海南州发展草产业的前景与对策

海南藏族自治州是青海省环湖片重要牧区，境内有天然草地299．12万公顷，占土地总面积的67．50％，其中高寒草甸类和温性草原类是天然草地的主体，不仅具有极高的经济利用价值，而且是维护黄河、长江源头地区生态安全的重要屏障。近50年来，由于人为和自然因素的双重影响，海南州天然草地出现了严重退化，部分地区甚至出现了沙化和荒漠化的趋势。资料显示，目前海南州退化草地面积89．26万公顷，其中重度、中度退化草地占退化草地的35％以上，草场沙化面积达126．7万公顷，从根本上制约了海南州经济的发展，同时给依赖于海南州草地植被而存在发展的自然生态系统和社会经济系统的安全埋下隐患。导致海南州草地退化的最根本原因是超载过牧和不合理利用，要解决草地退化问题，单纯地大幅度削减家畜数量的办法难以奏效，因为这样做很可能会减少牧民的收入，而使其保护生态的积极性受到影响。在现阶段寻求以草定畜，草畜平衡的主要途径，应在提高草地第一性生产力上大做文章。所以，在海南州这样一个草地资源十分丰富的地区，仍需大力发展草产业。     

青海高寒草甸草地退化原因及治理对策的探讨

高寒草甸草地约占我省草地总面积的64％,其理论载畜量占全省天然草地理论载畜总量的80％。由于人为因素、啮齿动物活动和气候变化等原因的影响,导致部分高寒草甸草地严重退化,目前退化草地约532万hm~2。提出治理青海高寒草甸草地退化的对策,主要是建立完善的适应性利用制度,其次是对已退化草地进行培育。     

泽库县草地生态环境现状及治理措施

泽库县地处青海省东南部,地理位置在东经100°34’～102°08’、北纬34°45’～35°32’之间。全县土地总面积为66万hm2,其中草地面积为65.25万hm2,占土地总面积的98％。可利用草地面积为61.88万hm2,占全县草地总面积的94.7％。草地类型以山地草甸类、山地草原类、高寒草甸类、沼泽类、高寒沼泽类、灌丛草甸类和疏林类为主。草地资源是泽库县畜牧业生产的主要物质基础,随着经济的发展,人口的不断增加,对畜产品的需求量急剧上升,导致牲畜饲养量增加,速度过快,草地负荷大,退化加剧,草地生态环境日趋恶化。1 草地资源退化概况 草地退化是泽库县畜牧业发展所面临的根本问题。根据资料数据:1953年全县只有1.6万人,到     

高寒草甸草地与其退化产物——“黑土滩”生物多样性和群落特征的初步研究

依据草地退化特征将高寒草甸草地退化产物－－“黑土滩”草地划分为６个等级，研究了各级蜡地的物种多样性和植物群落特征，中度退化的“黑土滩”草地（秃斑地面积占２７．６％）物种多样性和均匀性较大，为３．２３４和１．１１５．随草地退化程度的加大，秃斑地面积比例和毒杂草比例有明显增加的趋势（Ｐ〈０．０１）；原生植被嵩草属植物优势度和草地活根量（３０ｃｍ）趋于明显减少（Ｐ〈０．０１）；群落产量在各级草地内变化不     

基于CASA模型和MODIS数据的甘南草地NPP时空动态变化研究

植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP)在全球气候变化及碳循环研究中扮演着重要的角色,精准快速的估算NPP对评估区域生态系统承载力以及合理利用自然资源具有重要的意义。利用2011-2014年甘南地面实测草地地上生物量(aboveground biomass, AGB)数据和根冠比系数计算的草地NPP数据,分别验证了MOD17A3 NPP产品和基于CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach)模型估算的草地NPP的精度,分析了2000-2016年甘南地区草地NPP的时空动态变化。结果表明:基于CASA模型模拟的草地NPP精度整体上高于MOD17A3 NPP产品的精度,其均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)较MOD17A3 NPP小9.94 g C·m^-2;CASA模型分析的甘南地区草地NPP总体上呈现由西南向东北逐渐减少的趋势;对不同草地类型而言,沼泽类的平均NPP最高(469.07 g C·m^-2),温性草原类最低(324.18 g C·m^-2),而占研究区草地总面积比例较大的高寒草甸类和高寒灌丛草甸类草地的平均NPP分别为449.22和465.27 g C·m^-2;2000-2016年间,甘南地区大部分草地NPP稳定不变,其面积占研究区草地总面积的75.31%,NPP呈增加趋势的区域占草地面积的22.63%,而NPP呈减少趋势的区域占比最小,仅为2.06%。以上研究结果表明CASA模型在高寒地区草地NPP评估、草地资源合理利用与管理方面具有重要的应用价值。     

