亚热带红壤区不同植被恢复类型土壤有机碳δ13C特征

为探究亚热带红壤区不同植被恢复类型对土壤有机碳周转的影响,本研究以自然恢复草地、马尾松林和木荷林为研究对象,测定植被和土壤有机碳的δ¹³C,探讨不同林分类型对土壤有机碳来源的影响。结果表明,自然恢复草地植被以C₄植物为主,退化草地转变为马尾松林和木荷林后,植被类型以C₃植物为主。2种林分从凋落物δ¹³C到表层土壤有机碳δ¹³C增加幅度超出了正常的增加范围,显示两个林地有机碳来源为原有草地和当前恢复林分的混合物,表层土壤来源于恢复林分的有机碳低于来源于原有草地的有机碳;2个林分土壤有机碳δ¹³C均随着深度增加而不断增大。木荷林土壤有机碳的分解速率低于马尾松林,木荷林中土壤有机碳存留时间高于马尾松林。综上所述,尽管马尾松林土壤有机碳来源于新碳的比例高于木荷林,但木荷林中土壤有机碳分解更慢,因此对马尾松林和木荷林土壤的固碳过程需要更加深入的研究。本研究为退化红壤区植被恢复树种的选择提供了理论依据,丰富了南方退化红壤区植被恢复林土壤有机碳研究。     

粤东北山区几种森林土壤有机碳储量及其垂直分配特征

研究了粤东北山区的天然常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、马尾松针叶林和桉树人工林等4种主要森林类型土壤有机碳储量及其分配特征.结果表明:(1)4种林分土壤有机碳平均含量在8.14～12.24 g/kg之间,常绿阔叶林最高,其次为针阔混交林.桉树人工林最小.土壤有机碳含量随深度增加而递减.但植被类型不同其减少程度不同.其中阔叶林变化幅度最大达72.04%.土壤有机碳表聚性明显.(2)4种林分土壤碳密度存在显著差异,其各土层变化范围为1.57～5.18 kg/m~2.土壤碳密度亦随深度增加而减少,自然地带性植被类型各个土层土壤碳密度均高于次生植被类型对应的碳密度.对于整个土层而言,各林分土壤碳密度在12.28～15.90 kg/m~2之间,总平均值为14.14 kg/m~2.(3)4种林分土壤碳储量整体较低,平均值为141.43 t/hm~2,表层土壤碳储量贡献不大.人为干扰活动对研究区森林土壤碳储量影响明显,是制约土壤碳储量大小的重要因素.     

庐山不同森林植被对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

研究不同粒径团聚体有机碳含量与土壤团聚体分布的关系,对于认识森林土壤结构形成和碳氮稳定机制有一定的科学意义。以庐山6种森林植被类型土壤为研究对象,系统研究了不同森林植被对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响,结果表明:（1）不同土层的森林植被类型对粒径在> 5 mm和0.25～0.5 mm范围内的土壤团聚体含量影响较明显,其中黄山松林下土壤团聚体含量最高;（2）6种森林植被在不同的土层下,水稳性团聚体百分含量（R_0.25%）和平均重量直径（MWD）随着土层深度的增加而逐渐减小,其土壤团聚体的稳定性也随之减弱,在0—20 cm土层下的土壤团聚体较稳定,黄山松林、马尾松林和玉山竹林下MWD值较大,在20—40,40—60 cm土层差异则不明显;（3）在同一土层下黄山松林的土壤团聚体有机碳含量最大,常绿阔叶林最小,马尾松林、玉山竹林和黄山松林的土壤团聚体有机碳变化较明显,而其他3种差异不显著。     

