三氟氯氰菊酯对小鼠骨髓细胞微核及精子畸形和蓄积毒性的影响研究

通过三氟氯氰菊酯对小鼠的骨髓细胞微核及精子畸形和蓄积毒性影响的研究,进一步阐明三氟氯氰菊酯的毒理作用。选取健康成年小鼠50只,随机分为给药高、中、低剂量组,阳性对照组和空白对照组,每组各10只。给药组分别以三氟氯氰菊酯水溶液9.18、4.59、2.29 mg/kg体重灌胃,空白对照组给予等量的生理盐水灌胃,每天1次,连续4 d;阳性对照组以环磷酰胺80 mg/kg体重腹腔注射1次;评价三氟氯氰菊酯对小鼠骨髓细胞微核的影响;另取健康成年雄性小鼠50只,随机分为给药高、中、低剂量组,阳性对照和空白对照组,每组10只;给药组分别以三氟氯氰菊酯水溶液9.18、4.59、2.29 mg/kg体重灌胃;阳性对照组以环磷酰胺80 mg/kg灌胃,空白对照组给予等量的0.9%生理盐水灌胃,每天1次,连续5 d,计算精子畸形率。选择健康小鼠40只,随机分20只为蓄积毒性试验组,20只为空白对照组。试验组采用剂量递增连续染毒法来评价三氟氯氰菊酯的蓄积毒性,计算累积系数,按累积系数的评价标准评价蓄积毒性。结果表明,三氟氯氰菊酯为明显蓄积物质,对小鼠生长造成严重损害;三氟氯氰菊酯高剂量组精子畸形率与空白对照组相比差异极显著;三氟氯氰菊酯高剂量组微核率与空白对照组相比差异极显著。因此,三氟氯氰菊酯为明显蓄积物质,且具有极强的致畸、致突变作用。     

阿特拉津影响大鼠生殖功能的初步研究

选用SD大鼠80只,体重(200±10)g,分别按照除草剂阿特拉津LD50值的1/2、1/4、1/20、0倍设置对照组和高、中、低3个处理组,每组20只,雌雄各半。阿特拉津配成乳浊液灌胃,于喂药15d和30d采样,测定大鼠血清中生殖激素(睾酮、雌二醇、卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素)含量,以及生殖器指数。结果表明:阿特拉津能够降低实验组血清促性腺激素和睾酮的含量,提高雌二醇含量,使雄性大鼠睾丸指数下降,雌性大鼠卵巢指数升高,从而影响大鼠生殖功能。     

玉米赤霉烯酮对雄性小鼠生殖系统的毒性作用

为探讨玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)对雄性生殖系统的毒性作用,本试验选取清洁级昆明系雄性小鼠93只,随机分成5组:25 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、75 mg/kg ZEA处理组、溶剂对照组(DMSO)、空白对照组(生理盐水),进行腹腔注射染毒,每天1次,连续5 d,于末次染毒后第2天摘眼球采血并脱颈处死动物,分离睾丸和附睾,测定脏器系数、精子密度和活力,睾丸酶的活力水平以及血清睾酮和雌激素的浓度。结果显示,与对照组相比,玉米赤霉烯酮显著地降低小鼠的体重和精液品质,睾丸乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活力随着染毒剂量的增加显著升高(P0.01,P0.05),血清睾酮和雌激素浓度随染毒剂量的增加显著下降(P0.01,P0.05)。该结果提示,玉米赤霉烯酮对雄性小鼠生殖系统具有严重的损伤作用,影响生精功能。     

左旋肉碱治疗小鼠少弱精症机理

为了探讨左旋肉碱对环磷酰胺所致的小鼠少弱精症的治疗作用,将成年昆明小鼠30只,随机分成对照组(CG)、模型组(MG)和治疗组(TG)。按照60mg/kg给模型组和治疗组小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺,60mg/kg给对照组小鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,每天1次,连续5d。第6天开始按100mg/kg给治疗组小鼠灌胃左旋肉碱,按100mg/kg给空白对照组和模型组灌胃生理盐水,每天1次,持续25d。随后处死小鼠,进行小鼠精子的采集,对精子进行计数,活力检测;对睾丸进行固定包埋、切片和HE染色。结果显示,对照组、模型组和治疗组精子密度分别为(1.90±0.43)×109/L,(1.58±0.32)×109/L和(2.62±0.41)×109/L;精子活率分别为(65.46±14.98)%,(58.68±3.13)%和(74.66±1.04)%;精子畸形率分别为(58.35±1.25)%,(78.44±0.38)%和(51.62±0.11)%。治疗组精子密度显著高于模型组(P0.05),治疗组的精子活率要高于模型组,畸形率要低于模型组。因此,对小鼠进行腹腔注射环磷酰胺可使小鼠精子的密度、活率降低,畸形率增高,左旋肉碱治疗后,可使小鼠的精子密度有明显的增高,同时在一定程度上可以提高精子活率,降低精子畸形率。睾丸切片HE染色显示,左旋肉碱能够对环磷酰胺所致的睾丸损伤有一定的保护作用。     

苯甲酸钠对小鼠精子畸形率的影响

将50只SPF级成年雄性小鼠随机分为5组:苯甲酸钠低剂量组(0.268g/kg·bw)、中剂量组0.537g/kg·bw)、高剂量组(1.073g/kg·bw)、环磷酰胺阳性对照组(50mg/kg·bw)和生理盐水空白对照组,采用一次性经口灌胃染毒,1次/d,连续5d。于首次染毒后的第35天颈椎脱臼将小鼠处死,取附睾制片,观察小鼠精子形态,对小鼠精子畸形率进行统计分析。结果表明,苯甲酸钠染毒各组小鼠精子畸形率普遍高于空白对照组,差别有统计学意义(P<0.01),且随着染毒剂量的增加,精子畸形率也有相应升高,呈现出一定的剂量-反应关系。     

