西门塔尔牛与荷斯坦牛胚胎移植效果分析

对10头西门塔尔牛和17头中国荷斯坦牛进行超排处理。结果表明：对西门塔尔牛与中国荷斯坦牛进行超排处理后,分别采集到胚胎76枚和148枚,可用胚分别为61枚和112枚,可用胚率分别达80.20%和75.70%;胚胎移植后的受胎率分别达41.86%和52.75%,两者之间差异极显著（P〈0.01）。     

西门塔尔与荷斯坦母牛胚胎生产及移植效果的分析

本试验对10头西门塔尔母牛与17头中国荷斯坦母牛进行超排处理。试验结果表明,处理后,分别采集76枚和148枚胚胎,可用胚分别为61枚和112枚,可用胚率分别达到80.20%和75.70%,西门塔尔牛可用胚率高于中国荷斯坦牛(P0.05);西门塔尔与中国荷斯坦母牛胚胎移植后的受胎率分别达到41.86%和52.75%,两者之间差异显著(P0.05)。     

娟姗牛与荷斯坦牛超排效果比较

本试验对56头青年娟姗牛和179头荷斯坦青年牛进行超排处理,平均获得可用胚胎数4.05±4.20枚/头次和7.06±3.72枚/头次;可用胚率分别为57.80%和70.65%,娟姗牛和荷斯坦牛超排黄体数无明显差异(P>0.05),但采胚数娟姗牛明显低于荷斯坦牛。共移植受体牛310头,怀孕157头(50.65%)。娟姗牛胚胎与荷斯坦牛胚胎的移植妊娠率分别为52.54%(31/59)和50.20%(126/251),无明显差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,青年荷斯坦牛和青年娟姗牛可用于胚胎生产,但娟姗牛的可用胚胎数低于荷斯坦牛。     

娟姗牛与荷斯坦青年母牛超排效果比较

本试验对56头娟姗牛与179头荷斯坦青年母牛进行超排处理,分别获得可用胚胎227枚和1242枚;可用胚率分别为57.80%和70.65%,娟姗牛和荷斯坦牛超排黄体数无明显差异(P>0.05),但采胚数明显低于荷斯坦牛,娟姗牛的超排结果明显低于荷斯坦牛的结果(P<0.05),移植受体牛270头,怀孕157头。移植妊娠率分别达到52.54%和50.20%,同期娟姗牛胚胎与荷斯坦牛胚胎移植结果比较,无显著差异(P>0.05)。娟姗牛超排使用FSH剂量为9mg更为经济。青年荷斯坦牛和娟姗牛可用于胚胎生产,但青年娟姗牛的可用胚胎数低于荷斯坦牛。     

西门塔尔牛在新疆的杂交改良和利用

1新疆的主要牛品种新疆牛的主要品种有西门塔尔牛、新疆褐牛、荷斯坦牛、新疆牦牛、夏洛来牛、安格斯牛和少量的哈萨克牛、蒙古牛、阿勒泰白头牛等及各代杂交牛构成。2005年各品种牛存栏504.16万头。从牛的品种结构上看乳肉兼用和肉乳兼用占的比例约为70%,达340多万头,其中,新疆褐牛及其杂种牛存栏约130万头,西门塔尔纯种牛及其杂种牛存栏约140万头,其中西门塔尔牛纯种及四代以上杂交牛约53.40万头,荷斯坦奶牛及其杂交牛约为80万头,其中纯种荷斯坦牛42万余头,新疆牦牛存栏24.71万头,夏洛来、安格斯肉用牛及其杂交牛约2万头左右,其它为地方品…     

