退化过程土壤质量的生物学特性研究

通过研究比较不同植被类型下土壤中微生物区系、土壤酶活性和土壤生化作用强度,分析了贵州高原喀斯特环境退化演变过程中土壤质量的生物学特性变化过程。结果表明:随喀斯特环境退化程度加剧,土壤微生物总数下降,各主要生理类群数量呈下降趋势,土壤酶活性减弱,土壤生化作用强度降低,对环境反应敏感,可作为反映土壤质量的生物学指标。土壤微生物和酶活性是表征喀斯特环境退化演替过程中土壤质量的重要特征之一。     

基于径向基函数神经网络的地下水数值模拟模型的替代模型研究

近年来提出的替代模型方法是一种连接数值模拟模型与优化模型的有效途径,替代模型质量的好坏取决于采样方法和替代模型种类。以金泉工业园区地下水水源地为研究区,基于拉丁超立方抽样方法,结合研究区地下水数值模拟模型,获取输入(抽水量)输出(水位降深)数据集,运用人工神经网络方法,建立径向基函数神经网络模型,作为地下水数值模拟模型的近似替代模型。经验证,径向基函数神经网络模型输出得到的水位降深均值与模拟模型计算结果的拟合平均相对误差为0.038;水位降深剩余标准差的拟合平均相对误差为0.042。拟合平均相对误差较小,表明径向基函数神经网络模型能够有效地替代地下水数值模拟模型,为日后替代模型的深入研究提供了科学依据。     

山东省泰安市土地利用可持续评价方法研究

利用相关分析和模糊数学方法对泰安市土地利用过程进行了评价。研究中选取了自然、环境、社会经济三方面30个指标进行评价,根据各指标相关系数确定指标权重,依据隶属度曲线计算各指标的隶属度。利用各指标的隶属度和权重,采用指数和公式计算各年度的综合指标值,进而评价泰安市土地利用可持续性,并且利用农业总产值对评价结果进行验证。结果显示,泰安市土地利用可持续性在1990～2001年间呈上升趋势,说明泰安市土地质量状况在不断地改善。     

华北平原地下水资源承载力模糊综合评价

华北平原地下水资源承载力评价对保障水资源-生态环境-社会经济协调可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。采用模糊综合评价方法对华北平原市级地下水资源承载力进行分析,并结合灰色关联理论进一步探讨地下水资源承载力的影响因素。结果表明,华北平原地区各城市地下水资源承载力平均得分为0.38,其中尚具一定开发潜力的仅占19.0%,已接近开发潜力和地下水资源已严重超采且已出现地质环境问题的分别占38.1%和42.9%,总体承载力很小。经计算,地下水资源开采量与人口、第一产业产值、第三产业产值、GDP、工业产值的灰色关联度依次为:0.71,0.63,0.59,0.58和0.56,故影响华北平原地下水承载力最主要的因素为人口的剧增,农业灌溉用水的增加以及社会经济高速发展等社会因素。     

磁性参数在红壤退化评价指标中的应用

选择浙西金华地区兰溪实验观测站六种不同退化程度的红壤为研究对象 ,分析了反映红壤退化程度的物理、化学和生物指标及红壤磁测参数与它们之间的内在联系。结果表明 ,磁性参数与反映红壤退化程度的理化及生物指标均有显著或较显著的相关性。退化程度较轻的香樟林和混交林表现了较低的细晶粒磁性矿物含量和较高的反铁磁性矿物含量 ,退化程度较高的杉木林、桔园、草地则相反 ,细晶粒磁性矿物含量较高且亚铁磁性矿物的相对含量上升。磁性参数和土壤理化生物指标之间良好的相关性表明 ,磁性参数可以作为指示红壤退化程度的重要指标。     

基于能值分析的山西省生态经济系统可持续发展评价

运用能值理论与方法,对山西省1980—2008年的净能值产出率、能值投入率、人均能值用量、能值货币比率、能值使用强度、环境负荷率、可持续发展能值指数（ESI）和人口承载量等8个指标29 a来的变化趋势进行了分析,并对各项能值指标2012年的数值进行了预测。结果表明,（1）29 a来山西省的能值投入率、人均能值用量、能值使用强度不断上升,能值货币比率则持续下降,表明山西省经济得到了巨大的发展;（2）29 a来山西省净能值产出率、可持续发展能值指数不断下降,环境负荷率不断升高,说明山西省经济的发展是以大量消耗资源和破坏环境而取得的;（3）按各项能值指标的变化趋势曲线对2012年山西省能值指标预测的结果表明,若按以往发展模式,山西省产品竞争力将下降,资源环境和生态经济系统的功能将逐步退化或散失。     