海晏县草地退化原因及综合治理

海晏县是以牧为主的牧业县。全县土地总面积为3117km2,其中可利用草地面积24.17×104hm2,占总面积的77.55%。草地类型主要有高寒草甸类、温性草原类等。分别为14.57×104hm2,占草地总面积的60.4%和5.67×104hm2,占草地总面积23.5%。近几十年来,在自然和人为因素的影响下,全县天然草地退化严重,退化草地面积已达7.92×104hm2,占草地面积的32.75%,而且退化面积正在逐年扩大。1.草地退化现状1.1　草地植物群落发生了演变草地建群种和优势种逐渐减少或消失,而被一些毒杂草所取代。例如高寒草甸类中的苔草+针茅草地型逐年退化成以橐吾为主的…     

吉林省西部草地退化及防治对策

吉林省西部地势高差不明显,但也有山地、丘陵、平原、沼泽之分,土壤类型分布有规律性,气候是大陆性,这些特点决定西部天然草场资源的特殊性。西部草原共划分为6类12组50个型,以平原草甸草原类为主要代表型,占西部草场的70％以上。其他草原类型还有沿河低湿地草甸类,沙丘坨甸疏林灌丛类,低山丘陵草甸草原类,大岗台地草原类。西部草场面积大,草质好,但由于利用不合理、私开滥垦、超载放牧加上基质条件和干旱,致使草地多数生长不良,草原低矮稀疏,草地优良牧草减少,产草量下降,退化草地面积增加,生态环境恶化。据2000年调查统计,西部退化草场达65．8万hm^2,占草地总面积的48％。     

西藏洛隆县退化及低质草地的研究

西藏洛隆县因地理位置（９６°７′～９６°２２′Ｅ，３０°４０′～３０°５５′Ｎ）及复杂多样的地形地貌和气候而形成的退化及低质草地，约占草地总面积的２．４％，研究该类型草地生态系统和优势种植物狼毒、劲直黄芪的群落结构动态变化，科学选择草种补播，是治理该类型草地的措施之一。     

青海省草场“三化”问题严重

据青海省农牧厅消息，青海省草场荒漠化面积已达33．4万km^2，占草场总面积的46％；中度以上退化面积达733万hm^2，占草地总面积的18．15％，严重退化面积达440万hm^2，占草场总面积的10．9％，另有一定数量的沙化草场存在。对此，省农牧厅有关人士分析认为，青海省遏制环境恶化，保护自然生态链完整的任务相当艰巨。     

我国北方农牧交错带的草地植被类型、特征及其生态问题

我国北方农牧交错带地处湿润气候与干旱气候、农业区与牧业区的过渡地带，草地植被类型和生态景观极具特殊性。其总面积65．46万km^2，其中天然草地面积3165．1万hm^2，占土地总面积的48．35％。其天然草地植被主要包括疏林草地、灌丛草地和草本植被草地三大类，面积分别为100．29万hm^2、72l.11万hm^2和2343．7万hm^2，各占该区天然草地植被总面积的3．17％、22．78％和74．05％。由于长期受到人为强烈干扰，植被退化、沙化严重，生产力急剧下降，成为我国北方生态问题最严重的地区之一。其草地植被的恢复重建应重点注意植被类型的选择、合理的种植密度与适宜的封育期限和放牧利用强度，同时加强对传统畜牧业的改造，大力发展季节畜牧业和减轻草地放牧压力，消除草地退化沙化的根源。     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物尿液中11种β-受体激动剂残留量的不确定度评估

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物尿液中11种β-受体激动剂残留量,对标准溶液、体积、质谱峰面积、浓缩过程及回收率等测定不确定度因素进行了分析,通过评定各不确定度分量及标准不确定度,得出11种β-受体激动剂的扩展不确定度在0.7 ～ 1.1 ng/mL范围内.由各因素对合成不确定度的贡献比分析可知,影响较大的因素为试验回收率及标准溶液浓度.     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.