影响牛乳中蛋白质和脂肪含量的因素

牛奶中所含的营养成分会受多种因素的影响而发生变化。1 牛的品种 不同品种的牛都有自己固有的遗传特性,其所产奶的质量和成分也有较大差异。以乳脂肪为例,中国荷斯坦牛为3.4％、草原红牛为4.0％、新疆褐牛为4.2％、西门塔尔牛为4.1％。根据所做的调查,荷斯坦牛的平均乳脂率为3.27％,而西门塔尔牛、蒙贝利亚牛、新疆褐牛、德国荷斯坦牛为3.47％～3.61％。     

利用杂交牛进行胚胎移植及其效益分析

2004年12月到2005年3月,在广西贺州西牛牧业公司牛场选择10头次西门塔尔牛做超数排卵处理,超排成功率90%(9/10),共获得胚胎(包括未受精卵)102枚,可用胚胎64枚;可用胚胎平均7.1枚/头。利用从山东购进的杂交牛240头作受体进行西门塔尔牛和荷斯坦牛的胚胎移植,结果西门塔尔牛鲜胚移植受胎率平均55%,冻胚移植受胎率平均45.8%;荷斯坦牛冷冻胚胎移植受胎率为41.5%。目前已经产犊134头,其中母犊68头,公犊66头。对其经济效益进行分析,效益较佳。     

育成荷斯坦奶公牛与其他3个品种牛的肉品质比较研究

通过对育成荷斯坦奶公牛与西门塔尔牛、新疆褐牛及新疆土种牛肉品质部分指标的比较分析研究,旨在探讨荷斯坦奶公牛的肉品质。选择在相同营养模式下18月龄左右4个品种牛各3头进行屠宰,取右半边胴体的背最长肌作为肉品质试验样品,分别对牛肉的肉品质、常规营养成分及氨基酸含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,荷斯坦奶公牛肉色、失水率、系水力、熟肉率、大理石花纹等指标均优于新疆褐牛、新疆土种牛,次于西门塔尔牛;荷斯坦奶公牛嫩度优于新疆土种牛;粗蛋白质、粗灰分含量分别为20.14%、1.11%,且各品种间差异均不显著(P>0.05),干物质含量为26.30%,显著高于新疆褐牛和新疆土种牛(P<0.05),低于西门塔尔牛(P>0.05),粗脂肪含量为10.04%,显著高于其他品种牛(P<0.05);荷斯坦奶公牛含有人体需要的各种氨基酸,其中蛋氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、牛磺酸等含量丰富,氨基酸组成比例良好。     

西门塔尔牛在新疆的杂交改良与利用

1新疆牛品种资源概况新疆牛的主要品种由西门塔尔牛、新疆褐牛、荷斯坦牛、新疆牦牛、夏洛来牛、安格斯牛和少量的哈萨克牛、蒙古牛、阿勒泰白头牛等及各代杂交牛构成。2005年各品种牛存栏504．16万头。从牛的品种结构上看乳肉兼用和肉乳兼用所占的比例约为70%,达340多万头,其中,新疆褐牛及其杂种牛存     

ET与AI后代荷斯坦青年母牛超排效果分析

为了比较胚胎移植(ET)和人工授精(AI)后代荷斯坦青年母牛的超排效果,试验通过对13～16月龄的193头AI后代荷斯坦青年母牛与97头ET后代荷斯坦母牛进行超排处理,对超排效果进行比较分析,结果表明:荷斯坦青年奶牛进行超数排卵可以获得满意的胚胎生产效果,AI青年后代牛16月龄超排效果优于13～15月龄,在新疆使用8.5～9.5 mg的FSH(中科院生产)超排,效价和剂量是合适的,ET与AI后代荷斯坦奶牛平均获得可用胚胎数(6.56±1.37)枚/头次和(5.22±1.21)枚/头次,可用胚胎率为64.8%和55.4%,移植妊娠率分别为49.3%(500/1014)和43.0%(135/314)。说明荷斯坦牛AI和ET后代在13～16月龄可用于胚胎生产,繁殖性能差异不明显。     