泰安市茶树种植气候条件分析

利用泰安市5个气象台站1970-2004年的气候资料,结合茶树的生态学特性,探讨了泰安市气候条件对茶树生长发育和茶叶品质的影响,系统分析了有利和不利的气候因素,由此提出了泰安市茶园栽培管理技术措施和对茶叶产业发展的建议.     

苯系物(BTEX)长期污染对土壤和地下水微生物群落及代谢潜能的影响

苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯统称为苯系物(BTEX)，是化工污染场地检出率最高的芳香族有机污染物。为研究BTEX长期污染对土壤和地下水微生物群落结构和代谢潜能的影响，采集了江苏省某搬迁化工厂的浅层土、地下水和深层土样品，利用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序和宏基因组测序技术对BTEX长期污染场地展开分析。结果表明：相比较未受污染的土壤样品，长期BTEX污染显著改变了微生物群落结构和多样性，其中以变形菌门改变最为显著。共现性网络分析表明，污染场地中随着样品取样深度的增加，微生物网络复杂性和群落稳定性降低。BTEX代谢功能基因注释表明，地下水样品中污染物代谢基因丰度和多样性更高，并且在地下水和浅层土中同时存在完整的好氧降解途径，但在地下水中厌氧降解基因的丰度更高。BTEX降解途径中benABC和bcrCBAD基因簇在浅层土中更完整，但通过构建BTEX开环的关键基因bamA的系统发育树表明，地下水中可能存在新的BTEX开环基因。这些结果证明BTEX长期污染的不同生境中存在高度多样的微生物群落与降解途径，为相关污染场地的微生物修复提供了科学依据。     

Simulation of the effect of irrigation on the hydrologic cycle in the highly cultivated Yellow River Basin

To account for complex and diverse water system involving river dry-up, groundwater degradation, agricultural/urban water use, and dam/canal effects in heavily irrigated Yellow River Basin, this study coupled NIES Integrated Catchment-based Eco-hydrology (NICE) model series with more complex sub-models involving various factors (NICE-DRY). The model reproduced reasonably evapotranspiration, irrigation water use, groundwater level, and river discharge during spring/winter wheat, summer maize, and summer rice cultivations. Scenario analysis predicted the impact of irrigation on both surface water and groundwater, which had previously been difficult to evaluate. The simulated discharge with irrigation was improved in terms of mean value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. Another scenario analysis of conversion from dryland to irrigated fields predicted that the effect of groundwater irrigation was predominant in the middle and downstream and the resultant groundwater degradation predominantly, where surface water was seriously limited. Simulated dry biomasses of wheat and maize were linearly related to Time-Integrated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TINDVI) estimated from satellite images. Temporal gradient of TINDVI during 1982-1999 showed spatially heterogeneous distribution and increasing trends in the wheat and maize fields, indicating that the production increases were related to irrigation water and the resultant hydrologic changes. This integrated approach could help to estimate a close relationship between crop production, hydrologic cycle, and water availability, and predict heterogeneous vulnerability of water resources. Because this region experienced substantial river dry-up and groundwater degradation at the end of the 20th century, this approach would help to overcome substantial pressures of increasing food demand and declining water availability, and to decide on appropriate measures for whole water resources management to achieve sustainable development under sound socio-economic conditions.     

亚洲土壤和地下水金属污染风险评价---综述近期研究趋势以及现有环境法律法规

Asia is experiencing a more rapid economic growth compared to any other regions. The contamination of soil and groundwater with metals can mainly be attributed to human activities; therefore, risk assessments to characterize the nature and magnitude of risks to humans and ecological receptors from contaminants are important. Risk assessments are often iterative processes, which involve identification and filling data gap. Experimental samplings, geostatistical and multivariate statistical methods as well as multimedia risk assessment modeling are the three major methodologies used in the assessment of metal contamination in soil and groundwater. This review highlights a number of measurements for improving risk calculation methods and expounds scientific approaches that involve the identification of the major source of contamination, exposure pathways and bioavailability of metals. In general, risk assessments of metals in soil and groundwater worldwide are mainly focused on the levels of contamination, identification of exposure pathways, and prediction of the probability of contamination. To date, very limited studies have reported the development of relevant environmental laws and policies in the regulation of soil and groundwater contamination in Asia. The development, variations and limitations in the regulations of soil and groundwater contamination among developed countries may provide helpful guidance for the developing countries in Asia.     

