THE NATURE AND GENESIS OF CERTAIN ARIDISOLS IN KENYA

In the semi-arid Kenya lowlands, strongly contrasting soil units associated with specific positions in the landscape have developed on various ancient alluvial deposits. The soil pattern may be explained by the differential truncation of a previously solodized plateau. These contrasting soil sequences give rise to associated vegetation catenas. Necessary adaptations are applied to the 7th Approximation soil classification, thereby introducing one new Great Group (Halorthid) and several new subgroups (natric grumustert, natric grumaquert, and typic halorthid).     

贵州土壤的发生特性及分布规律

贵州省在云贵高原的东部,大地构造是滇桂台向斜和鄂黔台向斜的一部分.境内地形地貌复杂,山峦起伏,丘陵盆地,高山峡谷和宽谷盆地交错分布,具有显著的高原岩溶地貌特征.高原面呈阶梯状上升,海拔高度由600米左右逐渐升高到2300米左右.成土母质类型在山区以残积物和坡积残积物为主.     

OXIDOREDUCTIVE DEGRADATION OF SOIL MINERALS AND CLAYS D,L-3(3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYL) ALANINE BY SOIL MINERALS AND CLAYS

The effect of the perhydrol (H₂O₂) treated soils on the decarboxylation rate of d,1-3(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) alanine (DOPA), as examined by radiorespirometry, is highly significant and well-correlated (r=+0.913) with the clay content. Among the pure Na clays used, Wyoming bentonite had the strongest effect on the DOPA decarboxylation. The reaction was activated by phosphate buffer and completely inhibited by a dithionite treatment. Gas phases like carbon monoxide, hydrogen, or nitrogen do not inhibit the DOPA decarboxylation rate. A chromatographic study of the intermediate products formed during DOPA degradation reveals the presence of 5,6-dihydroxyindole. These results suggest that DOPA degradation by clays proceeds by a sequence of oxidoreductive reactions following the Raper (1927) scheme. The ferric oxides associated with the clay, and not the dissolved oxygen, are the electron acceptors. DOPA is oxidized to eumelanin which has an elementary percentage composition of C = 62.65; N = 11.05; H = 6.30; 0 = 20.     

GENESIS, MINERALOGY, AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF WEST INDIAN SOILS

The Montserrat series is one of the most fertile of tropical soils. Substantial amounts of exchangeable K, available P, and favourable organic matter content and distribution contribute to its unique properties. P occurs in amounts ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 per cent, about 75 per cent of which is inorganic with Fe phosphates making up the bulk. Truog's reagent almost quantitatively extracts Ca phosphate and Bray's and Olsen's reagents extract mainly Al phosphate. Exchangeable K is derived from glauconite. High exchangeable Ca and Mg contents derived from weathering of carbonates impart a favourable pH to the soil for plant growth. Exceptional structural stability to 120 cm depth is associated with high free iron oxide, organic matter, and Ca contents. The outstanding feature in mineral weathering is the rapid transformation of glauconite through vermiculite to kaolinite and the formation of goethite. Considerable interlayering occurs between vermiculite with sesquioxide coatings and mica-vermiculite interlayers. Much of this weathering occurs in the calcareous, oxidized, friable parent rock. The features of the Montserrat series described above substantiate its classification as a Brown Earth (Mollisol).     

新构造运动与松辽平原的土壤发生

作者认为分布在起伏台地区中更新统沉积物上的黑土(无石灰反应,有机质丰富,几乎全部耕垦)和平原中部晚更新统和近代冲积物上的淡黑钙土(强石灰反应,有机质少,常混有盐斑),其发生学上的差异主要是成土母质和年龄的不同。后者远较前者为年幼。淡黑钙土是按沼泽→草甸→草甸淡黑钙土→淡黑钙土的过程形成的。现代气候条件下,植被制约着草甸土类的发生方向。不论是由于天然的或人为的任何原因,一旦植被破坏,随着蒸发的加强,即便地下水的矿化度不高,也能形成强碱性、结构极坏的苏打盐(碱)土。按照土壤发生的观点,合理利用碱性草原和改良苏打盐(碱)土的原则,应是保护和恢复植被。     

碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性及呼吸作用的影响

通过模拟实验研究了除草剂碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性和土壤呼吸作用的影响。结果表明,在施用量超过田间推荐用量7倍的浓度范围内,碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤中过氧化氢酶活性的影响不明显;当其浓度为1mg/kg时,在不同培养时间下,碘甲磺隆钠盐施用后对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响呈现出轻微的抑制-激活-恢复的过程;在不同土壤类型中,碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤过氧化氢酶的抑制性随土壤有机质的增加、pH值的降低而加强;碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤呼吸作用有一定的影响,浓度愈大,土壤呼吸强度初期抑制愈强,随着时间的推移,逐步由抑制转为一定程度的刺激作用,到12天后施药土壤与对照组土壤的呼吸强度基本上趋于一致。实验结果表明,碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤微生物影响较小,属于低毒或无实际危害的农药。     

转基因作物在土壤环境中的残留及其对土壤生物的影响

随着转基因作物的推广和应用,其对农田生态系统造成的潜在危害日益引起人们的重视。本文综述了转基因作物在土壤中的残留及其对土壤动物、土壤微生物和土壤酶活性影响的研究进展,为转基因作物对土壤环境的生态风险性评价提供参考。     

关于浙江金华地区红壤的基层分类问题

我国长江以南的亚热带地区,多红壤分布,其中以第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤最为常见,均为主要垦殖对象。有的红壤垦殖利用情况良好,开垦后,土壤性质逐渐变好,得到稳定耕种;但是有的红壤利用很差,开垦两三年后,作物产量减低;有的红壤甚至连马尾松都长不好。红壤肥力的差别,显然受到红壤本身性状的影响,这些不同的土壤性状只有从土壤基层分类单元,才可区别出来。本文拟根据作者等在浙江金衡盆地九攀农中-带土壤详测所获得的部分结果,对本地区红壤的特性及其基层分类问题,作初步讨论。     

黑土和淡黑钙土的有效磷测定方法的研究

黑土和淡黑钙土在碳酸钙含量、pH等方面有显著差异,在土壤磷的化学组成上也是明显不同的.淡黑钙土Ca-P的百分组成明显的高于黑土,Fe-P含量则相反,无机磷占全磷的百分组成黑土低于淡黑钙土.通过小麦盆栽试验和土壤有效磷测定方法对比试验,对小麦吸磷量、土壤磷的组成、不同方法测得值和相对产量等几个方面所进行的综合分析和统计,一致表明在中性黑土上Bray 1(1:10)法和Olsen法最好.在石灰性淡黑钙土上以Bray 1(1:50)和Olsen法较好,但Olsen法测定结果受温度影响大,因此在黑土上宜采用Bray 1(1:10)法,在淡黑钙土上则以采用Bray 1(1:50)法为佳.     

土壤酸度对重金属形态分配的影响

在通常条件下,重金属在土壤中的溶解度主要取决于土壤对它们的吸附性能。不同重金属在同种土壤中的吸附顺序为:铅>铜>锌>镍>钴>镉。交换态重金属含量随pH的升高有最大值出现。出现最大值时pH的高低与重金属的专性吸附能力有关。土壤有机质和氧化物胶体对重金属有很大的吸附容量。且随pH升高而显著增大。升高pH,充分发挥土壤有机质和氧北物胶体对重金属的净化作用,可能是控制酸性土壤重金属污染的一个可行措施。对土壤中重金属元素的形态研究,无论在土壤科学还是环境科学中,均具有重要的意义。本项工作系应用逐级提取法把土壤中的重金属Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Co,Ni分为水溶态,交换态,有机结合态和闭蓄态四种不同的化学形态,研究土壤酸度对它们在各种形态中分配规律的影响。此外,对土壤重金属污染的控制途径也提出了一些尝试性建议。     

MINERALOGY, GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF FERRUGINOUS SOILS OF THE EASTERN MYSORE PLATEAU, INDIA

