用CNCPS体系评定不同来源蛋白质原料的营养价值

文章采用康奈尔大学净蛋白和净碳水化合物体系(CNCPS)的测定方法,对10种蛋白来源不同的饲料常规营养成分和CNCPS组分的含量进行测定,评定其营养价值,从而找出能有效替代豆粕的原料,减少对豆粕的依赖,缓解蛋白质原料紧缺的现状,并深入剖析了饲料的蛋白质组分和碳水化合物组分,进一步了解各种饲料的微观组分,为以后从更微观的角度配合饲粮提供参考依据。     

CNCPS与NRC在反刍动物方面的分析比较及其研究进展

文中通过CNCPS与NRC在营养成分的划分、饲料营养价值的评定、自身功能、蛋白质体系与碳水化合物体系评定等方面的分析比较及CNCPS最新研究进展,表明CNCPS具有很强的利用价值,为今后NRC的应用及畜牧业的发展(反刍动物)指明了一条更为科学合理的方向。     

用CNCPS体系评定黑龙江省西部地区奶牛饲料营养价值

应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白体系(CNCPS)提出的蛋白与碳水化合物分类方法,对黑龙江省西部地区15种典型奶牛饲料进行粗蛋白质(CP)、非蛋白氮(NPN)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、酸性洗涤不溶蛋白(ADIP)、中性洗涤不溶蛋白(NDIP)及酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、木质素(ADL)和淀粉进行了测定,并通过CNCPS提出的计算方法计算了饲料粗蛋白质中的非蛋白氮(PA)、快速降解蛋白质(PB1)、结合蛋白质(PC)、中度降解蛋白质(PB2)、慢速降解蛋白质(PB3)和碳水化合物中的不可利用纤维(CC)、可利用纤维(CB2)、淀粉、果胶(CB1)和糖类(CA)。结果表明:CNCPS体系分析方法测定指标较多,能够全面反映饲料的营养成分在奶牛体系的消化吸收,建议黑龙江省应用CNCPS体系对奶牛饲料营养价值进行评定。     

应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系评定广西水牛常用粗饲料的营养价值

为深入地揭示水牛常用粗饲料的碳水化合物及蛋白质组分的特性,本试验采用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)对广西水牛4类20种常用粗饲料进行评定.测定粗饲料的常规营养成分,并应用CNCPS的公式计算出碳水化合物组分中糖类(CA)、淀粉和果胶(CBl)、可利用纤维(CB2)和不可利用纤维(CC)的含量以及蛋白质组分...     

CNCPS体系对牛日粮营养评价的研究进展

康奈尔净碳水化合物净蛋白(cornell net carbohy-drate and protein system for cattle,CNCPS)体系是美国康奈尔大学众多科学家提出的牛用动态能量、蛋白质及氨基酸体系,能够真实地反映奶牛采食的碳水化合物与蛋白质在瘤胃内的降解率、消化率、外流数量,以及能量、蛋白质的吸收效率等情况,该体系的研究目的是提供一个对牛进行营养诊断和日粮营养评价的计算体系,到目前为止CNCPS体系已发展到第6版.     

CNCPS对饲料蛋白质及能量营养价值的评定

康奈尔净碳水化合物和净蛋白质体系(CNCPS,Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein Systemfor Cattle)是康奈尔大学科学家提出的牛用动态能量和蛋白质/氨基酸体系.核心是以小肠中净吸收碳水化合物(NAC)和净吸收蛋白质(AP)或净吸收氨基酸(AAA)评价饲料的能量和蛋白质营养价值.用净能(NE)表示牛的能量需要量,AP或AAA表示蛋白质需要.CNCPS是在吸收其他已有体系优点的基础上发展起来的.     

用CNCPS评定反刍动物几种常用粗饲料营养价值的研究

分别从黑龙江省的哈尔滨市、大庆市、八五三农场、红卫农场和青冈县等地采集反刍动物常用粗饲料5类14种25个样品,进行常规营养成分分析,并应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)对碳水化合物和蛋白质成分进行了分类分析.结果表明,不同类别的粗饲料各种营养成分具有一定的规律性,通过CNCPS可对反刍动物常用粗饲料进行较细致的评定,能更好地反映饲料的特性,为粗饲料的科学利用提供了基础参数.     