Removal of Ammonium and 4-Methylphenol from Synthetic Wastewater by Cell-Free Extracts of Nitrifying Sludge

Fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents (FQs) are the most commonly detected antibiotics in soil/groundwater which cause chronic effects on human beings as well as aquatic ecosystems. The current situation of the regulation, occurrence, fate, and sources of FQs in soil/groundwater was systematically analyzed in this paper. And then, the important factors affecting milligram per liter concentration of FQs sorption in soil, such as pH, cation exchange, clay minerals, organic content, surface complexation, and microbial degradation or transformation, were summarized. Actually, nanogram-microgram per liter concentration is detected frequently in soil/groundwater by far. Due to the extensive application of FQs and its relatively stable physicochemical characteristics, the higher concentration in soil/groundwater would appear in the coming decades which may exert a threat to freshwater and human beings. To the knowledge of the authors, no full-scale fate, occurrence, spatial, and temporal variations of FQs in soil/groundwater have been reported in the scientific literature. Therefore, it is recommended that more comprehensive studies are required to fill knowledge gaps in low-concentration transport, fate and occurrence, spatial, and temporal variations of FQs in soil/groundwater and their potential risk assessment to human and ecosystem.

     

降水量与地下水埋深的小波分析——以广饶县井灌区为例

广饶县井灌区地下水是当地农业生产和人民生活的重要水源。随着当地国民经济的增长,需水量不断加大,地下水连年超采,致使地下水位大幅度下降,由1984年的1.97 m下降至2001年的-10.79 m。该文运用小波分析的方法,研究了井灌区1975~2000年逐月的地下水埋深的动态变化,并结合1956~1995年40年的降水量小波分析探讨了地下水位下降的驱动因子,得出在1975年以前和1980年前后地下水埋深与降水量有较好的对应关系。     

黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水与耕层土壤积盐空间分异规律定量分析

为研究黄河三角洲地区地下水作用条件下耕层土壤的积盐规律，运用GIS和地统计学的原理与方法，结合地下水埋深的空间分布以及临界埋深的划分标准对研究区域进行分区，并从空间尺度对各分区地下水矿化度与耕层土壤积盐规律进行了定量分析。结果表明：地下水埋深、矿化度和耕层土壤盐分均属于中等变异强度，在东西方向和南北方向上均具有2阶的趋势效应；受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同作用，地下水埋深呈中等的空间自相关性，地下水矿化度与耕层土壤盐分呈弱空间自相关性；耕层土壤盐分与地下水矿化度的空间分布具有一定的相关性，与地下水埋深呈负相关性。对空间尺度上的地下水矿化度与耕层土壤盐分定量分析结果表明，耕层土壤积盐与地下水矿化度呈极显著的相关关系，而地下水埋深增加使其相关性减弱，采用分区研究法使地下水矿化度对耕层土壤积盐规律分析更加客观准确。该结果对研究黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生机理以及预测与评估该地区土壤盐渍化的发生发展具有重要意义。     

Modern state of the soils of flood irrigation systems in the semidesert zone

The data of two soil and vegetation surveys of flood basins of the Mamai irrigation system performed in 1987 and 2012 are compared. This irrigation system is found within the Caspian Lowland in Western Kazakhstan oblast of Kazakhstan. The thickness of the humus horizon decreased by 4 cm on the average attesting to the first-second stages of soil degradation. The humus content in the A + B1 horizons decreased by 0.3% on the average with variations corresponding to the first-third degradation stages. From 1987 to 2012, the area of saline soils and the content of exchangeable sodium in them also increased attesting to the development of desertification in the studied zone. The flooded portion of flood basins decreased from 84% in 1987 to 69% in 2012, and the groundwater level rose from 3.6–4.0 to 1.8–3.1 m. Soil degradation processes, together with adverse anthropogenic impacts, resulted in a decrease in the projective cover of valuable plant species and the productivity of herbs grown in flood basins.     