The relationship of geomorphic and climatic history and formation of the ferruginous soils, formed on the acidic Peninsular Gneiss, of the Mysore Plateau, India, is discussed. The profiles studied are found on two different land systems. The soils of the older, fairly smooth landscape are composed of colluvium over truncated laterite profiles, with a gravel layer and a prominent kaolin layer over the weathered rock. These soils show an accumulation of pedogenic haematite grains in the sand fraction and have considerable kaolinite and amorphous ferri-aluminosilicate minerals in the clays. The soils of the younger, rugged landscape have similar clay mineralogy, but do not have a gravel layer, or haematite grains. The influence of the coarse-grained parent rock is seen in the large amounts of quartz gravel. The absence of granulation is attributed to lack of accumulation of iron. The soils have been formed in an earlier, more humid climate than prevails today. The original laterite profiles were formed on a plane surface, and subsequent change in climate has led to change in the land forms and dissection. Truncation of the profiles was followed by deposition of red colluvium over the resistant ferruginous layer. These ancient soils do not fit the criteria for Oxisols in the U.S. classification, but fit well in the French system as ‘Sols Ferrallitiques’, subclass ‘fiablement désatures en (B)’. The soil from a low lying area, formed from colluvium under hydromorphic conditions. is classified as‘Vertisols et Paravertisols'.     

红壤粘粒对Co、Cu、Pb和Zn吸附亲和力的研究

本文研究了高度风化的酸性红壤对Ｃｏ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ离子的吸附特性。用吸附曲线形状，吸附方程，分配系数，ｐＨ５０值等讨论了吸附亲和力特征及其影响因素和吸附反应的机理。结果表明，红壤粘粒吸附重金属离子主要由Ｆｅ，Ａｌ氧化物所控制。金属离子对红壤粘粒的吸附亲和力（以ｐＨ５０表示）主要决定于离子本化学性质，亲和力以Ｃｕ≥Ｐｂ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｃｏ顺序减少，易水解的离子吸附亲和力较大，亲和力也受土壤组分及其表面性质     

邻苯二胺对铜在红壤和砂姜黑土中吸附和解吸的影响

研究了铜在红壤和砂姜黑土中的吸附和解吸过程以及有机污染物邻苯二胺对铜在两种土壤中吸附和解吸行为的影响。结果表明 ,砂姜黑土较红壤对铜具有更高的吸附量 ,同时 ,被吸附的铜离子从土壤中的脱附百分数也是砂姜黑土大于红壤 ,吸附在砂姜黑土中的铜较红壤更易被 1molL- 1 MgCl2 所置换。pH 3 .5～ 7.5范围内 ,土壤对铜的吸附量均随溶液pH的升高而升高 ,呈现S形。邻苯二胺增加了红壤对铜的吸附量 ,同时也增加了铜的脱附百分数。而邻苯二胺虽未改变砂姜黑土对铜的吸附量 ,但却显著改变了铜的脱附百分数。文中对邻苯二胺与铜的交互作用过程及其机理进行了推测     

PROJECTED CHANGES IN SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCKS UPON ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN THE UPPER TANA RIVER CATCHMENT,KENYA

Large areas in the Upper Tana river catchment, Kenya, have been over‐exploited, resulting in soil erosion, nutrient depletion and loss of soil organic matter (SOM). This study focuses on sections of the catchment earmarked as being most promising for implementing Green Water Credits, an incentive mechanism to help farmers invest in land and soil management activities that affect all fresh water resources at source. Such management practices can also help restore SOM levels towards their natural level. Opportunities to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, for two broadly defined land use types (croplands and plantation crops, with moderate input levels), are calculated using a simple empirical model, using three scenarios for the proportion of suitable land that may be treated with these practices (low = 40 per cent, medium = 60 per cent, high = 80 per cent). For the medium scenario, corresponding to implementation on ~348 000 ha in the basin, the eco‐technologically possible SOC gains are estimated at 4·8 to 9·3 × 10⁶ tonnes (Mg) CO₂ over the next 20 years. Assuming a conservative price of US$10 per tonne CO₂‐equivalent on the carbon offset market, this would correspond to ~US$48–93 million over a 20‐year period of sustained green water management. This would imply a projected (potential) payment of some US$7–13 ha⁻¹ to farmers annually; this sum would be in addition to incentives that are being put in place for implementing green water management practices and also in addition to the benefits that farmers would realize from the impact on production of these practices themselves. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.