大豆异黄酮对环磷酰胺损伤雄性小鼠生殖功能的修复作用

为探明大豆异黄酮(SI)对环磷酰胺(CTX)所致雄性小鼠生殖功能损伤的修复作用及其机制，本试验将小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组(CTX组)、SI低、中、高剂量组[100 mg/(kg·bw)、200 mg/(kg·bw)、400 mg/(kg·bw)]和甲睾酮(MT)对照组，除空白对照组外，其余各组腹腔注射CTX[50 mg/(kg·bw)]连续7 d,构建雄性小鼠体内生精障碍模型，造模第2天开始，SI各剂量组和MT对照组分别灌胃给药，连续30 d后，测定雄性小鼠的睾丸指数、精子密度、精子畸变率；检测血清和睾丸组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量；检测睾丸组织匀浆中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、碱性磷酸酶(AΚP)、Na⁺-Κ⁺-ATP酶、NF-κB、TNF-α水平；检测睾丸组织总蛋白样本中NF-κB、COX2和iNOS蛋白的表达水平。结果显示，SI各剂量组与MT对照组效果相当；与CTX组相比，SI各剂量组小鼠精子密度显著升高而精子畸变率显著降低，睾丸组织中SDH、AKP和Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活性均显著升高(P&...     

枸杞黄酮对良性前列腺增生大鼠血清性激素的影响

为了研究枸杞黄酮对良性前列腺增生大鼠血清性激素的影响,试验将50只雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组,即空白对照组、睾酮+小剂量枸杞黄酮(60 mg/kg)组、睾酮+中剂量枸杞黄酮(120 mg/kg)组、睾酮+高剂量枸杞黄酮(240 mg/kg)组、模型对照组,研究不同浓度的枸杞黄酮对前列腺重量、脏器系数、前列腺体积、睾酮浓度、雌二醇浓度、性激素结合球蛋白指标的影响。结果表明:240 mg/kg枸杞黄酮能够降低前列腺增生SD大鼠的雌激素和雄激素水平,前列腺体积减小,脏器系数减小,与空白对照组相比能够抑制前列腺增生。说明枸杞黄酮对良性前列腺增生有明显的抑制作用。     

环磷酰胺致小鼠生精障碍作用研究

为探讨不同剂量环磷酰胺作用不同时间后诱导小鼠生精障碍的作用,将80只雄性ICR系小鼠随机分成20、40、80mg/kg体重环磷酰胺(CTX)处理组和生理盐水对照组,腹腔注射5d,每2d称重1次,2周和4周后分批检测睾丸指数、附睾指数、精子数和精子畸形率,并结合HE染色检测睾丸组织结构变化。结果显示,作用2周时,高剂量的CTX显著影响体重增长,而中低剂量组只有处理后短时间体重降低明显;睾丸的生精指数变化均不显著,但其组织结构发生不同程度的病理变化。作用4周时,只有高剂量组对体重产生显著的作用;生精指数包括睾丸指数、精子数以及精子畸形率,3个组与对照相比均表现出明显差异;睾丸发生病理学病变的程度随剂量的增加而更加明显。采用40mg/kg CTX腹腔注射5d,作用4周后能建立较为理想的小鼠生精障碍模型。     

亚急性硒中毒对小鼠精子质量的影响研究

为了研究亚急性硒中毒对小鼠精子质量的影响,试验选用雄性昆明鼠灌胃染毒。高、中、低剂量组分别按照0.135 mg/kg、0.540 mg/kg、2.160 mg/kg剂量浓度灌胃亚硒酸钠溶液,对照组灌胃纯化水,连续攻毒30 d,每隔10 d各组随机选取10只采样,检查睾丸脏器系数、精子密度、精子活率、精子畸形率。随着染硒剂量的增加和时间的延长,各染硒剂量组睾丸脏器系数呈下降趋势,小鼠精子密度和精子活率随染硒剂量的增加逐渐减小,各染硒组小鼠的精子畸形率均有增加,呈现明显的时间-剂量-效应关系。结果表明：亚急性硒中毒可影响雄性小鼠生长发育,阻碍睾丸的发育甚至引起睾丸萎缩,影响精子的生成和发育,降低雄性小鼠的生殖机能。     

液态甲醛对雄性小鼠生殖毒性的研究

为研究液态甲醛对雄性昆明鼠的生殖毒性效应,选用雄性昆明鼠16只,分成4组,采用腹腔注射染毒的方法,各组浓度分别为2 mg/kg(低)、20 mg/kg(中)和200 mg/kg(高),给药量为每只鼠0.1 mL,对照组腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水,每天上午10:00注射1次,持续3周.处死并剖检试验鼠,取其睾丸和附睾处理,计算小鼠睾丸的脏器系数,精子总数及精子存活率,并观察精子畸形数和睾丸组织的病理改变.与对照组比较,随着染毒剂量的增加,睾丸的脏器系数减小,精子总数和存活率明显下降,低剂量组与对照组差异显著(P＜0.05)；中、高剂量组与对照组比较差异极显著(P＜0.01)；中、高剂量组的精子畸形数量显著增多；各染毒组小鼠的睾丸组织均具有明显的病理改变和损伤.说明甲醛对雄性小鼠的生殖器官具有明显的毒害作用.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.