生物炭配施氮肥对土壤物理性质及春玉米产量的影响

在包头和通辽试验点,设0、8、16、24 t/hm^2生物炭水平及0、150、300 kg/hm^2施氮水平,研究生物炭配施氮肥对土壤物理性质及春玉米产量的影响。结果表明,在0~20 cm土层,生物炭能够显著降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,且与氮肥存在交互作用。0~20 cm和21~40 cm土层,生物炭和氮肥均可显著提高土壤含水量和蓄水量,土壤持水性随生物炭量增加呈先增后减的趋势。生物炭和氮肥均可有效降低土壤三相比偏离值。炭氮配施可显著提高春玉米产量和氮效率,包头和通辽均以8 t/hm^2生物炭配施150 kg/hm^2氮为最大值,较单施氮肥增产20.07%和15.59%。     

The impacts of the water quality of the inflow water from tea fields on irrigation reservoir ecosystems

Authors observed that the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentration is approximately 30 mg/L and that the average pH value is 4.3 in a small river in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Further, when there is heavy rain, the pH value of the river water decreases to below 3.5 at times. There is a small irrigation reservoir in the watershed. The reservoir receives this water and mixed with other river water, the pH in the reservoir reaches below 5.0 at times, making it impossible for fauna to survive there. This water is also used for paddy irrigation, however no damage to rice production was reported. The authors clarified the fact that the low pH and high NO₃-N concentrations were brought about by the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers in tea fields. Further, the authors proposed a model, which can be used to estimate the pH value and the NO₃-N concentration.     

Analysis of the nitrogen pollution load potential from farmland in the Tedori River Alluvial Fan Areas in Japan

A nitrogen balance study was carried out by setting up a test paddy in order to estimate the nitrogen pollution load potential (NPLP) from farmland in the Tedori River Alluvial Fan Areas and the load from the entire area under consideration was estimated using the cropping record and fertilizer application rate (FAR). The total NPLP was estimated to be 261 tons/year and the load from the paddy 79 tons/year for 5,704 ha, which would translate to an intensity of 14 kg/ha, while the load from the vegetable field was estimated to be 118 tons/year for 215 ha, which would equate to an intensity of 549 kg/ha. The pollution loads for the vegetables were significantly greater than those for the rice. The load for the barley was 57 tons/year for 261 ha (216 kg/ha) and that for the orchards was 23 tons/year for 64 ha (359 kg/ha). The estimation of soybean load was a negative 15 tons/year for 717 ha (−21 kg/ha), which meant that the nitrogen in the yield was greater than the FAR. The results also confirmed the yield absorption ratio in relation to the FAR. The load from the paddy for the entire area was also estimated using the percolation rate and the water quality load underneath the farmland was estimated to be 89 tons/year.     

Recovery of nitrogen from different sources following applications to winter wheat at and after anthesis

The effects of applying nitrogen (30 or 40 kg N/ha) to wheat crops at and after anthesis, after 200 kg N/ha had already been applied to the soil during stem extension, were studied in field experiments comprising complete factorial combinations of different cultivars, fungicide applications and nitrogen treatments. Actual recoveries of late-season fertilizer nitrogen (LSFN), as indicated by ¹⁵N studies, interacted with cultivar and fungicide treatment, and depended on nitrogen source (urea applied as a solution to the foliage, or as ammonium nitrate applied to the soil) and year. These interactions, however, were not reflected in apparent fertilizer recoveries ((N in grain with LSFN − N in grain without LSFN)/N applied as LSFN), or in the crude protein concentration. Apparent fertilizer recovery was always lower than actual recoveries, and declined during grain filling. Fertilizer treatments with higher actual fertilizer recoveries were associated with lower net remobilisation of non-LSFN (net remobilised N = N in above ground crop at anthesis − N in non-grain, above ground crop at harvest). LSFN also increased mineral nitrogen in the soil at harvest even when applied as a solution to the foliage. These effects are discussed in relation to potential grain N demand.     

玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤酶活、土壤养分及秸秆腐解率的影响

通过田间试验研究玉米秸秆与氮肥配施对土壤养分、土壤酶活及秸秆腐解率的影响,以5年不施氮肥和施氮300 kg/hm^2耕层土壤为背景,在长期氮肥定位试验区进行试验。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥能够增加土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶和土壤蔗糖酶活性。玉米出苗期至成熟期,不施氮处理和施氮处理土壤脲酶活性范围分别为13.53~14.21 U/mL和11.80~15.67 U/mL,在灌浆期差异达到显著水平;土壤过氧化氢酶活性范围分别为48.57~55.92 U/mL和50.69~59.34 U/mL,在灌浆期差异达显著水平;蔗糖酶活性范围为36.90~51.85 U/mL和46.40~58.22 U/mL,在3个时期差异均达显著水平。秸秆还田配施适量的氮肥对铵态氮质量分数的影响不显著,但增加硝态氮和速效氮质量分数,不施氮处理和施氮处理硝态氮和速效氮质量分数平均值分别为10.39、18.45 ug/kg和126.43、145.39 mg/kg。     

吉林省黑土区玉米氮肥减施效果研究

针对目前吉林省黑土区玉米种植过程中氮肥用量偏高导致的氮肥利用率低、氮素残留高等问题,在习惯施氮量的基础上设降低10%、20%、30%、40%的不同氮肥减量处理,研究减氮对春玉米干物质积累、子粒产量、氮素利用效率及土壤中无机氮积累的影响。结果表明,伏龙泉和米沙子试验点降低20%氮肥用量、开安试验点降低30%氮肥用量玉米子粒产量无显著降低,减氮处理显著提高氮肥的利用效率。降低氮肥用量可减少玉米收获后耕层土壤中无机氮的积累(硝态氮)。玉米施氮量在223 kg/hm2时玉米收获后耕层土壤无机氮含量与播种前基本一致。吉林省黑土玉米种植区适当降低氮肥用量不会显著影响玉米产量,同时会提高氮肥利用效率,减少玉米收获后耕层无机氮的积累。     

宁夏扬黄灌区有机肥配施氮肥对滴灌春玉米生长和产量的影响

通过两年田间定位试验,采用裂区设计,设有机肥为主处理,氮肥为副处理,研究滴灌条件下有机肥与氮肥配施对玉米生长和产量的影响,滴灌条件下砂质土壤春玉米田有机肥和氮肥配施的最佳施用量,为土壤培肥、化肥减施以及提高宁夏扬黄灌区玉米产量提供理论依据。结果表明,玉米产量以有机肥3 000 kg/hm^2配施300 kg/hm^2氮肥处理最高,比不施肥处理增产50.65%;其次为有机肥4 500 kg/hm^2配施300 kg/hm^2氮肥和有机肥4 500 kg/hm^2配施225 kg/hm^2氮肥处理,分别较不施肥增产48.78%和46.83%。根据宁夏中部干旱带扬黄灌区土壤培肥和玉米增产需要,建议推荐有机肥施用量为3 000~4 500 kg/hm^2,配施氮肥用量225~300 kg/hm^2。     

氮肥运筹对华北平原限水灌溉冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的影响

为了解不同氮肥运筹处理对华北平原限水灌溉条件下冬小麦产量、水分和氮素利用效率的影响,在中国农业大学吴桥试验站限水灌溉(播种前灌充足底墒水,春浇拔节水和开花水)条件下,开展了6个不同氮肥运筹处理(157.5 kg N/ha全部做基肥;基肥88.5 kg N/ha 追肥69 kg N/ha;基肥157.5 kg N/ha 追肥69 kg N/ha;基施88.5 kg N/ha 追施138 kg/ha;226.5 kg N/ha全部做基肥;基肥157.5 kg N/ha 追肥138 kg N/ha)的大田试验。结果表明,限水灌溉条件下,不同氮肥运筹处理的冬小麦经济产量和产量构成因素(有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重)间无显著差异。冬小麦水分利用效率(1.78~1.87 kg/m3)和氮素生理利用效率(39.65~44.42 kg/kgN)随氮肥施用量加大呈下降趋势,而氮肥生产力则随施氮量增加而显著降低。冬小麦氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率(%)均表现为叶片>茎鞘>穗颖。氮肥一次性基施处理的氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率(%)在各氮肥运筹处理中均较高。在华北平原地区,施氮水平在157.5 kg N/ha且一次性基施,是限水灌溉冬小麦高产、高效、简化的适宜施肥方式。     