CNCPS研究综述——瘤胃发酵

康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)是在综合了有关研究瘤胃发酵的最新研究成果和理论的基础上,结合计算机技术形成的一套新的技术体系,在生产中体现了很好的实用性和优越性。通过阐述CNCPS对瘤胃微生态、瘤胃微生物、瘤胃微生物的组成、瘤胃发酵和过瘤胃、氮损失和内源氮循环的研究,从该体系的最初研究出发,揭示该体系的基本框架,为深入理解和应用CNCPS提供参考。     

用CNCPS评定反刍动物几种常用精料营养价值的研究

[目的]为了验证CNCPS评定方法的可靠性.[方法]分别从黑龙江省的大庆、哈尔滨、双鸭山、佳木斯、牡丹江、集贤和五常等地采集反刍动物常用精饲料样品19种, 应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)提出的碳水化合物和蛋白质分类方法, 分别测定了饲料的粗蛋白质(CP)、非蛋白氮(NPN)、可溶性粗蛋白(SCP)、酸性洗涤不溶粗蛋白(ADFIP)和中性洗涤不溶粗蛋白(NDFIP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、木质素和淀粉.并根据CNCPS提出的计算方法计算了饲料粗蛋白质中的非蛋白氮(PA)、快速降解蛋白质(PB1)、结合蛋白质(PC)、中度降解蛋白质(PB2)、慢速降解蛋白质(PB3)和碳水化合物中的不可利用纤维(CC)、可利用纤维(CB2)、果胶(CB1)和糖类(CA).[结果]通过CNCPS饲料评定技术可对反刍动物常用精饲料营养价值分析评定.[结论]说明CNCPS可广泛用于对刍动物饲料营养价值的评定.     

杂交狼尾草与羊草、玉米秸秆CNCPS和GI特性评价

为了研究杂交狼尾草、玉米秸秆、羊草的常规营养成分、康奈尔净碳水化合物和蛋白质体系(CNCPS)和分级指数(GI)特性,对比分析杂交狼尾草作为饲草的饲喂价值,试验采用常规营养成分检测方法以及体外干物质消化率等方法测定GI参数、CNCPS指标。结果表明:常规成分分析方面,杂交狼尾草粗蛋白质含量丰富, NDF、ADF含量较少而ADL含量较高;从CNCPS的碳水化合物和蛋白质在反刍动物的消化吸收特性方面分析,杂交狼尾草能被消化吸收的碳水化合物低于另外两种粗饲料,蛋白质部分的消化特性略高;GI分析结果显示,杂交狼尾草的综合品质高于其他两种粗饲料。说明虽然杂交狼尾草营养成分有缺点,但不失为一种高蛋白饲料。     

A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: III. Cattle requirements and diet adequacy.

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) has equations for predicting nutrient requirements, feed intake, and feed utilization over wide variations in cattle (frame size, body condition, and stage of growth), feed carbohydrate and protein fractions and their digestion and passage rates, and environmental conditions. Independent data were used to validate the ability of the CNCPS to predict responses compared to National Research Council (NRC) systems. With DMI in steers, the CNCPS had a 12% lower standard error of the Y estimate (Sy.x) and three percentage units less bias than the NRC system. For DMI in heifers, both systems had a similar Sy.x but the NRC had four percentage units less bias. With lactating dairy cows' DMI, the CNCPS had a 12% lower Sy.x. Observed NEm requirement averaged 5% under NRC and 6% under CNCPS predicted values at temperatures above 9 degrees C but were 18% over NRC and 9% under CNCPS at temperatures under 9 degrees C. Energy retained was predicted with an R2 of .80 and .95 and a bias of 8 and 4% for the NRC and CNCPS, respectively. Protein retained was predicted with an R2 of .75 and .85 with a bias of 0 and -1% for NRC and CNCPS, respectively. Biases due to frame size, implant, or NEg were small. Body condition scores predicted body fat percentage in dairy cows with an R2 of .93 and a Sy.x of 2.35% body fat. The CNCPS predicted metabolizable protein allowable ADG with a bias of 1.6% with a Sy.x of .07 kg compared to values of -30% and .10 kg, respectively for the NRC system.     