纯种和牛快速扩繁关键技术研究

为达到快速扩繁纯种和牛的目的,试验从供体牛高强度超数排卵、胚胎性别鉴定及不同品种受体牛移植对产犊、妊娠期和犊牛初生重的影响进行研究。结果表明,纯种和牛连续超排9次,每次间隔30 d,第2次头均回收胚数22.78枚,显著高于第5~9次结果（P< 0.05）,其余各组之间无显著差异（P> 0.05）;第1~3次头均可用胚数分别为8.67、13.78、8.56枚,组间无显著差异（P> 0.05）,第2次头均可用胚数显著高于第4~9次头均可用胚数（P< 0.05）,极显著高于第7、9次头均可用胚数（P< 0.01）。性别鉴定胚胎和常规胚胎移植妊娠率和产犊率差异均不显著（P> 0.05）,性别鉴定胚胎的母犊率为95.56%。西门塔尔杂交牛受体产犊率高于和牛杂交牛、荷斯坦奶牛受体,但差异不显著（P> 0.05）。和牛杂交牛受体妊娠期极显著高于西门塔尔杂交牛和荷斯坦奶牛受体（P< 0.01）,西门塔尔杂交牛和荷斯坦奶牛之间差异不显著（P> 0.05）;西门塔尔杂交牛受体所产和牛母犊初生重显著高于和牛杂交牛受体（P< 0.05）,极显著高于荷斯坦奶牛受体（P< 0.01）,3个品种受体牛产和牛公犊初生重之间差异不显著（P> 0.05）;同一品种受体牛其产公、母犊牛的妊娠期及初生重均相近。     

Study on the Key Techniques of Rapid Propagation in Purebred Wagyu

In order to rapid propagation of purebred Wagyu, the experiment were conducted to study the effects of high intensity superovulation, embryo sex identification and different breeds recipient cattle on calving, gestation period and calf birth weight. Wagyu were superovulated repeatedly for nine times with a 30 days interval. The results indicated that the average number of total embryos collected at the second time was 22.78, which was significantly higher than those of the fifth to ninth times (P< 0.05),and there was no significant difference between the other groups (P> 0.05).There was no significant difference between the number of transferable embryos in the first to third times (P> 0.05). The available embryos number of the second times superovulation were significantly higher than those of the fourth to ninth times (P< 0.05),and were remarkably significantly higher than those of the seventh and ninth times (P< 0.01). There were no observably differences of pregnant rate and calving rate between sex identified embryos, and regular embryos respectively (P> 0.05).The female calf percentage of sexed embryos was 95.56%. The calving rate of the Simmental-catalo receptors were higher than those of Wagyu-catalo and Holstein receptors (P> 0.05). The gestation period of Wagyu-catalo were remarkably significantly greater than those of Simmental-catalo and Holstein receptors (P< 0.01), however, there was no significant difference between Simmental-catalo and Holstein receptors (P> 0.05). The birth weight of female calves calved by Simmental-catalo receptors were higher than those of Wagyu-catalo (P< 0.05), which was extremely significantly higher than those of Holstein receptor (P< 0.01). The male calf birth weight was no significant difference in the three breeds receptors (P> 0.05). There were obvious differences between male and female calves in gestation and birth weight with in the same recipient breed.     

肉牛早期断奶试验研究

[目的]旨在研究早期断奶技术对不同品种肉用犊牛生长发育的影响,[方法]本试验在草原牧区应用犊牛代乳料产品开展了不同品种犊牛的早期断奶工作,[结果]表明:安杂牛、新褐杂牛、荷斯坦牛三组间日增重差异不显著(P>0.05),安杂组增重成本8.25元/kg,新褐杂增重成本组9.27元/kg,荷斯坦组增重成本9.62元/kg,但...     

