Limiting amino acids in raw and processed amaranth grain protein from biological tests

Amino acid supplementation studies with young rats were carried out using raw and processed amaranth grain (A. cruentus) of dark- and cream- or light-colored seeds. The results of various studies repeatedly indicated that threonine is the most limiting amino acid in raw and processed, dark and cream-colored grain. Protein quality as measured either as NPR or PER was improved by threonine addition alone or with other amino acids and decreased liver fat to values similar to those measured with casein. This finding contradicts the reports that state that leucine, determined by chemical score, is the most limiting amino acid. Leucine addition alone or with other amino acids did not improve protein quality. The study confirmed cream-colored grain to be nutritionally superior to dark grain and that properly processed grain, light- or dark-colored, has higher protein quality than raw grain.INCAP Publication I-1525     

Nutritive value of soybean protein supplemented with purified amino acids and bread

The nutritive value of soybean alone, supplemented with methionine+tryptophan or with bread was investigated. The results showed high Net Protein Utilization (N.P.U.) values for the autoclaved soybean diet (61.5) compared with that of raw soybean supplemented with methionine+tryptophan (57.7). It was found that rats fed the diets of raw soybean supplemented with methionine and tryptophan survived and the growth was improved to some extent.The N.P.U. values of the autoclaved soybean supplemented with methionine and tryptophan (67.4) was in close for that of casein (70.6).The effectiveness of soybean as a supplement to bread at a protein level of 50% was elucidated. The N.P.U. values of the autoclaved soybean supplemented with bread (65.8) was higher than that of either soybean or bread alone which showed the values of 61.5 and 47.0 respectively.     

Digestibility of protein and amino acids in selected foods as determined by a rat balance method

Values (%) for true digestibility of crude protein and individual amino acids in 20 selected foods were determined by the rat balance (fecal) method. The products were fed as the sole source of protein in diets containing 8% crude protein (N × 6.25). Lowest true protein digestibility values (79–84) were obtained for pinto beans, kidney beans and lentils; intermediate values (89–92) were obtained for chick peas, beef stew, skim milk (over heated), rolled oats, whole wheat cereal, and pea protein concentrate; and highest values (94–100) were obtained for sausage, macaroni-cheese, rice-wheat gluten cereal, skim milk, tuna, soy isolate, peanut butter, chicken frankfurters, beef salami, casein and casein + methionine. In animal foods, peanut butter and soy isolate, the differences between true digestibility of crude protein and most individual amino acids were less than 5%. However, the values for true digestibility of methionine and cystine were up to 44% lower than those of crude protein in pinto beans, kidney beans, lentils, chick peas and pea concentrate. In these legumes, digestibility of crude protein was not a good predictor of digestibility of the limiting amino acids.     

Irradiation and germination effects on phytate,protein and amino acids of soybean

Influence of irradiation (0.05–0.20 kGy) and germination (24–120 hours) in distilled and tap water on phytate, protein and amino acids of soybean, was studied. Phytate values significantly decreased with increasing germination period and irradiation dose (P<0.01). Irradiation independently decreased the original phytate (212.0 mg/100 g) to a range value of 205.0–190.0 mg/100 g depending upon dose level. Germination of unirradiated seeds for 120 hours in distilled and tap water lowered the phytate to 55.0 and 94.9 mg/100 g (74.1 and 55.2% reduction) respectively. Maximum destruction of phytate to levels of 20.5 and 50.9 mg/100 g (90.3 and 76.0% reduction) occurred during germination of 0.20 kGy samples for 120 hours in distilled and tap water respectively. Total protein content significantly increased during germination (P<0.05) and the increase was more in tap than distilled water. Germination for 120 hours of untreated seeds in tap water increased the essential and decreased non-essential amino acids while in the 0.10 kGy sample, increases in both cases were observed.     