A mechanistic model for predicting the nutrient requirements and feed biological values for sheep

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), a mechanistic model that predicts nutrient requirements and biological values of feeds for cattle, was modified for use with sheep. Published equations were added for predicting the energy and protein requirements of sheep, with a special emphasis on dairy sheep, whose specific needs are not considered by most sheep-feeding systems. The CNCPS for cattle equations that are used to predict the supply of nutrients from each feed were modified to include new solid and liquid ruminal passage rates for sheep, and revised equations were inserted to predict metabolic fecal N. Equations were added to predict fluxes in body energy and protein reserves from BW and condition score. When evaluated with data from seven published studies (19 treatments), for which the CNCPS for sheep predicted positive ruminal N balance, the CNCPS for sheep predicted OM digestibility, which is used to predict feed ME values, with no mean bias (1.1 g/100 g of OM; P > 0.10) and a low root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE; 3.6 g/100 g of OM). Crude protein digestibility, which is used to predict N excretion, was evaluated with eight published studies (23 treatments). The model predicted CP digestibility with no mean bias (-1.9 g/100 g of CP; P > 0.10) but with a large RMSPE (7.2 g/100 g of CP). Evaluation with a data set of published studies in which the CNCPS for sheep predicted negative ruminal N balance indicated that the model tended to underpredict OM digestibility (mean bias of -3.3 g/100 g of OM, P > 0.10; RMSPE = 6.5 g/100 g of OM; n = 12) and to overpredict CP digestibility (mean bias of 2.7 g/100 g of CP, P > 0.10; RMSPE = 12.8 g/100 g of CP; n = 7). The ability of the CNCPS for sheep to predict gains and losses in shrunk BW was evaluated using data from six studies with adult sheep (13 treatments with lactating ewes and 16 with dry ewes). It accurately predicted variations in shrunk BW when diets had positive N balance (mean bias of 5.8 g/d; P > 0.10; RMSPE of 30.0 g/d; n = 15), whereas it markedly overpredicted the variations in shrunk BW when ruminal balance was negative (mean bias of 53.4 g/d, P < 0.05; RMSPE = 84.1 g/d; n = 14). These evaluations indicated that the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System for Sheep can be used to predict energy and protein requirements, feed biological values, and BW gains and losses in adult sheep.     

不同热处理DDGS中CNCPS组分与糠氨酸含量的相关性研究

本试验旨在利用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系（CNCPS）的原理和方法评定不同程度热处理玉米乙醇糟（DDGS）的营养价值，并探究CNCPS组分及其瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率与美拉德反应中间产物糠氨酸之间的相关性，为饲料营养价值的评定提供新的研究方法和思路。本试验将湿DDGS进行不同温度（110、120、130℃）、不同时间（0.5、1.0、1.5 h）的烘干处理，采用常规化学分析方法并结合CNCPS和AMTS-Cattle数据库对蛋白质各组分的瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化特性进行估测，同时采用高效液相色谱法测定糠氨酸的含量，进而探求CNCPS各组分瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率与糠氨酸含量之间的相关性并建立回归方程。结果显示：①不同程度热处理的DDGS之间，糠氨酸含量、蛋白质组分、瘤胃可降解蛋白质组分、瘤胃不可降解蛋白质组分、小肠可消化蛋白质组分均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。②糠氨酸与蛋白质PA2、PB1、PB2和PC组分，瘤胃可降解蛋白RDPB2组分，瘤胃不可降解蛋白RUPB2、RUPC和TRUP组分，小肠消化蛋白IDGPB2组分间均存在显著相关性（P<0.05），并可通过回归建立预测方程。综合试验结果，经过不同程度热处理的DDGS的蛋白质组分和糠氨酸含量存在显著相关性，可以利用糠氨酸含量对不同程度热处理DDGS的蛋白质组分的瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率进行估测。     

Relationship between the in vitro-estimated utilizable crude protein and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System crude protein fractions in feeds for ruminants