施氮量对砂质潮土不同夏玉米品种产量和氮效率的影响

在砂质潮土上采用田间定位小区试验,设置0(N0)、120 kg/hm2(N120)、195 kg/hm2(N195)和270 kg/hm2(N270)4个氮水平,研究浚单29、豫单916、洛玉3号玉米品种产量、氮利用效率和收获指数等指标对施氮的反应差异。结果表明,浚单29和豫单916的产量均随着施氮量的增加而增加;洛玉3号的产量先增加后降低,在N195水平时达到最高。氮肥对浚单29产量的增加效应主要通过增加穗粒数来实现;对豫单916和洛玉3号产量的影响则是通过穗粒数和百粒重共同作用的结果。在施氮量为0~195 kg/hm2范围内,洛玉3号的氮积累量和氮利用效率均高于其他两个品种。供试的3个品种中,洛玉3号达到最高产量所需施氮量最低且氮利用效率高,适合在砂质潮土上种植。     

不同施氮方式对玉米田土壤无机氮动态变化的影响

研究不同施氮方式对玉米田土壤水分动态变化和土壤无机氮变化特征的影响。结果表明,玉米生育期不同施氮方式下,0~100 cm土壤水分变化趋势相似,非雨季0~20 cm土壤含水量施肥处理比不施肥(CK)低2~4个百分点,雨季由于降雨的补给各处理各层土壤水分无明显变化。施氮显著增加了0~100 cm土层无机氮含量。习惯施肥处理土壤硝态氮含量受降雨影响较大,表现出向土壤深层迁移的趋势;缓控释肥、优化施肥和优化施肥+秸秆还田处理可降低土壤硝态氮的残留。0~40 cm土壤铵态氮含量受基肥和追肥影响较大,41~100 cm土壤铵态氮含量为3~5 mg/kg,变化幅度较小,趋于稳定。合理的氮肥用量及施氮方式,可有效减少土壤硝态氮的残留,减轻浅层地下水硝态氮污染的风险。     

吉林省中部黑土区玉米氮肥效应研究

在吉林省中部地区黑土条件下,通过田间试验研究氮肥对玉米的增产效应和氮肥的利用效率。结果表明,施用氮肥处理产量极显著高于不施氮肥处理,但并不随施N量的增加而持续增加,当施N量增加至145 kg/hm2时,玉米产量最高,再增加施N量,其产量下降,符合二次曲线方程Y=ax2+bx+c。从施肥效益考虑,最大效益施N量为152.3～173.9 kg/hm2,获得玉米产量8 800～12 127 kg/hm2。玉米对氮肥的利用率随施N量的增加而降低。范家屯镇、陶家屯镇、万发镇3个试验点的施N量由90 kg/hm2增加至255 kg/hm2,其氮肥利用率分别由32.71%、58.95%和30.81%降低至14.52%、21.74%和11.16%。     

不同施氮模式对玉米光合特性和氮代谢关键酶的影响

以平安18和金玉1号为试验材料,设置7种施氮模式(0、175 kg/hm~2、175 kg/hm~2+增效剂、175 kg/hm~2+生物肥、175 kg/hm~2+增效剂+生物肥、225 kg/hm~2、225 kg/hm~2+增效剂、275 kg/hm~2),对玉米叶片光合速率、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性进行测定,研究氮肥、氮肥增效剂和生物肥对玉米光合特性和氮代谢关键酶的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥能够提高叶绿素含量,增加玉米叶片光合速率,过量氮肥会产生抑制作用。施氮225 kg/hm~2+增效剂在整个生育期有较高的叶绿素含量和光合速率,NR和GS活性也高于其他处理,该施氮模式更好地协调光合作用和氮代谢之间的关系,充分发挥氮肥的作用,能够增加百粒重和产量,平安18和金玉1号产量分别达13 116.94 kg/hm~2和13 585 kg/hm~2。     