Characterization and bioactivities of young rice protein hydrolysates

Immature rice was reported to contain higher quantities of bioactive compounds than mature rice. Young rice protein is easy to digest and has hypoallergenic potential, with protein content of 7.2–11.5% compared to rice bran at 9.8%. Few studies have reported on bioactivities and characterization of young rice proteins and their hydrolysates. Bioactivities of native protein and protein hydrolysates of two rice varieties (white rice and colored rice) were characterized and investigated for four development stages (flowery, milky, dough, and mature). Degree of hydrolysis of young rice protein was considerably higher than at the mature stage. Highest DPPH and iron chelating activity were found in alcalase® protein hydrolysate during the flowery-to-milky stage. Iron chelating activity was constant in all development stages because of the low polar amino acid content in rice. The ACE activity of alcalase® protein hydrolysate was higher than native protein at the same development stage, as observed in the milky and dough stages. Inhibitory activity of young rice hydrolysate HepG2 cells was concentration-dependent and not correlated with protein molecular size.     

Extraction of free amino acids

A solvent is percolated through the sample of freeze-dried potatoes in a column until no more free amino acids are extracted. The simple method can operate unattended and with other materials. NH₃ and ARG are the last to be removed. Maillard intermediates survive.     

Localization of amino acids in germinated rice grain: Gamma-aminobutyric acid and essential amino acids production approach

Germinated rice is popularly consumed for its high gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and bioactive compounds. Supporting information on how to germinate rice with high GABA content and essential amino acids is lacking. White and colored rough rice were germinated for 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h. GABA, GABA substrates and essential amino acids were also investigated using GC-MS and MALDI-MSI. GABA was more concentrated after germination and shifted into the coleoptile. High correlation was recorded between germination time and GABA (0.79–0.83, p ≤ 0.01) and glutamic acid (0.88–0.89, p ≤ 0.01). Highest rates of GABA and glutamic production were observed within 48 h of germination in both rice varieties (26.12 and 34.28 mg/100g) and reached maximum value at 96 h (31.36 and 38.75 mg/100g). Colored rice germination showed higher GABA, GABA substrates and deficient amino acids than white rice. GABA and essential amino acids drastically increased after germination, supporting the consumption of germinated rice as a functional food.     

Effects of sulphur,nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium, and water stress on dietary fibre fractions,starch, amino acids and on the biological value of potato protein

In pot experiments with greatly differing rates of N, P, K, and S, and 3 levels of water, dry matter (DM) yields of tubers varied from 28 to 454 g/pot. Especially P-, K- and S-deficiency reduced the starch content of boiled potatoes, from P from 74 to 59% in DM. S-deficiency increased soluble, insoluble and total digestible fibre (TDF) from about 9 to 12.4% TDF in DM of boiled potatoes. Lignin content of fresh potato DM was increased from 0.7 to 2.0 and from 0.8 to 3.7% by P- and K-deficiency. P-deficiency considerably increased arabinose, galactose, and uronic acid, and decreased glucose content. N-application and P-, K- and S-deficiency increased total- and NO₃-N concentrations which varied from 1.32 to 3.67% and from 17 to 400 ppm in DM. Water stress slightly decreased total-N content. Increasing N in DM, due to high N-rates or P- or K-deficiency, decreased concentrations in crude protein (CP) of all essential amino acids, whereas aspartic acid (asparagine) increased. S-deficiency caused particularly strong decreases in concentrations of essential amino acids from 1.28 to 0.49, 1.62 to 1.10, 5.24 to 3.68, and 5.59 to 2.57 g/16 g N of cystine, methionine, lysine and leucine, respectively. Glutamic acid (glutamine) content was increased from 15.7 to 27.6 g/16 g N by S-deficiency. Expressed as g amino acid/kg DM, all amino acid concentrations increased with increasing % N in DM. In N-balance trials with rats, increasing crude protein concentrations in DM of boiled potatoes increased the true digestibility (TD) of the protein from 72 to 90 but decreased the biological value (BV) from 89 to 65. S-deficiency caused a further reduction of the BV to 45. Excluding S-deficiency treatments, linear regression equations between CP concentrations and BV and TD gave correlation coefficients r of –0.94*** and 0.82***, respectively. There was close agreement between changes of BV and concentrations of first limiting amino acids (chemical score), with r=0.96***.     

