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目前,中国需要进口乳粉等干乳制品作为替代或部分替代生乳的“乳原料”来制备各类“调制乳”(即“复原乳”),以满足市场对液态奶的需求。将复原乳“滥用或妖魔化”都是不正确的,应该采用统一的评估指标(即热处理强度)对作为“乳原料”的生乳和复原乳进行客观鉴定,以此对复原乳的使用进行监管。 相似文献
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根据GB12693《乳品厂卫生规范》3.1,乳是“从哺乳动物中挤出的正常乳房分泌物,无添加物且未从其中提取任何成分”。“灭菌乳”顾名思义应该是“以乳为原料。经灭菌工艺制成的液体乳制品”。按照上述定义,以浓缩全脂乳或/和乳粉、奶油等与水为原料,勾兑成与乳相近的液体不是乳,只能称为“复原乳”或“再造乳”。“灭菌乳”现行国家标准和正在修订的国家标准(征求意见稿)中最大的问题之一,是把复原乳列入灭菌乳的范畴。 相似文献
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本文对复原乳在酸有生产中的应用进行了研究,通过探讨部分替代生鲜乳的复原乳对酸奶的流变学特性,外观结构,理化指标和口感所带来的各种影响,分别给出了何种替比例对搅拌型酸奶和果粒型酸奶的品质影响最小,本研究结果可被广泛适用于生产实践中。 相似文献
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《畜牧兽医科技信息》2006,(1):39
农业部今日发布《巴氏杀菌乳和UHT灭菌乳中复原乳的鉴定》标准,为巴氏杀菌乳和UHT灭菌乳中复原乳成分的检测提供了科学依据。国务院办公厅《关于加强液态奶生产经营管理的通知》要求,完善液态奶标准并严格按标准组织生产,凡在灭菌乳、酸牛乳等产品生产加工过程中使用复原乳的,不论数量多少,自今年10月15日起,生产企业必须在其产品包装上醒目标注“复原乳”。但目前我国的国家标准、行业标准中,还没有复原乳检测方法标准。为落实好国办《通知》精神,农业部在以往研究工作的基础上,组织专家组制定了《巴氏杀菌乳和UHT灭菌乳中复原乳的鉴定… 相似文献
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[目的]以复原乳为原料,利用甘草提取液、瑞士乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌,发酵制备风味发酵乳。[方法]通过单因素试验,研究甘草液添加量、白糖添加量和发酵时间对试验产品感官品质影响。利用正交试验,设计甘草风味发酵乳的最佳工艺参数。[结果]甘草风味发酵乳的最佳发酵条件:接种量3%,甘草提取液添加量20%,白砂糖添加量6%,42℃发酵6 h。发酵乳风味良好,凝乳状态均匀,有较好的15天贮藏期稳定性,有较好感官品质,保持活菌数在6.5×108 CFU/mL以上。[结论]本文经过试验研制新口味发酵乳,拓宽发酵乳市场,满足消费者需求。 相似文献
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Abdelsamei AH Fox DG Tedeschi LO Thonney ML Ketchen DJ Stouffer JR 《Journal of animal science》2005,83(4):940-947
Thirty-nine Holstein steer calves were assigned to one of five treatments at birth and individually fed for 200 d with milk replacer reconstituted to equal the fat and protein concentration of beef cow milk. Treatment levels were the quantities of reconstituted milk fed per day based on lactation curves, which were based on peak milk levels (PML) of 2.72, 5.44, 8.16, 10.88, and 13.6 kg/d, respectively. In addition to reconstituted milk, chopped alfalfa hay was offered ad libitum to allow for maximal voluntary forage consumption. All calves were fed a high-energy diet postweaning until they reached a similar degree of fatness in the 12th rib (4 to 5% chemical fat) as determined by ultrasound. There were differences (P < 0.05) among groups in weaning weight, preweaning ADG, age, and weight at slaughter. During the preweaning phase, there was a linear relationship (P < 0.01) for daily milk and forage DE intake; however, DE intake per unit of BW did not differ across treatments (P = 0.06). Increasing PML resulted in a linear (P < 0.01) decrease in alfalfa hay intake in the preweaning phase, and G:F increased quadratically (P < 0.01). During the postweaning phase, preweaning milk intake had no meaningful effect on postweaning ADG, but overall ADG had a linear relationship (P < 0.01) with preweaning milk level. There was no effect of PML on the 12th-rib lipid percent, marbling score, or quality grade, but protein and fat concentration in the carcass and empty BW increased linearly (P < 0.01) with PML. The group fed at 2.72 kg/d PML was 58 kg lighter (P = 0.03) and required 34 d more (P < 0.01) to reach the predetermined degree of fatness at slaughter than the group fed at 13.6 kg/d PML, suggesting that increased milk production by the dam can decrease the number of days to the slaughter weight at which a similar rib lipid concentration is reached. 相似文献
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利用电子鼻技术结合多种化学计量学方法,对原料羊乳中掺假过期复原乳进行快速定性判别和定量分析.将过期复原乳按不同比例掺入到原料羊乳中,进行电子鼻检测.通过电子鼻采集不同比例掺假乳挥发性成分的响应值,然后利用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、Fisher线性判别分析(fisher linear discriminant analysis,FLDA)以及线性回归拟合分析进行定性判别和定量分析,建立基于电子鼻技术检测原料羊乳掺假的方法.结果表明:FLDA及PCA都能够区分出不同比例的掺假奶,且FLDA区分效果优于PCA;线性回归拟合分析的相关系数为88.4%,预测值与实际掺假值呈现一定的线性关系,表明该模型具有较好的泛化能力.因此利用电子鼻实现原料羊乳掺假的快速定性判别和定量分析是可行的. 相似文献