滇中不同植物群落对紫色土表层土壤碳、氮累积的影响

通过连续观测2007-2008年滇中飒马场5种植物群落下紫色土表层土壤理化性质及碳、氮含量的旱雨季变化和层次分布特征,以揭示滇中不同植物群落对紫色土碳、氮累积效应的影响.研究结果表明:植物群落对表层土壤有机碳及其组分、全氮含量、pH及容重有显著的影响.云南松林表层土壤(0-20 cm)有机碳贮存量(24.9 t/ha)显著低于次生常绿阔叶林、桉树林和针阔混交林土壤的.不同植物群落表层土壤(0-20 cm)的全氮贮存量之间没有显著的差异.易氧化有机碳含量的变化是引起各植物群落表层土壤有机碳含量的呈现差异的主要原因.旱雨季变化对各土层易氧化有机碳及总有机碳含量、pH有明显的影响.表层土壤有机碳贮量与地表枯落物碳贮量变化特征之间表现出明显的滞后效应,且二者无显著相关性,表明地表枯落物可能不是影响土壤有机碳碳贮量季节变化的主要因素.     

Specific features of the morphology and chemical properties of coarse-textured postagrogenic soils of the southern taiga,Kostroma oblast

The properties of loamy sandy postagrogenic soils in the course of their natural overgrowing were studied in the southeastern part of Kostroma oblast. Micromorphological indications of tillage were preserved in these soils at least 35–40 years after the cessation of their agricultural use. In the course of the soil overgrowing with forest vegetation, the bulk density of the upper part of the former plow horizon decreased, the pH and the ash content of the litter horizon somewhat lowered with a simultaneous increase in the acidity of the upper mineral horizon, especially at the beginning of the formation of the tree stand. In 5–7 years after the cessation of tillage, the former plow horizon was differentiated with respect to the organic carbon content. The total pool of organic carbon in the upper 30 cm increased. In the course of the further development, in the postagrogenic soil under the 90to 100-year-old forest, the organic carbon pool in this layer became lower. The soil of the young fallow (5–7 years) was characterized by the higher values of the microbial biomass in the upper mineral horizon in comparison with that in the plowed soil. In general, the microbial biomass in the studied postagrogenic ecosystems (the soils of the fields abandoned in 2005 and 2000 and the soil under the secondary 40-year-old forest) was lower than that in the soil of the subclimax 90to 100-year-old forest. The enzymatic activity of the soils tends to increase during the succession. The restoration of the invertase and, partly, catalase activities to the values typical of the soils under mature forests takes place in about 40 years.     

缙云山5种植被下土壤活性有机碳及碳库变化特征

为揭示重庆市缙云山不同植被下土壤活性有机碳及碳库分配特征,以该地区5种植被类型:阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、竹林和荒草地为研究对象,分析不同植被类型下各土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)含量及其土壤碳库的变化特征.结果表明:SOC和各活性有机碳组分含量及分配比...     

退化花岗岩植被恢复对团聚体及其有机碳的影响

研究退化红壤不同治理措施对土壤水稳性团聚体及其有机碳的影响。结果表明,恢复林地提高了0-20cm、20-40cm土层>0.25mm水稳性团聚体(WSA)含量和平均重量直径(MWD),显著提高土壤水稳性。表土中,大体上侵蚀林地WSA含量及其有机碳含量随粒径减小而增大,恢复林地随粒径增大而增大,并向>5mm、5～2mm两粒径富集,且侵蚀地、不同年代治理的林地、次生林间差异达显著水平(P<0.05);底土中,次生林、黑荆治理的林地WSA分布及有机碳含量变化与其表层的变化趋势相似,其他林地大体上向5～2mm、1～0.5mm两粒径富集。WSA含量及密度具有表聚性,且主要取决于治理年限、治理措施。     

鄂东南弃耕地自然恢复过程中微生物碳动态变化

耕地弃耕后植被次生演替过程中土壤微生物碳的大小和活性的研究结果表明,土壤有机碳和微生物碳呈现先下降后增大的趋势;在75 a的弃耕地中,有机碳和微生物碳的含量达到天然植被的115%和82.9%,而且有机碳与微生物碳呈现显著正相关(P<0.05);微生物代谢熵与微生物碳呈现极显著负相关(P<0.01),呈现先上升后下降的趋势;在次生演替初期,土壤有效基质逐渐降低,而在演替后期有效基质不断增加,有益于土壤有机碳和微生物碳的提高,有利于土壤肥力的提高.     

SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK AND FRACTIONS IN RELATION TO LAND USE AND SOIL DEPTH IN THE DEGRADED SHIWALIKS HILLS OF LOWER HIMALAYAS

The proportional differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions under different land uses are of significance for understanding the process of aggregation and soil carbon sequestration mechanisms. A study was conducted in a mixed vegetation cover watershed with forest, grass, cultivated and eroded lands in the degraded Shiwaliks of the lower Himalayas to assess land‐use effects on profile SOC distribution and storage and to quantify the SOC fractions in water‐stable aggregates (WSA) and bulk soils. The soil samples were collected from eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils for the analysis of SOC fractions and aggregate stability. The SOC in eroded surface soils was lower than in less disturbed grassland, cultivated and forest soils. The surface and subsurface soils of grassland and forest lands differentially contributed to the total profile carbon stock. The SOC stock in the 1.05‐m soil profile was highest (83.5 Mg ha⁻¹) under forest and lowest (55.6 Mg ha⁻¹) in eroded lands. The SOC stock in the surface (0–15 cm) soil constituted 6.95, 27.6, 27 and 42.4 per cent of the total stock in the 1.05‐m profile of eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils, respectively. The forest soils were found to sequester 22.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than the cultivated soils as measured in the 1.05‐m soil profiles. The differences in aggregate SOC content among the land uses were more conspicuous in bigger water‐stable macro‐aggregates (WSA > 2 mm) than in water‐stable micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm). The SOC in micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm) was found to be less vulnerable to changes in land use. The hot water soluble and labile carbon fractions were higher in the bulk soils of grasslands than in the individual aggregates, whereas particulate organic carbon was higher in the aggregates than in bulk soils. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蔬菜连作对铜尾矿土壤中有机碳、腐殖质碳以及可溶性有机碳的影响

Carbon of humus acids （HSAC） and dissolved organic carbon （DOC） are the most active forms of soil organic carbon （SOC） and play an important role in global carbon recycling. We investigated the concentrations of HSAC, water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC）, hot water-extractable organic carbon （HWOC） and SOC in soils under different vegetation types of four copper mine tailings sites with differing vegetation succession time periods in Tongling, China. The concentrations of HSAC, WSOC, HWOC and SOC increased with vegetation succession. WSOC concentration increased with the accumulation of SOC in the tailings, and a linearly positive correlation existed between the concentrations of HSAC and SOC in the tailings. However, the percentages of HSAC and DOC in the SOC decreased during vegetation succession. The rate of SOC accumulation was higher when the succession time was longer than 20 years, whereas the speeds of soil organic matter （SOM） decomposition and humification were slow, and the concentrations of HSAC and DOC increased slowly in the tailings. The percentage of carbon of humic acid （HAC） in HSAC increased with vegetation succession, and the values of humification index （HI）, HAC/carbon of fulvic acid, also increased with the accumulation of HSAC and SOC in soils of the tailings sites. However, the HI value in the each of the tailings was less than 0.50. The humification rate of SOM was lower than the accumulation rate of SOM, and the level of soil fertility was still very low in the tailings even after 40 years of natural restoration.     

Dynamics of some properties in postagrogenic soils of southern taiga in the course of plant succession

The dynamics of carbon in ecosystems of abandoned agricultural lands were studied in the southern taiga zone. The soil acidity increased in the course of natural reforestation (the transition from meadow ecosystems to forest ecosystems) of the plots. The humus content in the upper soil layer decreased; changes in the humus content were less pronounced in sandy soils. The emission of carbon dioxide from the soils depended on the stage of vegetation succession during the restoration of forest vegetation.     