Mycosporine-like amino acids and marine toxins--the common and the different

Marine microorganisms harbor a multitude of secondary metabolites. Among these are toxins of different chemical classes as well as the UV-protective mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). The latter form a group of water-soluble, low molecular-weight (generally < 400) compounds composed of either an aminocyclohexenone or an aminocyclohexenimine ring, carrying amino acid or amino alcohol substituents. So far there has been no report of toxicity in MAAs but nevertheless there are some features they have in common with marine toxins. Among the organisms producing MAAs are cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and diatoms that also synthesize toxins. As in cyclic peptide toxins found in cyanobacteria, amino acids are the main building blocks of MAAs. Both, MAAs and some marine toxins are transferred to other organisms e.g. via the food chains, and chemical modifications can take place in secondary consumers. In contrast to algal toxins, the physiological role of MAAs is clearly the protection from harmful UV radiation by physical screening. However, other roles, e.g. as osmolytes and antioxidants, are also considered. In this paper the common characteristics of MAAs and marine toxins are discussed as well as the differences.     

基于元分析的大豆含硫氨基酸相关基因挖掘与信息学分析

提高含硫氨基酸组分是大豆品质改良的重要目标之一。本文借助Consensus Map 4.0高密度大豆遗传图谱,整合了33个含硫氨基酸QTL,并采用元分析方法,确定了8个含硫氨基酸Meta-QTL。通过QTL序列共线性区间分析,在Meta-QTL内筛选到7条用于候选基因发掘的基因组序列。利用基因功能注释,得到16个含硫氨基酸相关基因,包括6个氨基酸合成途径酶基因、1个11S大豆球蛋白A5A4B3亚基基因及9个调控基因。其中调控基因分别编码F-Box、PPR及转录因子3种蛋白。13个基因在NCBI数据库中分别有表达谱及SNP信息。大豆含硫氨基酸候选基因分析,可以为功能标记的开发和分子辅助育种提供有用信息。     

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of rice bran protein and its hydrolysates properties

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied for extracting rice bran protein with a response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal condition was 1000 W of microwave power, 90 s of extraction time, and a solid to liquid ratio of 0.89 g rice bran/10 mL of distilled water. The protein yield of MAE was higher than that of alkaline extraction (ALK) by about 1.54-fold (P < 0.05), while the protein digestibility was similar. The protein hydrolysates (PHs) with at different degrees of hydrolysis (DH) (5.04, 10.37 and 15.04%) were produced by alcalase. The molecular weight (MW) of the rice bran protein concentrates (RBPC) and the PHs ranged between <11 kDa and 100 kDa. The excessive enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in a negative effect on water and oil absorption capacities. The PHs with DH15.04% acted as the strongest DPPH radical scavenger, ferric reducing agent, and also metal ion chelator (P < 0.05). However, a DH of 5.04% was sufficient for improving the functional properties of RBPC, especially foam ability and the emulsion activity index. This study suggests that the desirable properties of rice bran protein can be controlled with enzymatic modification.     

Properties of protein concentrates and hydrolysates from Amaranthus and Buckwheat

Protein concentrates and pepsin hydrolysates were made after isoelectric precipitation of the proteinaceous liquor from wet-milling of grain of five Amaranthus and one buckwheat genotype. The Amaranthus protein concentrates exhibited better solubility, foaming, and emulsification than two commercial soy protein controls. Many protein properties depend on solubility, and Amaranthus protein concentrates were more soluble than soy protein isolate. The buckwheat protein concentrate was highly soluble with excellent emulsification, but poor foaming ability. Partial pepsin hydrolysis further improved solubility of the protein concentrates and also altered their foaming property. Fractionation and subsequent characterization of protein concentrates revealed that glutelins, albumins, and globulins predominated, with prolamins present in minor quantity. SDS-PAGE showed that globulins and glutelins were comprised of several subunits with varying molecular weights from relatively high to low while albumins were mostly of low molecular weight. The prolamin fraction of the buckwheat concentrate was comprised of intermediate to low molecular weight subunits while those of Amaranthus concentrates were only of low molecular weight. This study demonstrated the feasibility of producing potentially useful functional protein concentrates as by-product of Amaranthus and buckwheat starch extraction.     

The free amino acids of tubers of potato varieties grown in England and Ireland

Summary The results of 91 analyses of the free amino acids of potato tubers, comprising a total of 31 varieties grown in England and Ireland between the years 1968–1973, are reported. Whilst a discriminant-analysis test on part of these results strongly indicated quantitative differences of amino acids between varieties, there was also evidence of differences due to location and year of growth.