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目的:分析嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌在发酵乳后熟期间产乙醛特性,并研究乙醛合成与其关键调控基因表达量之间的关系.方法:以传统发酵乳制品中筛选出的具有优良发酵特性的嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌为研究对象,将各试验菌株在复原全脂乳中进行单菌发酵,发酵结束后(pH4.5~4.6)于4℃冷藏后熟,测定48 h内发酵乳中的乙醛含量;采用反转录定量PCR技术检测乙醛合成关键调控基因pdc、pdh、ald、ldh的表达特征.结果:6株嗜热链球菌产乙醛量介于2.59~14.53 μg/g之间,6株保加利亚乳杆菌产乙醛量介于9.17~39.45 μg/g之间;乙醛合成量随着基因pdc、ald及pdh表达量的升高而增加,而与基因ldh的表达量呈负相关.结论:发酵乳后熟期间嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌不同菌种、不同菌株乙醛产量差异显著,相同菌株在不同后熟时间产乙醛量差异明显,存在菌株特异性和时序变异性;调控基因pdc、pdh及ald具有促进乙醛合成的作用,基因ldh的表达不利于乙醛含量的积累. 相似文献
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以超高温灭菌乳和复原乳为研究对象,利用1H核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,1H NMR)技术对2 种乳中脂肪酸含量进行分析。结果表明:超高温灭菌乳和复原乳中亚麻酸相对含量分别为(0.98±0.11)%、(0.90±0.04)%,亚油酸相对含量分别为(1.15±0.36)%、(1.11±0.36)%,油酸相对含量分别为(27.30±0.56)%、(26.78±0.78)%,饱和脂肪酸相对含量分别为(43.26±1.56)%、(43.81±2.34)%;对2 种牛乳脂肪酸的1H NMR谱峰和脂肪酸含量进行正交偏最小二乘法判别分析和独立样本t检验,发现亚麻酸相对含量在2 种牛乳间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),并根据结果对2 种乳进行营养学评价,对高血脂、高胆固醇等人群而言,超高温灭菌乳比复原乳更合适,2 种乳中其他脂肪酸的营养价值相近。 相似文献
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黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxin,AF)是霉菌产生的毒性极强的次级代谢产物,主要存在于乳与乳制品和霉变谷物中。目前研究较多的黄曲霉毒素有黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2、AFM1和AFM2,黄曲霉毒素物理与化学性质稳定,加热处理很难将其破坏,是目前公认的毒性最强的致癌物之一。黄曲霉毒素不仅会造成动物营养不良及免疫力下降等问题,进入人体后还会对人体的肝脏造成极大的损害,而且原料乳中黄曲霉毒素的存在会对整个乳制品产业链造成严重的危害。因此,建立简便的、特异性好、灵敏度高的检测乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素的方法具有十分重要的意义。作者综述了乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素的检测方法进展,介绍了国内外近年来质谱法、电化学法、光谱法、色谱法、试纸条法等方法在检测乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素的应用,总结以上各种方法在检测乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素中的优势与其面临的挑战,并对今后乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素检测方法的发展方向进行了展望,以期为设计新的乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素检测方法提供思路。 相似文献
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Takeyuki OZAWA Ruriko TAKADA Jiro NISHITANI Masaru FUJITA Hugh T. BLAIR 《Animal Science Journal》2010,81(2):271-275
A sensory survey was carried out using 4 different types of whole goat milk among middle‐class females to investigate consumer acceptability of goat milk and whether there is an opportunity to expand the sale of goat milk products in Japan. Four different types of whole milk powder (domestic concentrate‐fed, domestic pasture‐fed, USA commercially canned, and New Zealand commercially canned) were used. Fresh cow milk was served as a control. Thirty‐one housewives evaluated the 5 liquid milk samples for smell, taste and overall characteristics on a scale of 1 (low) to 3 (high). Chi‐square analyses were carried out to detect significant differences between the milk types in each category. The goat milk from the USA was the most preferred goat milk with respect to smell and overall evaluation. Domestic pasture‐fed milk received the lowest grade in the evaluation for its ‘grassy and goaty’ smell. This result shows us that pasture intake affects the taste and smell of powdered milk which gives the lowest evaluation by the participants. If Japanese goat milk producers want to be successful in the domestic goat milk market and compete against goat milk products from other countries, they should improve production methods and flavor of their products. 相似文献