三江平原典型环型湿地土壤有机碳剖面分布及碳贮量

选取岛状林(棕壤型草甸白浆土)、小叶章草甸(潜育白浆土)和毛果苔草沼泽湿地(腐殖质沼泽土)研究了三江平原典型环型湿地土壤剖面有机碳分布特征与积累现状。结果表明,从环型沼泽湿地边缘向中心,土壤剖面有机碳含量和有机碳储量变化明显。小叶章草甸剖面土壤有机碳含量高于岛状林,但两者差异不大;毛果苔草沼泽湿地明显高于岛状林和小叶章草甸,最大值(为284.1 g kg-1)出现在10~20 cm,20 cm以下明显下降。从环型沼泽湿地边缘向中心,土壤剖面有机碳储量明显增加。1m深度内有机碳储量分别为1.04、1.48和4.22×104t km-2。     

江西九江地区森林土壤有机碳含量及其影响因素

为阐明地处亚热带北缘的九江地区森林土壤有机碳水平及其主要影响因素,在庐山南、北坡分别选择6个和5个不同海拔点的典型植被群落,并在九江市丘陵分别选择7种典型林分,分层采集土样,测定了有机碳含量。结果表明:北坡森林表层土壤(0~20 cm)有机碳含量处于18.47~33.92 g kg-1之间,南坡为19.59~34.43 g kg-1。在0~20 cm土层,油茶林有机碳含量(17.69±0.85 g kg-1)最低,针阔混交林最高(27.64±0.57 g kg-1);在20~40 cm土层,毛竹林有机碳含量(14.08±1.21 g kg-1)最低,针阔混交林最高(20.19±0.40 g kg-1)。海拔、海拔与坡向的交互作用和植被类型显著影响着森林土壤有机碳,坡向没有关系。     

西藏色季拉山土壤微生物量碳和易氧化态碳沿海拔梯度的变化

为探讨不同海拔梯度对土壤活性有机碳库的影响,以西藏色季拉山(西坡)的高山灌丛(AS)、杜鹃林(RF)、急尖长苞冷杉林(AGSF1～6)和林芝云杉林(PLLF)为试验对象,研究林地土壤有机碳、微生物量碳和易氧化态碳的变化特征。结果表明:高海拔植被类型具有较高的土壤活性有机碳含量和分配比例。土壤有机碳含量与土壤pH值和容重呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。在土壤剖面垂直分布上,随着土壤深度增加,土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳和易氧化态碳含量均呈现随土层深度增加而逐渐减小的变化规律。土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳和易氧化态碳含量沿海拔梯度具有明显的变化规律,即随海拔的升高,土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳和易氧化态碳含量逐渐变大。土壤微生物量碳和总有机碳量有较好的正相关性,有机碳含量越高,土壤微生物量碳越大。     

西南地区喀斯特干热河谷地带不同植被类型下小生境土壤碳氮分布特征

通过对西南地区典型喀斯特干热河谷地带乔木林、灌木林及草丛下所覆盖的土面、石面、石沟、石洞、石缝、石槽和石坑7类小生境土壤样品碳氮含量分布特征进行研究,结果表明:研究区域内小生境表层土壤中有机碳和全氮的含量分别介于10.6~103.7 g/kg和1.16~6.39 g/kg之间,变幅较大;不同植被类型下小生境土壤碳氮的含量分布存在明显差异,乔木林下小生境土壤碳氮平均含量较草丛增加100%以上,灌木林下小生境土壤碳氮的空间变异性最小,小生境土壤碱解氮在各植被类型下服从正态分布,有机碳及全氮则服从右偏态分布;小生境相对开放的土面、石面、石坑及石沟普遍较石槽、石缝及石洞土壤有机碳和全氮的含量高,而碱解氮的变化规律不明显。在同种植被类型下,土壤有机碳与全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和碳氮比均表现出良好的相关性。     