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Zusammenfassung Die freien Aminos?uren von 91 Proben von Kartoffelknollen, die insgesamt 31 Sorten vertreten, wurden mit 70% w?ssrigem ?thanol extrahiert (ausgenommen die 4 Proben des Jahres 1973) und durch Ionenaustauschchromatographie bestimmt. Der hohe Gehalt an Asparagin und Glutamin in diesen Extrakten verursachte grosse Schwierigkeiten und die Ergebnisse für diese Amide sollten mit Vorsicht betrachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse sind bezogen auf die Sorte (Tabelle 1), die Standorte (Tabelle 2), das Jahr (Tabelle 3) und auf die Zeit der Lagerung (Tabelle 4). Eine bis ins Einzelne gehende statistische Analyse der gesamten Ergebnisse wurde nicht durchgeführt, aber die Aminos?ureanalysen der 4 Sorten (gewachsen 1968) wurden der Diskriminanzanalyse unterworfen. Sie deuten auf sortenabh?ngige Unterschiedein der Zusammensetzung der Aminos?uren hin. Tabelle 2 vergleicht die Durchschnittsergebnisse der in England und Irland gepflanzten selben Sorten. Einige Aminos?uren scheinen durch den Standort st?rker beeinflusst zu sein und von diesen k?nen die Ver?nderungen bei Prolin und Tyrosin durch bekannte klimatische Einflüsse erkl?rt werden. Die j?hrlichen Durchschnittsergebnisse (Tabelle 3) zeigten, dass Ver?nderungen im Gehalt an Aminos?uren auftraten, aber dass das Gesamtbild der Aminos?urezusammensetzung im allgemeinen stabil blieb. Die Zusammensetzung der Aminos?uren in den Kartoffeln wurde durch eine kurze Lagerungsperiode nicht stark beeinflusst (Tabelle 4), obwohl Arginin eine best?ndige Zunahme zeigte. Das mag eher auf einer ?nderung der Bindung oder Anlagerung beruhen als auf einer Synthese von Arginin.

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Résumé Les acides aminés libres de 91 échantillons de pommes de terre comprenant au total 31 variétés ont été extraits par de l'alcool à 70% (excepté pour les quatre échanitillons provenant des cultures de l'année 1973) et déterminés par chromatographie sur colonne. Les grandes quantités d'asparagine et de glutamine présentes dans les extraints sont la cause de difficultés considérables et les résultats obtenus avec ces amides seront à considérer avec prudence. Les résultats sont donnés par variétés (tableau 1), par lieu de culture (tableau 2), par année (tableau 3), et par durée de conservation (tableau 4). L'analyse statistique détaillée de l'ensemble de ces résultats n'a pas été effectuée mais les quatre variétés cultivées en 1968 ont été classées par une analyse discriminante indiquant l'interdépendance des variétés sur la base de leur composition en acides aminés. Le tableau 2 permet de comparer la moyenne des résultats obtenus pour une même variété cultivée en Angleterre et en Irlande. Un petit nombre d'acides aminés appara?t être grandement influencé par le lieu de culture et la variation des teneurs en proline et en tyrosine pourrait s'expliquer par l'effet bien connu des conditions climatiques. Les résultats moyens annuels (tableau 3) indiquent qu'il y a des variations dans les teneurs en acides aminés mais que globalement leur proportion oar rapport à l'ensemble est généralement stable. Les tests de conservation (tableau 4) indiquent que la composition en acides aminés des pommes de terre n'est pas fortement affectée par le stockage pendant une courte période bien que la teneur en arginine montre une augmentation importante. Ceci pourrait être attribué à une modification de son mode de fixation ou à sa localisation plut?t qu'à sa formation dans less tubercules.