核心群奶牛超数排卵技术影响因素的研究

[目的]为进一步研究核心群奶牛超数排卵技术影响因素。[方法]试验使用3个FSH剂量和4 个公牛精液对27头青年奶牛进行超数排卵。对供体牛胚胎生产情况和受体胚胎移植妊娠率进行统计。[结果]结果显示供体2次超排获得7.8枚平均可用胚胎显著高于1次超排获得的5.7枚平均可用胚胎(P<0.05);260,280 mg FSH超排供体获得6.0和7.7 枚平均可用胚胎显著高于300 mg FSH超排供体获得的4.6枚平均可用胚胎(P<0.05);供体使用4个公牛精液人工授精后获得的平均可用胚胎数和平均未受精卵数差异不显著(P>0.05);移植前接种疫苗的受体胚胎移植妊娠率显著降低(P<0.05）。[结论]核心群奶牛超排适宜FSH剂量为260-280 mg,使用高受精力公牛精液和对超排反应好的供体重复超排能够提高超排效率,受体移植前避免疫苗接种能够提高胚胎移植妊娠率。     

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Mortality Rates of Xinjiang Brown Cattle and Holstein Cattle Calves

Calves health were related to the quality of entire herd,reducing the mortality rate of calves had important significance to improve the efficiency of pasture. In order to better understand the mortality rate and influencing factors on calves death,the combined methods of field survey and data analysis were adopted to analyze the mortality rate of Xinjiang Brown calves and Holstein calves. Based on the 7 157 calves records of a cattle farm in nearly 16 years, preliminary statistical analysis were taken on these data in Excel. According to the characteristics of Xinjiang climate, the seasons was divided into four parts that from March to May was spring, June to August was summer, September to November was autumn, and December to next year February was winter. Varieties of breeds were the Xinjiang Brown calves and Holstein calves, the years of birth from 1999 to 2014 was divided into 16 levels, the sex of born calves were divided into 2 levels that males and females. The effects of different years, breeds, seasons of birth, sex of calves, and different ages on the mortality rate of Xinjiang Brown calves were analyzed using SAS 8.1 software. The results showed that different breeds, years, seasons of birth, and sex of calves affected the mortality rate of Xinjiang Brown calves with different extent,the mortality rate of Xinjiang Brown calves was higher than Holstein calves (P <0.05);At one month old, the mortality rate of Xinjiang Brown calves was higher than Holstein calves (P <0.05);The mortality rate in 2006, 2009 and 2010 were higher than other years (P <0.05), the calf mortality rate was relatively small from 2011 to 2014;The mortality rate of winter seasons was higher than summer (P <0.05). To reduce the mortality rate of calves was a problem that could not be ignored in the process of cattle breeding. The calves mortality rate was affected by genetic and environmental factors, only by controlling the various environmental factors with reasonable ways, could improve the health level of calves.     

新疆褐牛与荷斯坦牛犊牛死亡率的影响因素分析

犊牛的健康状况关系到整个牛群的质量,降低犊牛的死亡率对提高牧场的效益具有十分重要的意义。为了掌握犊牛死亡率及影响犊牛死亡的因素,试验采取实地调查与资料分析相结合的方法,对新疆褐牛犊牛及荷斯坦牛犊牛死亡率进行了分析,通过Excel对某牛场近16年的7 157条产犊记录进行初步统计,根据新疆的气候特点划分季节,3~5月为春季,6~8月为夏季,9~11月为秋季,12~次年2月为冬季;品种为新疆褐牛犊牛和荷斯坦牛犊牛,年份从1999年到2014年分为16个水平,出生犊牛性别划分为公、母2个水平。利用SAS 8.1软件分析不同年份、品种、出生季节、犊牛性别及不同月龄等因素对新疆褐牛与荷斯坦牛犊牛死亡率的影响,结果表明,品种、年份、产犊季节和犊牛性别对新疆褐牛及荷斯坦牛犊牛死亡率有不同程度的影响,新疆褐牛的犊牛死亡率显著高于荷斯坦牛（P＜0.05）,1月龄时,新疆褐牛的犊牛死亡率显著高于荷斯坦牛（P＜0.05）;2006、2009、2010年的犊牛死亡率显著高于其他年份（P＜0.05）,在2011~2014年,犊牛的死亡率相对较少;冬季的死亡率显著高于夏季（P＜0.05）。降低犊牛的死亡率是牛群繁育过程中一个不可忽略的问题。犊牛的死亡率受到遗传和环境因素的共同影响,只有将各种环境因素给予合理控制,才能提高犊牛的健康水平。     