The objectives of this experiment were to study the regression relationship between the in vitro-estimated utilizable crude protein (uCP) and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) crude protein fractions, i.e. PA, PB1, PB2, PB3 and PC of feeds for ruminants, and the possibility of using CNCPS crude protein fractions for the estimation of uCP of feeds for ruminants. The CP, the non-protein nitrogen (NPN), the soluble cru de protein (SCP), the neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and the acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) of 30 single feeds were determined and the CP fractions, i.e. PA, PB1, PB2, PB3 and PC, were then calculated based on CNCPS. The uCP of the 30 feeds was estimated using the in vitro incubation technique of Zhao and Lebzien (2000). It was found that there was a significant multiple regression relationship between the uCP [g/kg dry matter (DM)] and the CNCPS crude protein fractions, i.e. PA (% DM), PB1 (% DM), PB2 (% DM), PB3 (% DM) and PC (% DM) of the feed samples. uCP = (9.95 +/-2.73)PA + (2.92 +/- 1.36)PB(1) + (7.24 +/- 0.86)PB(2) + (8.20 +/- 3.33)PB(3) + (17.67 +/- 3.79) PC + (63.26 +/- 18.02), r2 = 0.90, n = 30, p < 0.0001. It was suggested that the multiple regression relationship shown above could be used for the estimation of the uCP of feeds based on the CNCPS crude protein fractions PA, PB1, PB2, PB3 and PC of feeds for ruminants.     

Accounting for the effects of a ruminal nitrogen deficiency within the structure of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) prediction of fiber digestion and microbial mass production from ruminally degraded carbohydrate has been adjusted to accommodate a ruminal N deficiency. The steps for the adjustment are as follows: 1) the ruminal available peptide and ammonia pools are used to determine the N allowable microbial growth; 2) this value is subtracted from the energy allowable microbial growth to obtain the reduction in microbial mass; 3) this mass reduction is allocated between pools of bacteria digesting fiber (FC) and nonfiber (NFC) carbohydrate according to their original proportions in the energy allowable microbial growth; 4) the reduction in fermented FC is computed as the FC bacterial mass reduction divided by its yield (g bacteria/g FC digested); and 5) this reduction is added to the FC fraction escaping the rumen. Five published studies included information that allowed us to evaluate the response of animals to added dietary N. These evaluations compared observed and CNCPS-predicted ADG with and without this adjustment. The adjustment decreased the CNCPS overprediction of ADG from 19.2 to 4.7%, mean bias declined from .16 to .04 kg/d, and the r2 of the regression between observed and metabolizable energy (ME) or metabolizable protein allowable ADG was increased from .83 to .88 with the adjustment. When the observed dry matter intake was regressed against CNCPS-predicted DMI with an adjustment for reduction in cell wall digestibility, the r2 was increased from .77 to .88. These results indicated the adjustment for ruminal nitrogen deficiency increased the accuracy of the CNCPS model in evaluating diets of growing animals when ruminally degraded N is deficient.     

A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability.

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) has a submodel that predicts rates of feedstuff degradation in the rumen, the passage of undegraded feed to the lower gut, and the amount of ME and protein that is available to the animal. In the CNCPS, structural carbohydrate (SC) and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) are estimated from sequential NDF analyses of the feed. Data from the literature are used to predict fractional rates of SC and NSC degradation. Crude protein is partitioned into five fractions. Fraction A is NPN, which is trichloroacetic (TCA) acid-soluble N. Unavailable or protein bound to cell wall (Fraction C) is derived from acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIP), and slowly degraded true protein (Fraction B3) is neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIP) minus Fraction C. Rapidly degraded true protein (Fraction B1) is TCA-precipitable protein from the buffer-soluble protein minus NPN. True protein with an intermediate degradation rate (Fraction B2) is the remaining N. Protein degradation rates are estimated by an in vitro procedure that uses Streptomyces griseus protease, and a curve-peeling technique is used to identify rates for each fraction. The amount of carbohydrate or N that is digested in the rumen is determined by the relative rates of degradation and passage. Ruminal passage rates are a function of DMI, particle size, bulk density, and the type of feed that is consumed (e.g., forage vs cereal grain).     

Influence of postruminal supplementation of methionine and lysine, isoleucine, or all three amino acids on intake and chewing behavior, ruminal fermentation, and milk and milk component production.