An integrative method to quantify contaminant fluxes in the groundwater of urban areas

Background, Aims, and Scope  Groundwater in urban areas is often contaminated and emission sources can be located close to groundwater wells. The delineation of contaminant plumes is difficult because of the various potential emission sources. Thus, detection, quantification and remediation of contaminated sites in a city need more integrative approaches. Methods  A method has been developed which allows quantification of mass fluxes of contaminants in groundwater between control planes. Budget zones along the flow path are defined to calculate a contaminant balance and to quantitatively reveal input areas. Concentrations and water budgets are used to calculate mass balances for each contaminant. The city of Darmstadt (Germany) was chosen to evaluate the method. Results  The groundwater monitoring wells (GMWs) upstream of the city showed anthropogenically superposed background values for all naturally occurring inorganic species. The contaminant concentrations increased in the city (probably influenced by road traffic, gas stations, leaking sewers, etc.). Downstream from the city, concentrations usually decreased. Organic compounds typical for urban environments, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), locally exceeded drinking water regulations. In GMWs with high concentrations of organic contaminants in the city or downstream from industrial areas, a significant increase in Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ could be observed, in some cases coinciding with a decrease in NO₃, SO₄ and an increase in NH₄. Discussion  For typical urban contaminants, a positive budget was calculated in several zones, which shows that emissions from urban sources are reaching the groundwater. Negative budgets can be mainly explained with diving plumes and degradation. The input calculated from the individual budget zones is usually higher than the input estimated from urban emissions. Differences between the calculated and the estimated input can be explained with additional sources or (bio)degradation processes. Conclusions  It was confirmed that high concentrations of contaminants do not necessarily correlate with high fluxes. Integrative approaches can reveal areas of high contaminant mass input. The results obtained with the new method are plausible compared to the land use and the estimated urban input. The concentration pattern of Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, SO₄ and NO₃ is partly due to natural processes, triggered by the degradation of organic matter and organic contaminants. Recommendations  Since this method includes mass balances and flux calculations, avoiding an overestimation of single point contaminant concentration, it is recommended to use this approach to quantify groundwater contamination in cities. Further research is focusing on the role of urban soils as natural reservoirs for the input of contaminants.     

Remote assessment of the degree of soil degradation from radiation properties of soils

The effect of the water and salt contents, the soil texture, and the groundwater level on the radiation properties of soils was studied. A methodology was developed for the remote assessment of the degree of soil degradation on the basis of measuring the brightness temperature and emissivity of soils in the microwave region. Criteria based on the remote measurements of radiation parameters of soils for recording changes in the water-physical and other properties of soils, which are necessary for detecting degradation processes at early stages, were substantiated. For the remote assessment of soil degradation, it was proposed to analyze trends in changes with time concerning the emissivities of unfrozen soils occurring at a positive temperature (depending on the soil water content and the groundwater level), the emissivities of frozen nonsaline soils (depending on the soil texture and thermodynamic temperature), and the brightness temperature (depending on the soil salinity and thermodynamic temperature).     

Effect of Fluctuating Hydrological Conditions on the Mobility of Heavy Metals in Soils of a Freshwater Estuary in the Netherlands

The objective of this study was to measure the mobility of heavy metals in freshwater estuary soils that are seasonally inundated and to characterize the distribution of sulfide precipitates in these soils. Precipitation and dissolution of labile sulfides may account for changing pore water concentrations of heavy metals in freshwater wetland soils that are subject to temporary flooding or fluctuating groundwater levels. The presence of authigenic zinc- and iron-(mono)sulfide in this type of soils during periods with a high groundwater level was demonstrated by electron microprobe analyses. Because sulfide precipitates are strongly associated with root remnants, fresh soil organic material may be an important intermediary in the sulfur cycling and, consequently, in the behavior of heavy metals in these freshwater soils. Oxidation of labile sulfides may be partly responsible for the increased zinc and sulfate concentrations in the pore water during periods with low groundwater levels. Heavy metals may also be mobilized by degradation of their host phase organic matter during periods with high biodegradation.