Genetic diversity among some cattle breeds in the Alpine area

Seven autochthonous Italian cattle breeds bred in the alpine area (Aosta Black Pied, Aosta Red Pied, Aosta Chestnut, Oropa Red Pied, Grey Alpine, Rendena and Burlina) were investigated in order to characterise their genetic structure and to study their phylogenetic origin. Two cattle breeds from Germany (Original German Brown and Holstein) and four from Switzerland (Simmental, Herens, Evolene and Brown Swiss) were included in the study in order to determine the genetic diversity existing among Italian local breeds, similar breeds bred on the other side of the Alps and in the well known Holstein.
Seventeen microsatellites, of the internationally accepted panel for the study of cattle biodiversity, were used for the analysis.
Microsatellites were highly polymorphic with a mean number of 5,5 alleles (ranging from 2 to 12 per locus). For each locus, allelic frequencies, heterozygosity (H) and the Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) were computed. The genetic equilibrium according to Hardy–Weinberg was calculated for each population and for each locus. Allele frequencies were used to estimate genetic distances and to draw a phylogenetic tree. The two closest breeds were Aosta Red Pied and Aosta Black Pied, while the two genetically most different were Holstein and Aosta Chestnut. Aosta valley breeds, Evolene and Herens constituted a tight cluster in the phylogenetic consensus tree. Principal component analysis showed a similar pattern for all the alpine breeds, while Holstein and Original German Brown were far away. The genetic differences among breeds were in accordance with their geographical and historical origins.     

新疆褐牛与荷斯坦牛隐性乳房炎与体细胞数、病原菌种类的比较

本试验以新疆乌鲁木齐市地区一大中型奶牛场的新疆褐牛、荷斯坦牛奶样为研究对象,对奶样进行了病原菌分离培养,同时对不同品种牛体细胞数与菌落形成单位（colony-forming unit, CFU）、体细胞数与不同年龄进行了统计分析。结果表明,2个品种牛感染病原菌种类稍有差别且新疆褐牛感染葡萄球菌的机率明显高于荷斯坦牛;荷斯坦牛比新疆褐牛更容易患乳房炎;新疆褐牛、荷斯坦牛体细胞在小于20万/mL时均与体细胞大于50万/mL时的CFU值呈显著差异（P＜0.05）,而这2个品种牛的体细胞在20～50万/mL时分别与体细胞小于20万/mL、大于50万/mL时的CFU值均无显著差异（P＞0.05）,初步推测体细胞数和细菌总数之间没有必然联系,还受其它因素影响;此外,随着年龄增长,褐牛和荷斯坦牛的体细胞评分（somatic cell score,SCS）都呈上升趋势,且不同品种间的SCS差异显著。     

季节对荷斯坦育成牛超排效果的影响分析

为了研究季节对石家庄地区荷斯坦奶牛超数排卵的影响,对达到12月龄的荷斯坦育成牛逐月进行3次超数排卵。结果表明,头均胚胎总数和头均退化胚胎数各月差异不显著(P>0.05);头均可用胚胎数量3月最高(7.04±4.92),8月最低(3.20±3.33),两者间差异显著(P<0.05),与其它各月间无显著差异。总体而言,超排效果随着气温升高而呈下降的趋势,在气候较为适宜奶牛生理生存状态的季节,超排效果更为理想。说明超数排卵效果春季最好,秋冬季效果好于夏季,超排应避开夏季炎热的月份。