氮肥减施对夏玉米生长及水氮利用效率的影响

为探索夏玉米减氮增效科学生产模式,研究滴灌水肥一体化条件下氮肥减施对夏玉米形态生长指标、子粒产量、水氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮残留量的影响。以传统畦灌施氮模式(CK,施氮量300 kg/hm²)为对照,滴灌水肥一体化处理依据0～20 cm土层含水率进行补灌,设4个施氮水平(DN120:120 kg/hm²、DN180:180 kg/hm²、DN240:240kg/hm²、DN300:300 kg/hm²)。结果表明,滴灌条件下各处理夏玉米生育期灌水量差异不大,滴灌水肥一体化夏玉米的株高、叶面积指数和地上部干质量随施氮量增加均呈增大趋势,当施氮量超过180 kg/hm²时,处理间各项指标差异不显著。随着氮肥用量的增多,滴灌夏玉米子粒产量和土壤硝态氮残留量逐渐增大,水分利用效率(WUE)呈先增大后减小趋势,氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)逐渐降低。与CK和DN300处理相比,DN180处理玉米子粒产量无显著差异,施氮量减少40%,耗水量减少10.10%～19.99%,WU...     

Fate of phosphate and nitrate in waters of an intensive agricultural area in the dry zone of Sri Lanka

The chemistry of surface waters and groundwater draining agricultural catchments in the north-central and northwestern areas of Sri Lanka is described. Hydrochemical data from 296 water samples are used to evaluate water quality and to identify the processes that control nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the water. The results indicate that nutrient concentrations in the groundwaters are greater than those in the surface waters. Increased nutrient levels were observed in groundwater in a selected area in the fortnight following fertilizer application. Detailed geochemical investigations of selected groundwater samples reveal a gradual rise of nitrate–N and other solutes along the horizontal flow direction. Compared to the application rates of fertilizer in the area, the average nutrient concentrations in all waters are relatively low (1.5 mg/l nitrate and 0.5 mg/l phosphate) and stable. The results suggest that prevailing reducing conditions, iron-rich overburden soil cover and manmade canal networks control nutrient accumulation in the groundwater.     

Evaluation of N and P mass balance in paddy rice culture along Kahokugata Lake, Japan, to assess potential lake pollution

Kahokugata Lake, a closed lake, has been subject to eutrophication. This research was conducted to clarify the actual phenomena and evaluation of the discharges of N and P from paddy test fields in the lowlands into Kahokugata Lake. A comprehensive mass balance of N and P was obtained from 4 years of study. About N, the mean value of harvested unhulled rice (79.9 kg/ha) was greater than mean controlled release fertilizer inputs (56.7 kg/ha). Other inputs and outputs include N in atmospheric acid deposition (21.4 kg/ha) and N fixation–denitrification (9.2 kg/ha). The rice straw recycled after harvest was balanced by straw produced in the succeeding year. The runoff and percolation losses discharged into the lake was 11.3 kg/ha, (8.6% of total inputs). Since the rice harvested was consumed domestically, which taking out from the farmland and, therefore, nitrogen pollutant into the lake was becoming small, paddy rice at this site is considered an “anti-polluting, purifying or cleansing” crop. The P content in harvested rice (39.4 kg/ha) was balanced by fertilizer inputs (36.4 kg/ha). Previous studies examining inflow–outflow relationships without considering a comprehensive mass balance may lead to erroneous conclusions. Our findings indicate paddy rice in lowlands could be an environmentally friendly crop and can play an important role in reducing pollution of lakes, and therefore should be considered in land use planning.     

Evaluation of HYDRUS-2D model to simulate the loss of nitrate in subsurface controlled drainage in a physical model scale of paddy fields