Soil enzyme activities in dependence on tree litter and season of a social forest,Burdwan, India

The study was done to evaluate enzyme activities (amylase, cellulase and invertase) from the soils of different vegetation sites, with seasonal variation, of social forest, Burdwan, India. Study results showed significant lower enzymatic activities in the subsoil compared to those of the topsoil. The seasonal variations indicated that amylase, cellulase and invertase enzyme activities had reached peaks during the rainy seasons in different soil depths. Amylase activity was highest in Tectona litter containing soil in all seasons in both the soil layers. All the three enzyme activities have shown significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (p < 0.05) and available phosphorous (p < 0.05) during rainy season in both the soil depths. Correlation study revealed that soil organic carbon was positively correlated with cellulase and invertase activities except in the Anacardium vegetation site in the topsoil during rainy season. Irrespective of the seasons and the depths of soil, control site without vegetation showed much lower levels of organic carbon and enzyme activity compared to those of the experimental sites. Therefore, it is concluded that carbon transformation will be higher during rainy season in the vegetation sites of forest soil under such agroclimatic conditions.     

不同土地利用方式下第四纪古红土有机碳分布特征研究

以不同土地利用方式下（疏林荒草地、荒草地、林地和耕地）第四纪古红土和埋藏第四纪古红土剖面为研究对象,测定古红土各发生层全土及各粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,比较不同土地利用方式下第四纪古红土剖面及团聚体的有机碳分布特征。结果表明:（1）埋藏古红土有机碳含量较低,随深度分布均一,各粒级团聚体内有机碳含量随团聚体粒径减小而降低;（2）埋藏古红土出露地表后,由于受到人为活动影响,表层全土有机碳及各粒级团聚体有机碳含量均增加,呈现林地 > 耕地 > 疏林荒草地 > 荒草地 > 埋藏古红土的特征,其中,林地显著高于其他土地利用方式,说明林地是古红土分布区的一种较合理的土地利用方式;（3）耕地0 ~ 10 cm土层粒径 > 1 mm和 < 0.25 mm团聚体的有机碳含量均随团聚体粒径减小而逐渐增加,1 ~ 0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量随团聚体粒径减小逐渐降低。其余土地利用方式下古红土均呈现 > 0.25 mm团聚体的有机碳含量随着团聚体粒径减小而逐渐降低,< 0.25 mm团聚体的有机碳含量随团聚体粒径减小而逐渐增加。     

不同植被类型对滨海盐碱土壤有机碳库的影响

对江苏滨海盐碱地5种不同植被类型土壤（0 ~ 40 cm）有机碳（SOC）含量、密度和表层（0 ~ 20 cm）土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量及其占总有机碳（TOC）的比例进行了分析。结果显示,随土层深度的增加,SOC含量降低,表层SOC密度占整个剖面的54.6% ~ 75.8%。表层SOC含量和密度分别介于2.02 ~ 9.61 g/kg和5.87 ~ 21.54 t/hm2,平均值分别为4.77 g/kg和12.56 t/hm2。随着原生植被群落的演替（光滩→盐蒿→茅草）,SOC、SMBC和DOC含量均依次增加。茅草荒地围垦后,稻-油轮作地和菊芋地表层SOC密度分别比茅草地的增加了55%（5.77 t/hm2）和107%（11.15 t/hm2）;稻-油轮作地的SMBC含量及SMBC/TOC比值下降,而菊芋地的上升;围垦后土壤DOC含量及DOC/TOC比值都明显下降。结果表明,滨海盐碱地SOC主要分布在表层,原生植被群落的顺行演替使SOC库容增加且活性增强,在盐荒地围垦初期（3年）,SOC库容增加但活性有所减弱。经估算,滨海盐碱非耕地具有较大的固碳潜力,但需要合理的耕作管理措施来保证农业生产的可持续发展并实现增汇减排的目标。     