Four multiparous Holstein cows were fed a basal diet balanced with the Cornell Net Protein and Carbohydrate System (CNCPS). Diets were formulated to be co-limiting in intestinally absorbable supplies of methionine, lysine, and isoleucine. Cows were supplemented with no amino acids (control); lysine and methionine in a ruminally protected form; isoleucine by abomasal infusion; or lysine, methionine, and isoleucine in a 4x4 Latin square arrangement of treatments with 28-d periods. Performance of cows on all treatments was lower than expected due to low intake of DM that could have been caused by the high fiber level of the basal diet. This high fiber level was likely responsible for the high daily chewing times for cows fed all diets, which was consistent with the high ruminal pH values. Intake of DM and its components were not influenced by any treatment. Milk protein percentage tended to be higher when cows were fed diets supplemented with ruminally protected lysine and methionine; however, production of milk, milk fat, and milk lactose were not affected by any treatment. Cows tended to have a higher milk lactose proportion and tended to produce more milk and milk lactose when they were abomasally infused with isoleucine alone. However, when cows were supplemented with all three amino acids, milk production and composition did not differ from that of cows fed the unsupplemented diet. Use of the CNCPS to evaluate the performance of the cows fed the unsupplemented diet suggested that these cows may have been colimited by intestinally absorbable supplies of lysine, isoleucine, and methionine in addition to metabolizable protein. Evaluation of the unsupplemented diet with an alternate model, Shield, suggested that cows fed the unsupplemented diet may have been colimited by intestinally absorbable supplies of lysine, isoleucine, and arginine. Results suggest that enhanced delivery of intestinally absorbable isoleucine may stimulate milk lactose synthesis.     

辽宁绒山羊常用饲料营养价值评定

采集辽宁绒山羊常用饲料17种23个样品,应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白体系(CNCPS)提出的原理和方法对饲料营养价值进行评价。测定饲料原料常规营养成分以及非蛋白氮(NPN)、可溶性蛋白(SCP)、酸性洗涤不溶蛋白(ADFIP)、中性洗涤不溶蛋白(NDFIP)及酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、木质素(LIGNIN)和淀粉,并对饲料原料的蛋白质和碳水化合物进行分类分析。结果表明:粗饲料可溶性蛋白质主要是NPN,真蛋白含量少,3种蛋白质饲料可溶蛋白主要是真蛋白,NPN含量少;所采集灌木类饲料纤维含量尤其是慢速降解细胞壁成分含量低,可快速降解糖类和可利用蛋白质含量高,质量优于秸秆和干草等其他粗饲料;棉粕的不可消化纤维和不可消化蛋白质含量高,可消化利用性较差。豆皮的蛋白质含量较低,主要是慢速降解纤维成分占绝大多数。     

Nutrient net absorption across the portal-drained viscera of forage-fed beef steers: Quantitative assessment and application to a nutritional prediction model

This study aimed to establish the relationship between ME intake and energy and nutrient absorption across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of forage-fed beef steers. Eight Angus (328 +/- 40 kg of BW) steers were surgically fitted with portal, mesenteric arterial, and mesenteric venous catheters, and were fed alfalfa cubes in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 4 levels of energy intake between 1 and 2 times maintenance energy requirements. On d 28 of each experimental period, p-aminohippuric acid was infused to measure blood and plasma flow across the PDV, and blood samples (1 every hour, for 6 h) were collected simultaneously from arterial and venous catheters for net absorption measurements. Oxygen utilization, and therefore energy utilization, increased (P < 0.05) linearly in relation to ME intake. Glucose net uptake was unaffected, but lactate net release increased linearly in response to ME intake (P < 0.05). Net absorption of all AA except tryptophan, glutamate, and glutamine increased linearly with ME intake (P < 0.05). The constant net absorption of glutamate and glutamine indicated increased net utilization of these AA when dietary supply was increased. These data provide quantitative measures of the PDV effects on energy and AA availability for productive tissues, and suggest that the greater net utilization of some AA when ME intake is increased could relate to their catabolism for energy production. Prediction estimates of small intestinal AA absorption, based on the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), exceeded observed net AA PDV absorption. Mean bias represented the greatest proportion (87 to 96%) of the deviation between individual AA absorption and observed net AA PDV absorption, suggesting that the CNCPS model may be used to predict AA net absorption when factors describing AA utilization by the PDV are applied to model predictions.