     

基于主成分分析的保靖黄金茶加工过程中氨基酸动态变化研究

以茶树品种保靖黄金茶1号为材料,研究了品质成分氨基酸总量及游离氨基酸组分在加工过程中的动态变化。结果表明,氨基酸总量呈“M”形双峰变化趋势,但产品的含量要高于鲜叶;SPSS主成分分析表明,加工过程中氨基酸总量的变化与天冬氨酸（Asp）和亮氨酸（Leu）变化呈极显著正相关,与茶氨酸（Theanine）呈显著正相关;与丙氨酸（Ala）、脯氨酸（Pro）呈显著负相关。同时,18种游离氨基酸对氨基酸总量变化的影响可分为3个主成分,第一主成分为天冬氨酸（Asp）、异亮氨酸（Ile）、茶氨酸（Theanine）、缬氨酸（Val）、苏氨酸（Thr）、精氨酸（Arg）、苯丙氨酸（Phe）7种氨基酸;第二主成分为甲硫氨酸（Met）;第三主成分为谷氨酸（Glu）、丝氨酸（Ser）、亮氨酸（Leu）、半胱氨酸（Cys）和组氨酸（His）;三个主成分的累积方差达到99．46％,可以解释加工过程中氨基酸的动态变化过程。     

The use ofEscherichia coli mutants to measure the bioavailability of essential amino acids in foods

The -galactosidase-based assay for lysine developed by Tuffnell & Payne was used to measure the bioavailabilities of cyst(e)ine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan in pronase digests of 17 foods. The digests were assayed by estimating the -galactosidase synthesis responses of fiveEscherichia coli mutants, each requiring one of the respective amino acids for protein synthesis. Deletion mutants were used whenever possible in order to ensure strain stability. Single digests of each food were assayed with 3 or 4 separate cultures of each mutant and the results were compared with those from the corresponding chemical assay. Omitting the anomalously low values for one food, the rank correlation coefficients of the bio- and chemo-assay values were 0.61 (cysteine), 0.91 (lysine), 0.95 (methionine), 0.64 (threonine) and 0.85 (tryptophan). Mean (± S.D.) relative amino acid bioavailabilities (casein = 100%) for the 17 foods were: cysteine, 53±23; lysine, 90±10; methionine, 95±18; threonine, 89±13; and tryptophan, 89±25. The cysteine mutant appeared to give unusually low bioavailability values except for the milk products. These amino acid mutants afford a rapid method for assaying the bioavailabilities of at least four of the five amino acids studied.     

Effects of amino acids and glucose on the fry colour of potato crisps

Summary Amino acids and sugars were removed from slices of potato of the cultivar Record. The slices were then soaked in solutions of the amino acids and various concentrations of glucose to study their effect on the fry colour of crisps. Glutamine was an important amino acid in the development of fry colour intensity at low glucose concentrations and also contributed to the dark fry colour when combined with glucose concentrations above 0.15%. The basic amino acid arginine had a similar but lesser effect and other amino acids used gave the same effect at glucose concentrations above 0.45%. Asparagine could play an important role in the development of fry colour quality and may decrease the grey colour intensity developed by the mixture of amino acids.     

石蒜生物碱的双向薄层色谱分析及气质联用鉴定

建立双向薄层色谱分离石蒜多种生物碱组分的方法,并初步制备了生物碱单品.研究了石蒜生物碱各组分分离的单向及双向展开剂,结果表明:单向薄层色谱分离以氯仿∶甲醇∶氨水=9∶1∶0.2的展开剂分离效果最好,分离出的斑点数为13个.双向薄层色谱分离以乙酸乙酯∶甲醇∶氨水=9∶1∶0.2为第1向展开剂,氯仿∶甲醇∶氨水=9∶1∶0.2为第2向展开剂,分离石蒜生物碱效果最好,斑点数多达16个,且非常清晰.利用该方法对石蒜不同器官中生物碱进行了分析,结果显示:根中生物碱种类最多且含量最高,鳞茎其次,叶最低.经HPLC对分离得到的16个斑点进行检测,其中15个生物碱色谱峰明显,8种生物碱的纯度在90％以上,其中5种的纯度达93％以上,经气质联用鉴定,分别是石蒜碱、力克拉敏、加兰他敏、多花水仙碱和普鲁维因.此法适于石蒜生物碱组分的分析及微量制备.     

酶法制备大豆降血压肽的研究进展

研究表明大豆蛋白酶解物具有降血压的功能,本文综述了国内外酶法制备大豆降血压肽的研究现状,指出了目前研究中存在的一些问题,并展望了大豆降压血肽的应用前景.