不同土地利用方式对岷江流域土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳的影响

采用湿筛法测量了岷江流域不同土地利用方式下不同土层（0—10,10—20,20—30 cm）土壤大团聚体（> 2 mm）、中间团聚体（0.25~2 mm）、微团聚体（53 μm~0.25 mm）以及粉+黏团聚体（<53 μm）的质量分数及各粒径团聚体中的有机碳含量,并探讨了各粒径土壤团聚体的有机碳储量。结果表明,土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳具有重要影响;土壤养分均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为撂荒地 > 次生林 > 人工林 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地,土壤全磷差异并不显著（p>0.05）;林地的开垦行为会导致大团聚体的破碎化,灌草丛及坡耕地>0.25 mm的大团聚体含量较林地低,土壤结构趋于恶化;而坡耕地闲置为撂荒地后,则会促使粉+黏团聚体向粒径大的微团聚体及中间团聚体转化,使土壤结构趋于改善,在0—30 cm土层内,灌草丛及坡耕地土壤颗粒的MWD（平均质量直径）和GMD（几何平均直径）值均显著低于林地和撂荒地（p<0.05）,坡耕地撂荒后,MWD和GMD值均显著升高（p<0.05）,表明林地开垦为坡耕地导致土壤团聚体的稳定性降低,而坡耕地弃耕撂荒会增强团聚体的稳定性,提高土壤抵抗外力破坏的能力。不同土地利用方式下各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳含量均随土层深度的增加而降低。在0—30 cm土层深度内,不同土地利用方式下各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳储量表现为:大团聚体有机碳储量为林地 > 撂荒地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地,中间团聚体有机碳储量为撂荒地 > 林地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地,微团聚体有机碳储量为撂荒地 > 林地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地;粉+黏团聚体有机碳储量为撂荒地 > 林地 > 灌草丛 > 坡耕地。各粒径土壤团聚体内有机碳储量均为林地和撂荒地高于果园和坡耕地,表明将林地开垦为坡耕地后,将导致各团聚体组分内有机碳的损失,而坡耕地撂荒则有助于土壤有机碳的恢复和截存;林地和撂荒地土壤有机碳主要蓄积在中间团聚体内,而坡耕地则主要蓄积在粉+黏团聚体内,表明在土地利用变化过程中,粒径较大的团聚体有机碳不稳定,更容易发生变化。     

华南花岗岩侵蚀区不同植被类型坡面土壤有机碳分布和团聚体稳定性

植物是影响土壤有机碳含量和土壤团聚体稳定性的重要因素。选取华南典型花岗岩侵蚀区荒草地、桉树林、湿地松林和木荷林4种植被类型径流小区的土壤为研究对象,分析测定不同坡位、不同土层深度的土壤有机碳特性和团聚体稳定性等指标,评价不同植被类型对土壤养分的分布特性以及团聚体稳定性差异,明确花岗岩侵蚀退化区较为理想的生态恢复措施,旨在为合理利用土壤、重建坡面植被和改善土壤结构提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量随土层加深逐渐降低,而林地小区土壤碳氮比(C/N)则相反,荒草地碳氮元素的坡面变异系数(CV)显著高于其他3种林地,其中桉树林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低40%,56.18%,68.5%和25.81%;湿地松林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低62.73%,33.71%,46.46%,58.06%;木荷林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低41.82%,38.2%,51.18%,48.39%,表明林地较荒草地更有利于土壤碳氮在坡面的均质化和有机质的积累。荒草地和木荷林地0.25 mm粒径以上的团聚体在上、中坡位的质量分数显著高于其他植被类型,而林下植被生物量较高的木荷林地的平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)显著高于其他植被类型。其中木荷小区水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.10%,19.58%,23.20%;几何平均直径(GMD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.00%,19.54%,22.23%,表明在花岗岩侵蚀区林地空间结构较好的林草模式有利于土壤有机碳的积累和土壤结构的稳定。