Agriculture is a major source of nitrogen usage and release to environment. Due to the effect of water movement on solute transport, investigating the effect of different management scenarios of irrigation and drainage could be useful for reducing nitrate loss and environmental pollution. This study is a scientific attempt to assess the ability of HYDRUS-2D model to simulate the effect of subsurface controlled drainage on nitrate loss of paddy fields. So, two physical models with difference in depth of subsurface controlled drainage (40 and 60 cm) were constructed. The tanks were filled with loam silty soil texture and then transplanted rice. 90 kg/ha potassium nitrate fertilizer was added in two stages of rice growth. Mid-season drainage was applied 26 days after transplantation. After 17 days, drains were closed again and applied flooded irrigation with 5-cm water stagnant layer above soil surface. During experiment, nitrate concentration of drain water was measured. HYDRUS-2D was calibrated with measured data in 60 cm drain depth and validated with 40 cm drain depth. HYDRUS-2D could simulate nitrate concentration with the coefficient of determination 0.95 and 0.89 in calibration and validation stages, respectively. The comparison between the volume of drain water and nitrate concentration from the drains in the depths of 40 and 60 cm indicated lower nitrate load in depth of 40 cm. The results obtained proved that the presence of hardpan layer in depth of 25 cm rather than the absence of it causes increase in 3 % of average nitrate concentration and reduce in 17 % of water discharge.     

不同栽培方式下春玉米连作体系土壤氮素累积特征

通过3年定位试验,研究两种栽培方式下不同氮素输入处理秋收后的土壤无机氮积累,分析东北春玉米高产田的土壤无机氮运移规律。研究结果表明,高产栽培方式可显著提高产量,平均较习惯栽培方式增产33.7%。硝态氮是农田土壤无机氮的主要组分,平均占到87.1%,土壤无机氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加,通过优化栽培措施可以有效降低土壤硝态氮的下移趋势;当降雨量较大时,70~100 cm土壤中硝态氮会随施氮量的增加而大量累积。综合考虑产量与环境效益,应适当减少基肥用量,从而降低土壤中硝态氮淋失风险。     

设施菜地夏季休闲期甜玉米经济产量及环境效益分析

在北京市门头沟、房山、大兴和通州等4个区选择15个典型设施菜地,设置田间观察对比试验,研究在北方设施菜地夏季甜玉米作为填闲作物的实际经济、环境综合效益。试验结果表明,种植甜玉米有较好经济效益,经济产量达15 168.0～20 332.8kg/hm2。在环境效益方面,种植甜玉米后可有效减少浅层土壤中的硝态氮含量,降低淋溶风险。与常规休闲(休闲期不种植作物)相比,种植甜玉米可使设施菜地0～100cm土层中的硝态氮含量平均减少290.4kg/hm2。在夏季休闲期种植甜玉米是北方设施菜地兼顾经济和环境效益的有效种植措施之一。     

一次性施氮对寒地春玉米生长发育和子粒品质的调控及生产效益分析

以高产玉米品种德美亚3号为试验材料,研究传统分期施肥(NP,364.5 kg/hm2)、氮肥一次性基施两种氮肥施用方式,N0.8(291.7 kg/hm2)、N0.9(328.1 kg/hm2)、N1.0(364.5 kg/hm2)、N1.1(401.0 kg/hm2)、N1.2(437.4 kg/hm2)共5个施氮量处理(氮肥一次性基施),不施肥(N0)为对照,研究其对春玉米地上部分农艺性状特征、子粒品质、产量及生产效益的影响。结果表明,增加氮肥的供给显著改善玉米植株的农艺性状,适宜氮素供给地上部低位节间机械强度显著提高,玉米产量及蛋白质含量和生产效益显著提高。适宜氮素供给调控下,显著改善植株的生长环境条件,氮素营养供给的时间和供给量与需求相匹配,倒伏率显著下降。改变传统的分期施肥为一次性缓释氮肥基施供给,施肥量在原施肥量的90%以上,协调氮素营养的供给与需求,显著提高地上部低位节间机械强度,产量和生产效益显著增加。     

风沙半干旱区春玉米水肥耦合产量效应研究初报

采用312-D最优饱和设计,开展了春玉米水肥耦合作用田间试验研究。结果表明,在试验年施氮量对产量影响最大,灌溉量次之,施磷量最小。两因子耦合的产量效应类型不同,氮与磷耦合以及磷与水耦合为相互替代作用,而氮与水耦合为相互促进作用,且耦合作用效应大小顺序为氮与磷耦合>磷与水耦合>氮与水耦合。获得最高产量9374.0kg/hm2的施氮量为281.7kg/hm2、施磷量为127.1kg/hm2、灌溉量为75.2mm。获得最高利润6023.5元/hm2的施氮量为211.2kg/hm2、施磷量为110.5kg/hm2、灌溉量为24.1mm。